Amarogentin

Last updated
Amarogentin
Chemical structure of amarogentin Amarogentin.png
Chemical structure of amarogentin
Chemical structure of amarogentin
Chemical structure of amarogentin Amarogentin 3D BS.png
Chemical structure of amarogentin
Chemical structure of amarogentin
Names
IUPAC name
(4aS,5R,6S)-5-Ethenyl-1-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-6-yl β-D-glucopyranoside 2-(3,3′,5-trihydroxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carboxylate)
Systematic IUPAC name
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-{[(4aS,5R,6S)-5-Ethenyl-1-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-6-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl 3,3′,5-trihydroxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-carboxylate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.166.688 OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
PubChem CID
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C29H30O13/c1-2-16-17-6-7-38-26(36)19(17)12-39-28(16)42-29-25(24(35)23(34)21(11-30)40-29)41-27(37)22-18(9-15(32)10-20(22)33)13-4-3-5-14(31)8-13/h2-5,8-10,12,16-17,21,23-25,28-35H,1,6-7,11H2/t16-,17+,21-,23-,24+,25-,28+,29+/m1/s1 Yes check.svgY
    Key: DBOVHQOUSDWAPQ-WTONXPSSSA-N Yes check.svgY
  • InChI=1/C29H30O13/c1-2-16-17-6-7-38-26(36)19(17)12-39-28(16)42-29-25(24(35)23(34)21(11-30)40-29)41-27(37)22-18(9-15(32)10-20(22)33)13-4-3-5-14(31)8-13/h2-5,8-10,12,16-17,21,23-25,28-35H,1,6-7,11H2/t16-,17+,21-,23-,24+,25-,28+,29+/m1/s1
    Key: DBOVHQOUSDWAPQ-WTONXPSSBG
  • O=C/1OCC[C@@H]5C\1=C\O[C@@H](O[C@@H]4O[C@@H]([C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]4OC(=O)c3c(c2cccc(O)c2)cc(O)cc3O)CO)[C@@H]5\C=C
Properties
C29H30O13
Molar mass 586.546 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
X mark.svgN  verify  (what is  Yes check.svgYX mark.svgN ?)

Amarogentin is a chemical compound found in gentian 7 organisms, including: Swertia chirata (d) [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , Gentiana lutea [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] , Gentiana purpurea [10] , Gentianella nitida [11] , [12] , Swertia japonica [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18]


Amarogentin and gentiopicrin, the bitter glycosides from gentian root Amarogentin gentiopicrin.png
Amarogentin and gentiopicrin, the bitter glycosides from gentian root

Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. The bitter principles of gentian root are secoiridoid glycosides amarogentin and gentiopicrin. The former is one of the most bitter natural compounds known [19] and is used as a scientific basis for measuring bitterness. In humans, it activates the bitter taste receptor TAS2R50. [20] The biphenylcarboxylic acid moiety is biosynthesized by a polyketide-type pathway, with three units of acetyl-CoA and one unit of 3-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA, this being formed from an early shikimate pathway intermediate and not via cinnamic or benzoic acid. [21]

