Anglican Pacifist Fellowship

Last updated

The Anglican Pacifist Fellowship (APF) is a body of people within the Anglican Communion who reject war as a means of solving international disputes, and believe that peace and justice should be sought through nonviolent means. [1]

Contents

Beliefs

In 2015, APF had more than 1100 members in forty countries [2] who had signed the pledge stating "that our membership of the Christian Church involves the complete repudiation of modern war, pledge ourselves to renounce war and all preparation to wage war, and to work for the construction of Christian peace in the world..." [3] By December 2019, this had declined to 544 members. [4]

The key beliefs of members of the Fellowship are:

Today, pacifism is recognised as a mainstream Anglican position, [6] though it is not yet a dominant belief of the faith. "Numerous bishops have been Counsellors of APF and two, Wilfrid Westall, Bishop of Crediton, and Colin Scott, Assistant Bishop in the Diocese of Leicester, have chaired the Fellowship". [7]

The current chairperson of APF as of 2018 is Sue Claydon. [8]

History

Origins and early history

The Anglican Pacifist Fellowship was established in 1937, and now has some 1,400 members in over 40 countries, as well as a sister organisation, the Episcopal Peace Fellowship, in the United States of America. APF was founded as a specifically Anglican offshoot of Dick Sheppard's secular Peace Pledge Union. APF was formed by Anglican clergy and laity led by Sheppard who were intent on undertaking a torchlit peace march to Lambeth Palace in 1937 as the threat of a Second World War loomed on the horizon. The aim of the march was to give Sheppard's colleague, the then-Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Lang, a statement of pacifist conviction. This was at a time when many churchmen were intent on "trying to reconcile the teachings of Christ with the practice of war". [9]

Besides many priests and bishops, notable early members of the group included British Labour Leader George Lansbury and famous literary figure Vera Brittain. In 2006, songwriter and fellow Anglican Pacifist Fellowship member Sue Gilmurray wrote a song in Brittain's memory, entitled "Vera". [10]

In addition to her famous novels, which were heavily imbued with pacifist ideology, Brittain was very much an active member of the "Ban the Bomber" campaign during the inter-war period, which sought to outlaw bomber aeroplanes as an illegal weapon of war, in recognition of the fact that they directly target civilian populations, beyond the frontline of conflicts and that they carry increasingly deadly payloads. This campaign had parallels to later attempts to ban nuclear weapons and ICBMs.

Second World War

During the war, "as well as campaigning for peace at every opportunity, APF had a support role for conscientious objectors... Anglican pacifists [also] became involved in social projects as an alternative to military duties". [11]

Lansbury was particularly active in this period, though his life was nearing its end. In contrast to Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement, Lansbury took a pro-active diplomatic approach towards preventing a war. He sought negotiation with all the major parties in order to arbitrate a peaceful settlement, as related in his book My Pilgrimage for Peace, published in 1938. His efforts were, however, in vain, and most APF members now acknowledge that, to counteract Hitler by non-violent means, Governments should not have allowed the economic and political situation of instability in the Weimar Republic to arise in the first place. This issue is discussed at depth in APF's 1989 publication, What to Do About Hitler: A Pacifist Symposium. Notably, many early pacifists had argued against the excessively harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles from its inception.

It is notable that, by 1944, Vera Brittain was on Hitler's list of those English people posing the greatest threat to his regime. The leader of the Reich clearly felt deeply threatened by her pacifism. Upon a successful Nazi invasion of Britain, the Gestapo were to arrest her immediately. Undaunted, she continued writing further tracts on the immorality of saturation bombing, as the British Royal Air Force undertook its campaign against target cities such as Dresden. [12] [13]

Another famous woman to actively work for APF during the war period was the Anglo-Catholic intellectual Evelyn Underhill. Although initially opposed to pacifism (and, in fact, working for Naval Intelligence during World War I), after much soul-searching, she found pacifism to be the correct Christian position by 1939 [14] and threw herself whole-heartedly behind APF's work, for "Not content to be merely a proclaimer of pacifism, Underhill tried to live by its principles". [15]

Writing in a famous pamphlet for APF entitled Church and War (1940), [16] Underhill stated that, "If she remains true to her supernatural call, the Church cannot acquiesce in War for War, however camouflaged or excused, must always mean the effort of a group of men to achieve their purpose... by inflicting destruction and death on another group of men... it is often difficult to define the boundary which divides legitimate police action from military action; nevertheless, Christians must try to find that boundary and to observe it". [17]

