Alexander A. Clerk

Last updated

Alexander Adu Clerk

FAASM
Born (1947-05-13) 13 May 1947 (age 76)
Cape Coast, Gold Coast
Nationality
Education
Known for
Relatives Alexander Worthy Clerk (great-grandfather)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions

Alexander Adu Clerk, FAASM (born 13 May 1947) is a Ghanaian American academic, psychiatrist and sleep medicine specialist who was the Director of the world's first sleep medical clinic, the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine from 1990 to 1998. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Clerk is also a Fellow of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [1]

Contents

Early life and family

Alexander Adu Clerk was born in Cape Coast in the Central Region, Gold Coast in 1947 to Charles Andrew Clerk (c. 1891 – 1977), a civil servant who had done administrative stints in the northern Nigerian cities of Kano and Zaria. [1] C. A. Clerk was also a colporteur of the Hansen Road Seventh-Day Adventist Church in Accra. [8] [9] His mother was Dorothy Esi Mensima Clerk, née Holdbrook, of Cape Coast and Ga Mashie. His paternal grandfather, Charles Emmanuel Clerk (died 14 November 1938) worked in the Gold Coast Civil Service as an interpreter and Secretary to the Governor, and earlier, he was a newspaper publisher in Nigeria. Alexander A. Clerk is a fourth generation descendant of the historically important Clerk family. [10] [11] He is a great-grandson of Alexander Worthy Clerk, a Jamaican Moravian missionary who arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg (now the suburb of Osu) in 1843, as part of the original group of 24 West Indian missionaries who worked under the auspices of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Basel, Switzerland. [12] [13] [14] [11] A.W. Clerk was a pioneer of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana and a leader in education in colonial Ghana, co-founding a boarding middle school in Osu, the Salem School in 1843. His paternal great-grandmother, Pauline Hesse (1831–1909) was from the Gold Coast, and of Danish, German and Ga-Dangme heritage. [15] His great-grandaunt was Regina Hesse (1832 –1898), a pioneer educator and school principal who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast. [15] His granduncle, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 – 1961), a Basel-trained theologian was elected the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932 [16] [12] and a founding father of the all boys’ boarding high school, the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School established in 1938. [17] [10]

His uncle, Carl Henry Clerk (1895 – 1982), an educator and Presbyterian minister was elected the fourth Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1950 to 1954 and served as the Editor of the Christian Messenger newspaper from 1960 to 1963. [18] [19] Another uncle, Theodore S. Clerk (1909 – 1965) was the first Ghanaian architect who planned and developed the harbour metropolis, Tema. [20] [21] [22] A. A. Clerk's aunts were Jane E. Clerk (1904 – 1999), a woman pioneer in education administration and Matilda J. Clerk (1916 – 1984), the second Ghanaian woman to become a physician. [23]

His cousin, Nicholas T. Clerk (1930 – 2012), served as the Rector of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), the vice-chairman of the Public Services Commission of Ghana and the Chairman of the Public Services Commission of Uganda from 1989 to 1990. [17] [24] Another cousin, George C. Clerk (1931–2019) was a pioneering botanist. [25] [26] [27] Pauline M. Clerk (1935 - 2013), a diplomat and presidential advisor, was also his cousin. [28] [29] [30]

Education and training

A. A. Clerk had his early education at Presbyterian and Seventh-day Adventist schools in Osu and Bekwai in the Greater Accra and Ashanti Regions respectively. [1] After completing his secondary education at Achimota School, he studied medicine at the University of Ghana Medical School, graduating in 1975. [1] He completed a residency in psychiatry at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine. [1] For clinical and fellowship training in sleep medicine, he attended the Stanford University School of Medicine. [1]

Career

Between 1975 and 1978, Clerk was a medical officer at the Effia-Nkwantah Hospital, Sekondi in Ghana's Western Region. [1] Later, he became an assistant professor of psychiatry at the Loma Linda University School of Medicine. [1] He was also an attending physician and was appointed the Chief Director of the Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic and the Mental Hygiene Clinic at the Loma Linda Veteran Administration Hospital from 1984 to 1989. [1] A. A. Clerk was also a consulting psychiatrist with the Riverside County Mental Health Department. [7] Clerk was a clinical assistant professor and later, a clinical associate professor of psychiatry at the Stanford University School of Medicine. [1] He was an attending physician and associate director of the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic at Stanford University Medical Center, part of the Stanford Health Care system, rising to become the Director of the world's first sleep medical clinic, [31] the Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine from 1990 to 1998 where he was responsible for clinical operations, sleep research and supervised training of other medical specialists. [1] [2] [4] [5] [6] Over the course of his career, he has published numerous scientific articles, book chapters and abstracts pertaining to the science of sleep. [1]