It also shows an antileishmanial activity in animal models [22] being an inhibitor of topoisomerase I. [23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chang-Zeng Wang, Ulrich H. Maier, Wolfgang Eisenreich, et al.. "Unexpected Biosynthetic Precursors of Amarogentin − A Retrobiosynthetic13C NMR Study". European Journal of Organic Chemistry2001 (8): pp. 1459-1465. (2002). [[doi:10.1002/1099-0690(200104)2001:8<1459::AID-EJOC1459>3.0.CO;2-0|doi:10.1002/1099-0690(200104)2001:8<1459::AID-EJOC1459>3.0.CO;2-0]].
  2. ↑ Roberto R. Gil. "Amarogentin, a naturally occurring secoiridoid glycoside and a newly recognized inhibitor of topoisomerase I from Leishmania donovani". Journal of Natural Products59 (1): pp. 27-29. (1996). doi:10.1021/NP960018G. pmid:8984149.
  3. ↑ Prosenjit Saha, Sukta Das. "Regulation of hazardous exposure by protective exposure: modulation of phase II detoxification and lipid peroxidation by Camellia sinensis and Swertia chirata". Birth Defects Research Part B: Developmental and Reproductive ToxicologySuppl 1 (S1): pp. 313-322. (2003). doi:10.1002/TCM.10057. pmid:12616622.
  4. ↑ Hiroyuki Inouye, Yushin Nakamura. "Zwei stark bittere glucoside aus swertia japonica makino: Amarogentin und amaroswerin". Tetrahedron Letters9 (47): pp. 4919-4924. (1968). doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)72792-4.
  5. ↑ Keil M, Härtle B, Guillaume A, et al.. "Production of amarogentin in root cultures of Swertia chirata". Planta Medica66 (5): pp. 452-457. (2000). doi:10.1055/S-2000-8579. pmid:10909267.
  6. ↑ Hidehiro Ando, Yasuaki Hirai, Mikio Fujii, et al.. "The chemical constituents of fresh Gentian Root". Journal of Natural Medicines61 (3): pp. 269-279. (2007). doi:10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X.
  7. ↑ Branislav Nastasijevic, Gordana Joksic. "Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by Gentiana lutea root extracts". PLOS One8 (4): pp. e61393. (2013). doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0061393. pmid:23637826.
  8. ↑ Heymons S, Hölzl J, Weber HC. "Va-Mycorrhiza in Gentiana lutea, the Importance of Cultivation and Influence on Constituents". Planta Medica52 (6): pp. 510. (1986). doi:10.1055/S-2007-969281. pmid:17345437.
  9. ↑ J. Schultze, Ch. Franz. "SUGARS, BITTER SUBSTANCES AND ESSENTIAL OILS OF GENTIANA LUTEA L. IN DEPENDENCE OF ECOTYPE, PLANT AGE AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT". Acta Horticulturae (96): pp. 311-311. (2015). doi:10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.1980.96.30.
  10. ↑ Sz. Nyiredy, C. A. J. Erdelmeier, K. Dallenbach-Toelke, et al.. "Preparative On-Line Overpressure Layer Chromatography (OPLC): a New Separation Technique for Natural Products". Journal of Natural Products49 (5): pp. 885-891. (2005). doi:10.1021/NP50047A020.
  11. ↑ Kawahara N, Masuda K, Sekita S, et al.. "A new secoiridoid glucoside, amaronitidin, from the Peruvian folk medicine "Hercampuri" (Gentianella nitida).". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin49 (6): pp. 771-772. (2001). doi:10.1248/CPB.49.771. pmid:11411536.
  12. ↑ Lacaille-Dubois MA, Galle K, Wagner H. "Secoiridoids and xanthones from Gentianella nitida". Planta Medica62 (4): pp. 365-368. (1996). doi:10.1055/S-2006-957908. pmid:17252473.
  13. ↑ Kanji Ishimaru, Hiroshi Sudo, Motoyoshi Satake, et al.. "Amarogentin, amaroswerin and four xanthones from hairy root cultures of Swertia japonica". Phytochemistry29 (5): pp. 1563-1565. (1990). doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)80122-W.
  14. ↑ Hiroshi KUWAJIMA, Naoki HAYASHI, Kiyokazu TAKAISHI, et al.. "Studies on Monoterpene Glucosides and Related Compounds. LXV. Biosynthesis of the Biphenylcarboxylic Acid Moiety of Amarogentin and Amaroswerin". Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan110 (7): pp. 484-489. (2017). doi:10.1248/YAKUSHI1947.110.7_484.
  15. ↑ Kanamori H, Sakamoto I, Mizuta M, et al.. "Studies on the mutagenicity of Swertiae Herba. I. Identification of the mutagenic components". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin32 (6): pp. 2290-2295. (1984). doi:10.1248/CPB.32.2290. pmid:6386201.
  16. ↑ Kanamori H, Sakamoto I, Mizuta M, et al.. "Studies on the mutagenicity of swertiae herba. III. Components which become mutagenic on nitrite treatment". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin34 (4): pp. 1663-1666. (1986). doi:10.1248/CPB.34.1663. pmid:3719866.
  17. ↑ Ikeshiro Y, Kubota T, Tomita Y. "Two bitter biphenyl glucosides from Swertia japonica". Planta Medica47 (1): pp. 26-29. (1983). doi:10.1055/S-2007-969942. pmid:17405087.
  18. ↑ Y. Takino, M. Koshioka, M. Kawaguchi, et al.. "Quantitative Determination of Bitter Components in Swertiae Herba". Planta Medica38 (04): pp. 351-355. (2008). doi:10.1055/S-2008-1074888.
  19. ↑ Heilpflanzen:Gentiana lutea Archived 2009-09-02 at the Wayback Machine (German)
  20. ↑ Behrens, Maik; Brockhoff, Anne; Batram, Claudia; Kuhn, Christina; Appendino, Giovanni; Meyerhof, Wolfgang (2009). "The Human Bitter Taste Receptor hTAS2R50 is Activated by the Two Natural Bitter Terpenoids Andrographolide and Amarogentin". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 57 (21): 9860–6. Bibcode:2009JAFC...57.9860B. doi:10.1021/jf9014334. PMID   19817411.
  21. ↑ Wang, Chang-Zeng; Maier, Ulrich H.; Eisenreich, Wolfgang; Adam, Petra; Obersteiner, Ingrid; Keil, Michael; Bacher, Adelbert; Zenk, Meinhart H. (2001). "Unexpected Biosynthetic Precursors of Amarogentin − A Retrobiosynthetic13C NMR Study". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2001 (8): 1459. doi:10.1002/1099-0690(200104)2001:8<1459::AID-EJOC1459>3.0.CO;2-0.
  22. ↑ Medda, S.; Mukhopadhyay, S; Basu, MK (1999). "Evaluation of the in-vivo activity and toxicity of amarogentin, an antileishmanial agent, in both liposomal and niosomal forms". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 44 (6): 791–4. doi: 10.1093/jac/44.6.791 . PMID   10590280.
  23. ↑ Ray, Sutapa; Majumder, Hemanta K.; Chakravarty, Ajit K.; Mukhopadhyay, Sibabrata; Gil, Roberto R.; Cordell, Geoffrey A. (1996). "Amarogentin, a Naturally Occurring Secoiridoid Glycoside and a Newly Recognized Inhibitor of Topoisomerase I fromLeishmania donovani". Journal of Natural Products. 59 (1): 27–29. Bibcode:1996JNAtP..59...27R. doi:10.1021/np960018g. PMID   8984149.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.