During the war, APF supported conscientious objectors, and became involved in social projects to provide an alternative to military duties, including the Hungerford Club, which sheltered Londoners during the Blitz. [18]

Historical opposition to nuclear proliferation

Some prominent members of APF were at the forefront of resistance to nuclear proliferation. "Canon John Collins from St. Paul's Cathedral was in the forefront of the founding leadership of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). The Revd. Sidney Hinkes was an early Chairman of CND". [19]

Hinkes' "theology was conservatively Catholic in what he regarded as essentials, yet his parochial and pastoral practice was radically open, both to the working-class culture and the ethnic diversity of the people in the areas in which he served". [20]

Hinkes was a leading member of APF during his lifetime, known for leading peace rallies and prayer vigils with his distinctive, large-sized version of the APF's emblematic blue and gold cross. He worked with the then-President of the Fellowship, Gordon Wilson and APF counsellor Paul Oestreicher on many strident campaigns for peace, his motto being "we put the 'fist' into pacifist!" [21]

This stance exemplified the proactive peacemaking stance and pacifism of APF and contrasted sharply with any accusations of "passivism." "To Sidney, peacemaking was anything but passive. His priesthood was a total commitment to the non-violent struggle to implement God's just and gentle rule. It was tough and demanding, but never embittered". [22]

Frustrated that the Church often saw peace-making as a marginal issue, Hinkes worked to ensure that it came to central prominence due to his diligent work on race-relations as Britain became more ethnically-diverse following the War. Up until his death, he worked for both APF and the Stop the War Coalition to proactively pursue peace and an end to the 2003 Iraq War.

Oestreicher, an honorary doctor from the University of Sussex, [23] fled Nazi Germany as a child refugee. He grew up in New Zealand and was for many years director of the Centre for International Reconciliation at Coventry Cathedral. Like many APF members, he also works for other peace organisations. In his case, he has worked for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and was also the founding chair for Amnesty International. Though an Anglican priest, also holds a strong affinity for the Quaker religion. [24]

He continues to write columns for The Guardian newspaper [25] and occasionally returns to New Zealand to speak on peace issues. [26]

Current Activities

United Kingdom

Church reform

APF campaigns prominently at each Lambeth Conference. [27] This activism aims to make the Church uphold Resolution 25 of the 1930 Lambeth Conference [28] and Resolution 5 from the 1978 Lambeth Conference [29] that state that "war as a method of settling international disputes is incompatible with the teaching and example of our Lord Jesus Christ". [30] This Resolution overrules the older Article 37 of the 39 Articles of Anglican faith, which had stated that "It is lawful for Christian men at the commandment of the Magistrate to wear weapons and serve in the wars". [31] Making Bishops take practical steps to proclaim and uphold this Resolution is a key aim of APF.

The 1968 Lambeth Conference saw a victory for conscientious objectors who finally had their rights recognised and upheld by the Church. The use of nuclear and bacteriological weapons was also "emphatically condemned". [32] "Gordon Wilson of APF was pleased that there were no ‘but’s in the Conference’s anti-war statements". [33]

During the 1978 Conference, after a pilgrimage to Dick Sheppard's grave, activists nailed Seven Theses to the door of Canterbury Cathedral. "The theses reflected the theological approach of Gordon Wilson for whom Christ’s victory of love over violence on the cross was a fundamental principle". [34] This action deliberately echoed Martin Luther's famous nailing of The Ninety-Five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg.

Much time is also spent lobbying bishops and politicians and promoting the pacifist viewpoint in public forum debates and on representational committees.

Prayer

In 1974, APF founded the Week of Prayer for World Peace, and continue to have close ties with it, now that it has expanded to become an inter-religious event. [35]

White poppies

APF is also heavily involved in the Greenbelt Festival and White Poppy sales for protesting Remembrance Day, which APF members feel has become too much a celebration of the military.