Clerk has done medical outreach work in the United States, Canada, Côte d'Ivoire and his native Ghana. [1] Alexander Clerk is a founding member and Western Region Director of the Ghana Physicians and Surgeons Foundation based in New York City to promote specialist training, professional development in medicine and associated fields in Ghana. [1] He is a member of the Fellowship Training Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [1] He has been board certified by the American Board of Sleep Medicine and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology and a Fellow of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [1] Clerk has also been affiliated to the Kaiser Permanente San Jose Medical Center. [32] He served as the Director of Sleep Medicine Services, an affiliate of the O'Connor Health Center based in San Jose, California. [1]

Personal life

Alexander A. Clerk is married to Cynthia V. Clerk (née Oblitey) with three children, Sandra, Andrew and Dorothy. [33] His siblings are the late Major (retired) A. N. Clerk, a military officer; Patrick A. Clerk, a dentist; James S. Clerk, an artist educator and Ellen, a nurse. [34] [ failed verification ] [35] [ failed verification ]

Alexander Clerk is the President of the Valley View University Foundation, established to promote academic excellence and scholarship at the Valley View University located in Oyibi, on the Dodowa-Nsawam Road In Ghana. [36] A residential hall at the Valley View University is named Clerk Hall in honour of his family. [37] Clerk also served as the President of the Pacific Ghanaian Adventist Fellowship (PaGAF). [38]

Selected works

Abstracts

Book chapters

Bibliography

Further reading

Journal publications

  • Valencia-Flores, M.; Bliwise, D; Guilleminault, C.; Rhodes, N.; Clerk A. (1992): “Gender differences in sleep architecture in sleep apnea syndrome.” Journal of Sleep Research1, 51-53
  • Guilleminault, C.; Stoohs, R.; Clerk, A.; Simmons, J.; Labanowski, M. (1992): “From obstructive sleep apnea syndrome to upper airway resistance syndrome: Consistency of daytime sleepiness.”Sleep15:S13-S16
  • Guilleminault, C.; Clerk, A.; Stoohs, R. (1993): “Daytime somnolence: Therapeutic approaches.”Clinical Neurophysiology23, 23-33
  • Guilleminault, C.; Clerk, A.; Labanowski, M.; Simmon, J.; Stoohs, R. (1993): “Cardiac Failure and Benzodiazepines.” Sleep16 (6):524-528
  • Guilleminault, C.; Stoohs, R.; Labanowski, M.; Simmons, J.; Clerk, A. (1993): “Cardiac Failure, snoring, ventricular arrhythmias and nasal bilevel positive pressure ventilation.”Sleep16: S139- S140
  • Guilleminault, C.; Stoohs R.; Clerk, A., Simmons J., Labanowski M. (1993): “Excessive daytime somnolence in women with abnormal respiratory efforts during sleep.”Sleep16:S137-S138
  • Guilleminault, C.; Stoohs, R.; Clerk, A.; Cetel M., Maistros P. (1993): “A cause of excessive daytime sleepiness: The upper airway resistance syndrome.”Chest104 (3): 781-787
  • Clerk, A.; Duncan, S.; Guilleminault, C. (1994): “Load detection in subjects with sleep-induced upper airway obstruction.”Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med149:727-730
  • Riley, R.W.; Powell, N.B., Guilleminault, C.; Clerk, A.: “Obstructive sleep apnea and the hyoid bone – a revised surgical procedure.” Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surgery
  • Riley, R.W.; Powell N.B.; Guilleminault, C.; Clerk A.; Troell, R. (1995): “Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Trends in Therapy of a Major Public Health Problem.”West I Med: 143-8
  • Kushida, C.; Clerk, A.; Kirsch, C.; Hotson, J.; Guilleminault, C. (1995): “Prolonged Confusion With Nocturnal Wandering Arising From NREM and REM Sleep: A Case Report.”Sleep: 757-64
  • Guilleminault, C.; Pelayo, R.; Clerk, A.; Leger, D.; Bocian, R. (1995): “Home Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure in Infants with Sleep-Disordered Breathing.”Journal of Pediatrics: 905-12.
  • Guilleminault, C.; Clerk, A.; Black, J. et al. (1995) "Nondrug Treatment Trials in Psychophysiologic Insomnia". Archives of Internal Medicine. 155 (8) 838-844 [39]
  • Newman, J. P.; Clerk, A.; Moore, M.; Utley, D. S.; Terris, D. J. (1996). "Recognition and Surgical Management of the Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 106 (9): 1089–1093 [40] [41]
  • Guilleminault, C; Stoohs, R; Kim, Y; Chervin, R; Black, J; Clerk, A. (1995) “Upper Airway sleep-disordered breathing in women.”Ann Int Med: 122 (7):493-501
  • Guilleminault, C.; Pelayo, R.; Leger, D.; Clerk, A. (1996), Bocian, R. C. “Recognition of sleep-disordered breathing in children.”Pediatrics: 871-82
  • Valencia-Flores, M.; Bliwise, D. L.; Guilleminault, C.; Cilveti, R.; Clerk, A. (1996) “Congnitive function in patients with sleep apnea after acute nocturnal nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment: sleepiness and hypoxemia effects.”J Clin. Exp. Neuropsychology: 197-210
  • Terris, D. J.; Clerk, A.; Norbash, A. M.; Troell, R. J. (1996). "Characterization of postoperative edema following laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty using MRI and polysomnography: implications for the outpatient treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome." The Laryngoscope. 106 (2 Pt 1): 124–128 [42] [43]
  • Utley, D. S.; Shin, E. J.; Clerk, A.; Terris, D. J. (1997). "A Cost-Effective and Rational Surgical Approach to Patients With Snoring, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, or Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 107 (6): 726–734 [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sleep apnea</span> Disorder involving pauses in breathing during sleep

