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In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name, a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the ICZN Code, for its publisher, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The rules principally regulate:
In biology, a taxon is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping.
A holotype is a single physical example of an organism, known to have been used when the species was formally described. It is either the single such physical example or one of several such, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept.
Chaetosomatida is a small group of minute, free-living, aquatic organisms which are usually placed as an annex to the Nematoda.
Procynosuchus is an extinct genus of cynodonts from the Late Permian. It is considered to be one of the earliest and most basal cynodonts. It was 60 cm (2 ft) long and seems to have been adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle.
Cypraeoidea, the cowries and cowry allies, is a superfamily of sea snails, marine gastropods included in the clade Littorinimorpha. This superfamily had been called Cypraeacea and was named by Rafinesque in 1815.
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a scientific name to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies. This name is no longer in use: it is now a synonym of the current scientific name, Picea abies. In zoology, moving a species from one genus to another results in a different binomen, but the name is considered an alternative combination, rather than a synonym. The concept of synonymy in zoology is reserved for two names at the same rank that refer to a taxon at that rank - for example, the name Papilio prorsaLinnaeus, 1758 is a junior synonym of Papilio levanaLinnaeus, 1758, being names for different seasonal forms of the species now referred to as Araschnia levana(Linnaeus, 1758), the map butterfly. However, Araschnia levana is not a synonym of Papilio levana in the taxonomic sense employed by the Zoological code.
Pyrops is a genus of planthoppers that occur primarily in southeast Asia, containing about 70 species. They are fairly large insects, with much of the length due to an elongated, upcurving, snout-like projection of the head. The wings are generally brightly patterned in contrasting colors, and they are popular among collectors.
Doris is a genus of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs. These animals are marine gastropod molluscs in the family Dorididae.
Chaetosomatidae is a small family of beetles, in the suborder Polyphaga.
Althaesia is a genus of beetles in the family Biphyllidae, containing the following species:
Polyrhaphis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Stenidea is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Corrhenes is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Penthea is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Rhytiphora is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Chaetosoma is a genus of beetles in the family Chaetosomatidae. The name was published twice prior to 1851, but these older uses have been declared unavailable under the ICZN.
Fidia is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is distributed in North and Central America. There are 24 species recognised in Fidia.
Apodasya pilosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, described by Chevrolat in 1843. The species was renamed by Pascoe in 1863 when he replaced the genus name, but Pascoe's usage has been declared a junior subjective synonym under the ICZN, and the authority remains with Chevrolat.
References
- ↑ Biolib.cz - Apodasya pilosa. Retrieved on 8 September 2014.
- ↑ ICZN (2011) OPINION 2287 (Case 3513) Chaetosoma Westwood, 1851, Apodasya Pascoe, 1863 and CHAETOSOMATIDAE Crowson, 1952 (Insecta, Coleoptera): usage conserved.