Support for conscientious objectors

Songwriter Sue Gilmurray, an APF member, is heavily involved in commemorations surrounding International Conscientious Objectors Day, held annually on May 15 at Tavistock Square in London, [36] [37]

Gilmurray is one of a number of APF members who showed support for the Baptist peace activist and human shield, Norman Kember. [38]

Faslane protests

Gilmurray is also prominent in protests against the Faslane Naval Base, at which Trident Nuclear Weapons are situated. [39]

Opposition to the arms trade

Several prominent APF members, such as Gilmurray and scientist Dr Tony Kempster are also involved in the secular Movement for the Abolition of War. Kempster has been a strident opponent of the weapons manufacturer, BAE. [40] [41] [42] [43] Indeed, BAE considered Kempster such a threat that it infiltrated MAW and stole a membership database. Legal action against the arms manufacturer was pursued.

Child soldiers

In 2009, the Fellowship supported Red Hand Day, to raise awareness of the plight of child soldiers in African conflicts. [44] [45]

Peace education

APF also supports peace museums with Clive Barrett being particularly involved in this type of education and awareness campaigning. [46] APF also sponsors the Peace and Faith project at the Peace Museum in Bradford. [47]

Elnora Ferguson also lead peace education in the British education system.

The Fellowship focuses very much on the promotion of Peace Studies in British schools to counter attempts by the military to recruit English school students. [48] APF promotes the use of Peace Education Network materials in school assemblies. [49]

In 2017, APF created a new travelling exhibition for British cathedrals, “Faith and Peace”, looking at the three Abrahamic faiths, using textiles created by women in Bradford. [50]

Publication

To further peace education, the organisation also published The Anglican Peacemaker on a quarterly basis. [51]

Peace award

APF also helps to facilitate individuals to take action for peace. [52] It sponsors the Wilson/Hinkes Peace Award for grass-roots peacemaking. [53]

New Zealand

APF branches exist in all British Commonwealth countries but the Fellowship is particularly prominent in New Zealand. The New Zealand Chapter was initially established in Christchurch in 1948. [54] The New Zealand Chapter has its own website and newsletter [55] and count a number of local bishops amongst its membership.

The prominence of the New Zealand branch was helped significantly by Sidney Hinkes' pilgrimages to that country during the branch's formative stages. [56] The New Zealand Chapter was headed by an Anglo-Catholic, Professor Margaret Bedggood, and Chris Barfoot throughout 2008. [57] The previous head of the Chapter in this country had been Roger Baker. As of 2018, the head of the New Zealand chapter was Jonathan Harfield. [58]

Bedggood, an Anglo-Catholic Franciscan Professor of Law and was the Chief Commissioner of the New Zealand Human Rights Commission, a member of Amnesty International and a member of the New Zealand Film and Literature Review Board. [59]

The current Chair of the New Zealand Chapter is Dr Jonathan Hartfield. [60]

The New Zealand Chapter supports the Aotearoa New Zealand Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, the Global Day of Action on Military Spending and iCAN Aotearoa New Zealand (International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons). [61]

Australia

Anglo-Catholics and liberals

In contrast to New Zealand, APF has a much more low-key presence in Australia. The most notable member of the organisation in this country was Margaret Holmes, a lifelong peace activist, prominent in many anti-war organisations, notably the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. [62] [63] She was a member of the congregation at the Anglo-Catholic parish of Saint Luke's in Mosman. [64] Author Michelle Cavanagh published a readily-available biography of Holmes in 2006. [65] Holmes died on September 10, 2009, at the age of 100. [66]

For many years, the secretary of APF in Australia was an English-born Anglo-Catholic clergyman, David Thawley (sometime Dean of Wangaratta), a Second World War conscientious objector who was proactive in promoting the organisation and working on various committees within the Church and alongside secular anti-war organisations. He died in 2010. [67] According to his obituary, he graduated from school in World War Two and "registered as a conscientious objector, although as an ordinand he was not bound to register - but felt morally obliged to do so. His sincerity was accepted by the tribunal, and after a year of theology at Oxford he joined the Friends' Ambulance Unit as a driver - at first in England, and from 1945-47 in China." [68]

Thawley then became a leading churchman and theology lecturer in Brisbane, teaching "biblical, patristic and other subjects". [69] After working at the Cathedral and a girls' school for a long time, he was responsible for a large parish where he found fulfillment as a "mentor of many from all generations, especially the young." [70]

Thawley and his wife later retired in Melbourne. Both were intellectuals, "widely read and deeply understanding of human nature, they combined in their personalities - he quiet, she effervescent - something of Bloomsbury [intellectually if not morally] and a kind of very English Christianity such as flowered in the patient goodness of Chaucer's parson." [71] One of his sons served as an Australian ambassador to the United States. [72]