Sleep apnea, also spelled sleep apnoea, is a sleep disorder in which pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep occur more often than normal. Each pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and they happen many times a night. In the most common form, this follows loud snoring. A choking or snorting sound may occur as breathing resumes. Because the disorder disrupts normal sleep, those affected may experience sleepiness or feel tired during the day. In children, it may cause hyperactivity or problems in school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snoring</span> Vibratory sound made while asleep

Snoring is the vibration of respiratory structures and the resulting sound due to obstructed air movement during breathing while sleeping. The sound may be soft or loud and unpleasant. Snoring during sleep may be a sign, or first alarm, of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Research suggests that snoring is one of the factors of sleep deprivation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</span> Condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough, resulting in low oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. The syndrome is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes periods of absent or reduced breathing in sleep, resulting in many partial awakenings during the night and sleepiness during the day. The disease puts strain on the heart, which may lead to heart failure and leg swelling.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Positive airway pressure</span> Mechanical ventilation in which airway pressure is always above atmospheric pressure

Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (neonates), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for tracheal intubation, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with neuromuscular diseases use this variety of ventilation as well. CPAP is an acronym for "continuous positive airway pressure", which was developed by Dr. George Gregory and colleagues in the neonatal intensive care unit at the University of California, San Francisco. A variation of the PAP system was developed by Professor Colin Sullivan at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia, in 1981.

Hypersomnia is a neurological disorder of excessive time spent sleeping or excessive sleepiness. It can have many possible causes and can cause distress and problems with functioning. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), hypersomnolence, of which there are several subtypes, appears under sleep-wake disorders.

Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a sleep disorder characterized by the narrowing of the airway that can cause disruptions to sleep. The symptoms include unrefreshing sleep, fatigue, sleepiness, chronic insomnia, and difficulty concentrating. UARS can be diagnosed by polysomnograms capable of detecting Respiratory Effort-related Arousals. It can be treated with lifestyle changes, orthodontics, surgery, or CPAP therapy. UARS is considered a variant of sleep apnea, although some scientists and doctors believe it to be a distinct disorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hallermann–Streiff syndrome</span> Rare congenital disorder

Hallermann–Streiff syndrome is a congenital disorder that affects growth, cranial development, hair-growth, and dental development. There are fewer than 200 people with the syndrome worldwide. One notable organization that is supporting people with Hallermann–Streiff syndrome is the Germany-based "Schattenkinder e.V".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mandibular advancement splint</span>

A mandibi splint or mandibi advancement splint is a prescription custom-made medical device worn in the mouth used to treat sleep-related breathing disorders including: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), snoring, and TMJ disorders. These devices are also known as mandibular advancement devices, sleep apnea oral appliances, oral airway dilators, and sleep apnea mouth guards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Obstructive sleep apnea</span> Sleeping and breathing disorder

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. These episodes are termed "apneas" with complete or near-complete cessation of breathing, or "hypopneas" when the reduction in breathing is partial. In either case, a fall in blood oxygen saturation, a disruption in sleep, or both, may result. A high frequency of apneas or hypopneas during sleep may interfere with the quality of sleep, which – in combination with disturbances in blood oxygenation – is thought to contribute to negative consequences to health and quality of life. The terms obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) or obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) may be used to refer to OSA when it is associated with symptoms during the daytime.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty</span>

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery used to remove tissue and/or remodel tissue in the throat. This could be because of sleep issues. Tissues which may typically be removed include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supine position</span> Lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up

The supine position means lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down. When used in surgical procedures, it grants access to the peritoneal, thoracic and pericardial regions; as well as the head, neck and extremities.