Thawley's successor as the Secretary of the Australian Chapter was Philip Huggins, [73] an Anglo-Catholic bishop from Melbourne in Victoria. [74] An ecumenist, Bishop Huggins has also served as the president of the National Council of Churches in Australia [75] [76] and is a member of the Palestine-Israel Ecumenical Network (PIEN), [77] the Australian Intercultural Society and is co-Chair of Christian World Service Commission (ACT for Peace). [78] He is also the chairman of Anglicare. [79] He is a liberal Anglo-Catholic and was previously an Assistant Bishop of Perth and then Bishop of Grafton, two of the most liberal dioceses in Australia. [80]

Bishop Huggins has spoken out in defence of African immigrants to Australia on multiple occasions. [81] [82]

As a Christian pacifist, Bishop Huggins is also opposed to voluntary euthanasia as it violates "the sanctity of life as God's gift." [83] He proposed a motion in the 2010 Anglican national synod that affirmed, "Our task is to protect, nurture and sustain life to the best of our ability." [84]

A former Australian Labor Party political candidate, [85] President of the National Council of Churches, and Director of the Centre for Ecumenical Studies [86] in 2019, Bishop Higgins was appointed APF Counsellor. [87]

Evangelicals and conservatives

Another lay member of APF in Australia was David Le Sage. [88] A life-long, deeply devout Christian and conservative Calvinist from a very old French Huguenot family, [89] [90] David Le Sage originally attended Saint Paul's Glenorchy in Tasmania, which had a very low church/Calvinist ethos. [91] He became interested in Christian pacifism in the 1990s. [92] He initially organised fundraisers for African refugees and was involved in some low-key anti-military protest activities. [93]

At university, David Le Sage undertook post-graduate academic research on the pacifist ideology of various 1930s writers. [94] A published author, [95] from January 2009 he led peace education in a teaching role at a private Christian school in Brisbane. He later worked as a technical writer for one of the world's leading software companies for many years. [96] [97]

David Le Sage had an affinity for the pacifist strain of conservative Calvinist thinking exemplified by André Trocmé and Jean Lasserre. [98] He had a deep interest in various other Calvinist and Lutheran pacifist thinkers, too. He also studied the writing of the British conservative evangelical anti-military thinker, Nick Megoran, author of Warlike Christians in an Age of Violence and the Early Church's pacifist writings. [99]

David Le Sage was an opponent of the extremely liberal theology promoted by the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane. [100] He was staunchly opposed to homosexual- and women pastors for theological reasons. [101] He was a conservative Christian antifeminist and believed in traditional gender roles for women. [102] He later attended a Lutheran church in Brisbane. [103]

After working for a Christian charity for a brief time, David Le Sage became a successful freelance editor. [104] [105]

Another leading member of the APF with a background in the evangelical/low church Anglican Diocese of Tasmania is Nathanael Reuss, who served as the worldwide chairman of APF from 2012 until the end of 2017. [106] [107] Born in rural Victoria, he grew up in an Anglo-Catholic household before becoming a low church Anglican. Unlike David Le Sage who was a traditional conservative Calvinistic Protestant, [108] Nathanael Reuss has Pentecostal/charismatic leanings [109]

Training as a scientist before becoming a clergyman, [110] Reuss worked for a long time in Tasmania as an assistant priest at the evangelical parish of Saint John's in Launceston and also performed duties as a hospital chaplain in that city. [111] He then undertook postgraduate studies in Nottingham. His Master's thesis was on the topic, “Is Jesus’ subversion of the messianic military expectations a sufficient basis for a normative Christian non-violent ethic?” [112]

In 2017, Reuss became the rector of the Onkaparinga Valley Parish in South Australia. [113] He is now the Lecturer in Practical Theology at Saint Barnabas' Theological College in South Australia. [114]

Israel

George Appleton, the former Anglican Archbishop of Jerusalem, was an APF member. [115]

Uganda

APF member Bishop Nelson Onono Onweng of the Diocese of Northern Uganda has helped to facilitate peace talks with rebel militia leaders and directly faced the problems of dealing with the Lord's Resistance Army and their kidnapping of youth to pressgang them into becoming child soldiers. [116]

Zimbabwe

In Zimbabwe, APF set up peace clubs in schools and youth centres to promote non-violence to settle disagreements before the 2018 general elections. [117]

Somalia

APF supports conscientious objectors in places where mandatory military service still exists. One of these places is Somalia. Many Somalian refugees are men and women who refused to do military service. [118]

Kenya

APF has established ongoing “peace footballs” for youth groups in Kenya. [119]

South Sudan

APF has provided a grant to train pastors to facilitate reconciliation work amongst South Sudanese refugees in Ethiopia. [120]

APF's 2018 chairwoman, Sue Claydon, has also worked directly as a volunteer in South Sudan. [121]

Sri Lanka

Pararasan Arulanantham, originally from Sri Lanka, has helped to promote peace in that country. [122]

Work with other groups

The American branch of APF is known as the Episcopal Peace Fellowship. The Fellowship is a member body of the Peace Education Network, [123] Network of Christian Peace Organisations, War Resisters International and of the International Peace Bureau. Indeed, Roberta Bacic, a survivor of the Pinochet regime in Chile and President of WRI, has worked closely with Fellowship members [124] and written for the APF newsletter.

APF closely with Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and has applied to join the Community of the Cross of Nails at Coventry. [125]

APF also works with Roman Catholic peace organisation, Pax Christi.

Publications and resources

The Fellowship publishes a newsletter, The Anglican Peacemaker, which is available online [126] or via mail subscription. Each newsletter explores a specific theme or current event and also contains a page depicting art, song lyrics and poetry that promote a culture of peace. Book and film reviews are also featured. The newsletter explores pragmatic constructive ways of building peace as well as exploring the Christian spiritual foundations of pacifism. It frequently critiques the actions of the military and arms manufacturers in many parts of the world and explores the reasons for the military still having such influence in society. The role of the media, environment, politics and capitalism are explored, and ways of educating people about the immorality of military life are also discussed. Promotion of proactive peace-making and analysis of the causes of war and attraction of the military are key aims of the newsletter.

APF also publishes a range of leaflets on a variety of topics from traditional Anglican pacifist tracts and an explanation of the Church's teachings on pacifism to articles discussing pragmatic pacifist responses to the problem of Hitler and alternatives to warfare. Pamphlets analyse the Bible in detail, with particular reference to the Sermon on the Mount and the teachings and actions of Jesus Christ to show pacifism as the most Christian response to warfare, such as how Jesus, through disarming Saint Peter in the Garden of Gethsemane, thereby "disarms every soldier". It also depicts the pacifist attitude of believers in the Early Church, prior to Christianity's acceptance by Constantine. [127] [128] Many of the educational pamphlets were written by Derek Savage, a prominent British poet, APF member and Second World War conscientious objector.

One of Savage's tracts, Pacifism, Church and State, discusses one of the unique problems facing the Anglican Communion. As a State Church in England, the Anglican Church is often seen as part of "The Establishment" and thus critiquing Government policy and fully realizing the subversive, radical politics and social message at the heart of Jesus' Gospel can be difficult. The Church can thus be criticised for excessive compliance to the Government and not living up to Christ's ideals as expressed in the Sermon on the Mount in which he criticises the power structures of this world, including the dominant military and economic force of His own time, the Roman Empire.

A topic often discussed amongst pacifists is that of how best they could respond to the emergence of Hitler by using nonviolent means. Most APF members feel that the problem of Hitler could have been settled earlier peacefully only prior to 1939 via a more just and equitable Treaty of Versailles and more work to promote a stable economic and political situation in the Weimar Republic, as is related in the pamphlet What to Do About Hitler: A Pacifist Symposium, published in 1989. The pamphlet also notes that the Jews suffered horrific persecution under the Nazis during the 1930s, but the Final Solution could occur onlynunder the cloud of wartime activity. Those who argue against fighting Hitler also note that the bombing of Dresden, Hiroshima and Nagasaki meant that the Allies sunk to the level of their opponents[ citation needed ], and a campaign of nonviolent resistance to any Nazi regime may have been more effective as such an overstretched empire would not be sustainable in the long run. The pamphlet argues that if Germany had been treated with greater dignity and been helped to recover more quickly after its 1918 defeat, the conditions that led Hitler to rise to power would not have occurred. Hence, the Fellowship aims to work proactively in the world to determine and eliminate causes of warfare before conflict becomes inevitable.