Hypopnea is overly shallow breathing or an abnormally low respiratory rate. Hypopnea is defined by some to be less severe than apnea, while other researchers have discovered hypopnea to have a "similar if not indistinguishable impact" on the negative outcomes of sleep breathing disorders. In sleep clinics, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome or obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome is normally diagnosed based on the frequent presence of apneas and/or hypopneas rather than differentiating between the two phenomena. Hypopnea is typically defined by a decreased amount of air movement into the lungs and can cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop. It commonly is due to partial obstruction of the upper airway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Continuous positive airway pressure</span> Form of ventilator which applies mild air pressure continuously to keep airways open

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a form of positive airway pressure (PAP) ventilation in which a constant level of pressure greater than atmospheric pressure is continuously applied to the upper respiratory tract of a person. The application of positive pressure may be intended to prevent upper airway collapse, as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, or to reduce the work of breathing in conditions such as acute decompensated heart failure. CPAP therapy is highly effective for managing obstructive sleep apnea. Compliance and acceptance of use of CPAP therapy can be a limiting factor, with 8% of people stopping use after the first night and 50% within the first year.

Christian Guilleminault was a French physician and researcher in the field of sleep medicine who played a central role in the early discovery of obstructive sleep apnea and made seminal discoveries in many other areas of sleep medicine.

Sleep surgery is a surgery performed to treat sleep disordered breathing. Sleep disordered breathing is a spectrum of disorders that includes snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea. These surgeries are performed by surgeons trained in otolaryngology, oral maxillofacial surgery, and craniofacial surgery.

Hyoid suspension, also known as hyoid myotomy and suspension or hyoid advancement, is a surgical procedure or sleep surgery in which the hyoid bone and its muscle attachments to the tongue and airway are pulled forward with the aim of increasing airway size and improving airway stability in the retrolingual and hypopharyngeal airway. The horseshoe shaped hyoid bone sits directly below the base of tongue with the arms of the bone flanking the airway. Hyoid suspension is typically performed as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This procedure is frequently performed with a uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) which targets sites of obstruction higher in the airway. Typically, a hyoid suspension is considered successful when the patient's apnea-hypopnea index is significantly reduced after surgery.

TransOral Robotic Surgery (TORS) is a modern surgical technique used to treat tumors of the mouth and throat via direct access through the mouth. TransOral Robotic Sleep Apnea (TORSA) surgery utilizes the same approach to open the upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. In TORS and TORSA procedures, the surgeon uses a surgical robot to view and access structures in the oral cavity (mouth) and pharynx (back of the throat) without any incisions through the neck, chin or lip (these incisions are necessary in traditional, non-robotic approaches). Current TORS techniques include radical tonsillectomy, resection of palate and base of skull tumors, hemiglossectomy and resection of tumors above and involving the larynx. The TORSA technique is used for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, hemiglossectomy, and other airway procedures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clerk family</span> Ghanaian family

The Clerk family is a Ghanaian historic family that produced a number of pioneering scholars and clergy on the Gold Coast. Predominantly based in the Ghanaian capital, Accra, the Clerks were traditionally Protestant Christian and affiliated to the Presbyterian Church. The Clerk family is primarily a member of the Ga coastal people of Accra and in addition, has Euro-Afro-Caribbean heritage, descending from Jamaican, German and Danish ancestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solriamfetol</span> Medication used for the treatment of excessive sleepiness

Solriamfetol, sold under the brand name Sunosi, is a wakefulness-promoting medication used in the treatment of excessive sleepiness related to narcolepsy and sleep apnea. It is taken by mouth.

Pauline Miranda Clerk was a Ghanaian civil servant, diplomat and a presidential advisor.