Other notable tracts include:

Combined, the texts explore many of the issues surrounding a pacifism and intellectually engage the spiritual and pragmatic consequences of the ideology.

In 2000, the Fellowship released a compact disc of music, entitled Finest Hour, featuring music composed by Gilmurray, the renowned Anglican hymn writer Christopher Idle and John Bell of the Iona Community. The songs on the album promote pacifism and Christian fellowship by critiquing a number of issues and themes relating to war, arms manufacturing, American imperialism and corporate capitalism. [132]

A second recording by Gilmurray, The Way of Peace, was released in 2006 to recognise the United Nations' Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World. It was accompanied by a Lenten study book that contains poetry and passages of scripture. The album featured songs critiquing social issues such as the use of child soldiers in African combat zones and the depictions of violence in films and other media products marketed towards children. [133]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacifism</span> Philosophy opposing war or violence

Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism or violence. Pacifists generally reject theories of Just War. The word pacifism was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ahimsa, which is a core philosophy in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. While modern connotations are recent, having been explicated since the 19th century, ancient references abound.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vera Brittain</span> English nurse and writer

Vera Mary Brittain was an English Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurse, writer, feminist, socialist and pacifist. Her best-selling 1933 memoir Testament of Youth recounted her experiences during the First World War and the beginning of her journey towards pacifism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">A. J. Muste</span> Christian pacifist and civil rights activist (1885 1967)

Abraham Johannes Muste was a Dutch-born American clergyman and political activist. He is best remembered for his work in the labor movement, pacifist movement, antiwar movement, and civil rights movement.

The Fellowship of Reconciliation is the name used by a number of religious nonviolent organizations, particularly in English-speaking countries. They are linked by affiliation to the International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Church of Australia</span> Church of the Anglican Communion

The Anglican Church of Australia, formerly known as the Church of England in Australia and Tasmania, is a Christian church in Australia and an autonomous church of the Anglican Communion. It is the second largest church in Australia after the Catholic Church. According to the 2016 census, 3.1 million Australians identify as Anglicans. As of 2016, the Anglican Church of Australia had more than 3 million nominal members and 437,880 active baptised members. For much of Australian history since the arrival of the 'First Fleet' in January 1788, the church was the largest religious denomination. It remains today one of the largest providers of social welfare services in Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peace churches</span> Christian churches advocating pacifism

Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism or Biblical nonresistance. The term historic peace churches refers specifically only to three church groups among pacifist churches:

The International Fellowship of Reconciliation (IFOR) is a non-governmental organization founded in 1914 in response to the horrors of war in Europe. Today IFOR counts 71 branches, groups and affiliates in 48 countries on all continents. IFOR members promote nonviolence, human rights and reconciliation through public education efforts, training programs and campaigns. The IFOR International Secretariat in Utrecht, Netherlands facilitates communication among IFOR members, links branches to capacity building resources, provides training in gender-sensitive nonviolence through the Women Peacemakers Program, and helps coordinate international campaigns, delegations and urgent actions. IFOR has ECOSOC status at the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">André and Magda Trocmé</span> French husband-and-wife protectors of Jewish refugees; Righteous Among the Nations

André Trocmé and his wife, Magda, were a French couple designated Righteous Among the Nations. For 15 years, André served as a pastor in the French town of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon, in south-central France. He had been accepted to the rather remote parish because of his Christian pacifist positions, which were not well received by the French Protestant Church. In his preaching, he spoke out against discrimination as the Nazis were gaining power in neighboring Germany and urged his Protestant Huguenot congregation to hide Jewish refugees from the Holocaust of the World War II.

The Peace Pledge Union (PPU) is a non-governmental organisation that promotes pacifism, based in the United Kingdom. Its members are signatories to the following pledge: "War is a crime against humanity. I renounce war, and am therefore determined not to support any kind of war. I am also determined to work for the removal of all causes of war", and campaign to promote peaceful and nonviolent solutions to conflict. The PPU forms the British section of War Resisters' International.

Sidney George Stuart Hinkes (1925–2006) was a British pacifist and a priest in the Church of England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Tasmania</span> Diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia

The Anglican Diocese of Tasmania includes the entire Tasmanian archipelago and is an extraprovincial diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian pacifism</span> Theological and ethical position

Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position according to which pacifism and non-violence have both a scriptural and rational basis for Christians, and affirms that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith. Christian pacifists state that Jesus himself was a pacifist who taught and practiced pacifism and that his followers must do likewise. Notable Christian pacifists include Martin Luther King Jr., Leo Tolstoy, Adin Ballou, and Ammon Hennacy.

The Anglican realignment is a movement among some Anglicans to align themselves under new or alternative oversight within or outside the Anglican Communion. This movement is primarily active in parts of the Episcopal Church in the United States and the Anglican Church of Canada. Two of the major events that contributed to the movement were the 2002 decision of the Diocese of New Westminster in Canada to authorise a rite of blessing for same-sex unions, and the nomination of two openly gay priests in 2003 to become bishops. Jeffrey John, an openly gay priest with a long-time partner, was appointed to be the next Bishop of Reading in the Church of England and the General Convention of the Episcopal Church ratified the election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay non-celibate man, as Bishop of New Hampshire. Jeffrey John ultimately declined the appointment due to pressure.

<i>Church Times</i> Weekly independent Anglican newspaper

The Church Times is an independent Anglican weekly newspaper based in London and published in the United Kingdom on Fridays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Watson (bishop)</span> British bishop

Andrew John Watson is the Bishop of Guildford in the Church of England. He previously served as Bishop of Aston, the suffragan bishop of the Diocese of Birmingham, from 2008 until 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Kempthorne (bishop)</span>

John Augustine Kempthorne was an Anglican Bishop in the first half of the twentieth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Oestreicher</span>

Paul Oestreicher is an Anglican priest, Quaker, peace and human rights activist.

The Ven. Percy Hartill was an Anglican priest and author.