References

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  8. ↑ Brocke, Eunice Miranda (2011). Adventism in Accra: History of the Hansen Road Seventh-Day Adventist Church. EMB Goodwill Foundation. ISBN   9789988806026. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  9. ↑ Owusu-Mensa, Kofi (2001). "Gibson, Jesse, 1946-1957, Seventh-Day Adventist, Ghana". dacb.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  10. 1 2 "70 years of excellent secondary education" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011.
  11. 1 2 Anquandah, James (November 2006). Ghana-Caribbean Relations - From Slavery Times to Present: Lecture to the Ghana-Caribbean Association (PDF). Accra: National Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  12. 1 2 Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: pioneer and church leader. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  13. ↑ Debrunner, Hans W. (1965). Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: pioneer and church leader. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  14. ↑ Debrunner, Hans W. (1967). A history of Christianity in Ghana. Waterville Pub. House. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  15. 1 2 Sill, Ulrike (2010). Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana. BRILL. ISBN   978-9004188884. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017.
  16. ↑ "Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission". www.dacb.org. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  17. 1 2 "PRESEC | ALUMINI PORTAL". 11 November 2016. Archived from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  18. ↑ Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. 26 August 1954. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017.
  19. ↑ Clerk, Nicholas, T. (5 June 1982). Obituary: The Reverend Carl Henry Clerk. Accra: Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Funeral Bulletin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Goold, David. "Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (June 11, 2017, 7:51 pm)". www.scottisharchitects.org.uk. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  21. ↑ Ofori-Mensah. "22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School". OMGVoice. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  22. ↑ "Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK". MyHeritage.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  23. ↑ Patton, Adell Jr. (13 April 1996). Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa (1st ed.). Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 29. ISBN   9780813014326.
  24. ↑ "70 years of excellent secondary education" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2011.
  25. ↑ "Contact Us | Department of Botany". webcache.googleusercontent.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  27. ↑ "Fellowship". gaas-gh.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
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  30. ↑ Steinberg, S. (26 December 2016). The Statesman's Year-Book 1964-65: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. ISBN   9780230270930. Archived from the original on 12 January 2018.
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  33. ↑ "Manye Klo Dodue". www.mannye.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  34. ↑ "Patrick A Clerk DDS, los angeles Dentist | Make an appointment at area los angeles, CA 90017". app.docmate.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  35. ↑ "Dr. Patrick Clerk, DDS - Los Angeles, CA - Dentistry | Healthgrades.com". www.healthgrades.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  36. ↑ Valley View University Foundation launched in USA to secure financial support Archived 13 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 12, 2018
  37. ↑ Sleep Medicine Services. "Alexander A. Clerk, M.D" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  38. ↑ Ghanaian SDA church in Riverside, CA recognized Archived 13 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 12, 2018
  39. ↑ Guilleminault, Christian (24 April 1995). "Nondrug Treatment Trials in Psychophysiologic Insomnia". Archives of Internal Medicine. 155 (8): 838–44. doi:10.1001/archinte.1995.00430080076010. ISSN   0003-9926. PMID   7717792.
  40. ↑ Togawa, Kiyoshi; Konno, Akiyoshi; Miyazaki, Soichiro; Yamakawa, Koji; Okawa, Masako (1988). "Obstructive Sleep Dyspnea: Diagnosis and treatment". Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 105: 167–173. doi:10.3109/00016488809125124. PMID   3245426 . Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  41. ↑ Newman, James P.; Clerk, Alex A.; Moore, Michelle; Utley, David S.; Terris, David J. (1 September 1996). "Recognition and Surgical Management of the Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 106 (9): 1089–1093. doi:10.1097/00005537-199609000-00009. ISSN   1531-4995. PMID   8822711. S2CID   35954843.
  42. ↑ Terris, D. J.; Clerk, A. A.; Norbash, A. M.; Troell, R. J. (February 1996). "Characterization of postoperative edema following laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty using MRI and polysomnography: implications for the outpatient treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 106 (2 Pt 1): 124–128. doi:10.1097/00005537-199602000-00002. ISSN   0023-852X. PMID   8583838. S2CID   36631218.
  43. ↑ Fabiani, Mario (2003). Surgery for Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Diagnosis and Therapy of Sleep Respiratory Disorders for the Otorhinolaryngologist. Kugler Publications. ISBN   9789062991822. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017.
  44. ↑ Utley, David S.; Shin, Edward J.; Clerk, Alex A.; Terris, David J. (1 June 1997). "A Cost-Effective and Rational Surgical Approach to Patients With Snoring, Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, or Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome". The Laryngoscope. 107 (6): 726–734. doi:10.1097/00005537-199706000-00005. ISSN   1531-4995. PMID   9185727. S2CID   11898538.
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