References

  1. "Anglican Pacifist Fellowship website".
  2. "History of the APF". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  3. "The Peace Tax Seven - Anglican Testimony to ECHR". www.peacetaxseven.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  4. "Reference at www.anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  5. "Home". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  6. "The Peace Tax Seven - Anglican Testimony to ECHR". www.peacetaxseven.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  7. "The Peace Tax Seven - Anglican Testimony to ECHR". www.peacetaxseven.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  8. Martin, Tilly (2017-11-03). "APF 80th Anniversary Day & our new Chair". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  9. "Dick Sheppard". Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  10. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. "The Peace Tax Seven - Anglican Testimony to ECHR". www.peacetaxseven.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  12. "Reference at www.ppu.org.uk".
  13. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  15. "The Future We Shan't See: Evelyn Underhill"s Pacificism". Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  16. "The Church and War". disseminary.org. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  17. "The Future We Shan't See: Evelyn Underhill"s Pacificism". Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  18. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  19. "The Peace Tax Seven - Anglican Testimony to ECHR". www.peacetaxseven.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  20. "Reference at www.churchtimes.co.uk".
  21. "Reference at www.churchtimes.co.uk".
  22. "Reference at www.churchtimes.co.uk".
  23. "Reference at www.sussex.ac.uk".
  24. "Reference at www.sussex.ac.uk".
  25. "Paul Oestreicher". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  26. "Paul Oestreicher".
  27. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  28. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-07-26. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. "Articles of Religion". www.eskimo.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  32. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  33. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  34. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  35. "Northern Friends Peace Board – Peace action… by, for and with Quakers in the North of Britain" . Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  36. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. "FreeUK - Customer information". Claranet Soho. 2017-11-01. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  38. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  39. "Reference at www.bbc.co.uk".
  40. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. "Peacemakers Blog". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  45. "Red Hand". www.redhandday.org. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  46. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  47. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  48. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  49. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  50. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  51. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  52. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  53. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  54. "Reference at www.converge.org.nz" (PDF).
  55. "Anglican Pacifist Fellowship Aotearoa New Zealand".
  56. "Reference at www.churchtimes.co.uk".
  57. "APF Contacts".
  58. Blog, The Peacemaker. "'Father', said Jesus, 'forgive them! They don't know what they're doing!' Luke 23.34". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  59. "Human Rights Foundation - Biographical Notes". Archived from the original on 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  60. "Reference at www.converge.org.nz" (PDF).
  61. "APF Links".
  62. "Tribute to MRS Margaret Holmes". Archived from the original on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
  63. "Green Left - Margaret Holmes: Living the fight against war". Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. Retrieved 2009-09-22.
  64. "Powerful voice for peace and freedom". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  65. Cavanagh, Michelle (2006). Margaret Holmes: the life and times of an Australian peace campaigner. Sydney: New Holland. ISBN   978-1-74110-465-3.
  66. "Powerful voice for peace and freedom". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  67. "The Australian Peace Committee". www.peacecourier.com. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  68. "Embodiment of English Christianity". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  69. "Embodiment of English Christianity". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
  70. "Embodiment of English Christianity". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  71. "Embodiment of English Christianity". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  72. "Embodiment of English Christianity". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  73. "Anglican Pacifist Fellowship - worldwide". Archived from the original on 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  74. "Reference at www.melbourneanglican.org.au".
  75. Osora, Noelene. "Message from the President". www.ncca.org.au. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  76. "Melbourne assistant bishop appointed to national ecumenical role". tma.melbourneanglican.org.au. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  77. "Palestine Israel Ecumenical Network » Bishop Philip Huggins – advent reflections" . Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  78. "Bishop Philip Huggins – Australian Intercultural Society" . Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  79. "Anglicans install ex-hippy as bishop".
  80. "Bishop Philip Huggins – Australian Intercultural Society" . Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  81. "Education policy: Ideology leads to Liberal dash of muddled thought". The Age. 2018-01-24. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  82. "Drop gangs campaign, bishop urges Liberals". tma.melbourneanglican.org.au. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  83. Zwartz, Barney (2010-09-20). "Anglicans oppose euthanasia move". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  84. Zwartz, Barney (2010-09-20). "Anglicans oppose euthanasia move". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  85. "Anglicans install ex-hippy as bishop". The Age. 2004-01-17. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  86. Waite, Katherine. "New Director appointed for the Centre for Ecumenical Studies". about.csu.edu.au. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  87. "Reference at www.anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  88. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  89. Nash, Robert (2015). New Tapestry: Australian Huguenot Families. Huguenot Society of Australia Incorporated.
  90. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  91. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  92. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  93. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  94. "Reference at www.research.utas.edu.au".
  95. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  96. Nash, Robert (2015). New Tapestry: Australian Huguenot Families. Huguenot Society of Australia Incorporated.
  97. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  98. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  99. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  100. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  101. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  102. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  103. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  104. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  105. Nash, Robert (2015). New Tapestry: Australian Huguenot Families. Huguenot Society of Australia Incorporated.
  106. Martin, Tilly (2017-11-03). "APF 80th Anniversary Day & our new Chair". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  107. Blog, The Peacemaker. "A Drowned-Out Truth". Anglican Pacifist Fellowship. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  108. Le Sage, David (2020). Refugees for God: a Genealogy of the Le Sage Family (with Additional Genealogies of the Williams, Totenhöfer, Wallace and Carlsen Families).
  109. "Holy Spirit Series 2/2". whispers in the dark. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  110. "Where u at?". Where u at?. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  111. "City on a Hill - Know Jesus and Make Jesus Known".
  112. "The Rev'd Nathanael Reuss - St Barnabas College" . Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  113. "Onkaparinga Valley Parish | Diocese of The Murray". murray.anglican.org. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  114. "The Rev'd Nathanael Reuss - St Barnabas College" . Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  115. Barrett, Clive (1987). Peace Together: A Vision of Christian Pacifism. James Clarke & Co. ISBN   978-0-227-67893-0.
  116. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  117. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  118. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  119. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  120. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  121. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  122. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  123. "Peace Education". Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  124. "Reference at anglicanpeacemaker.org.uk" (PDF).
  125. "Interview: Sue Claydon, Anglican Pacifist Fellowship chair". www.churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  126. "The Anglican Peacemaker".
  127. Barrett, Clive (1987). Peace Together: A Vision of Christian Pacifism. ISBN   9780227678930.
  128. "CPF -". www.catholicpeacefellowship.org. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  129. "Franz Jagerstatter - Against The Stream". www.c3.hu. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  130. "Franz Jagerstatter, Martyr". justus.anglican.org. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  131. "The Church and War". disseminary.org. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  132. "Sue Gilmurray Artist Profile". www.crossrhythms.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  133. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2009-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  134. "The Rev Sidney Hinkes | Military". The Guardian. Retrieved 2020-11-07.
  135. Barrett, Clive (1987). Peace Together: A Vision of Christian Pacifism. James Clarke & Co. ISBN   978-0-227-67893-0.