Ashdod-Yam

Last updated
Ashdod-Yam
אשדוד ים
ASHdvd-ym.jpg
Aerial view of Minat al-Qal'a
Israel outline ashkelon.png
Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Shown within Ashkelon region of Israel
Israel location map with stripes.svg
Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Ashdod-Yam (Israel)
Location Ashdod, Israel
Coordinates 31°46′49″N34°37′17″E / 31.78028°N 34.62139°E / 31.78028; 34.62139
TypePort city, fortress
History
MaterialStone
CulturesPhilistine, Assyrian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Crusader
Site notes
Excavation dates1965-1968, 2012
ConditionPartial preservation, buried in sand
The castle of Minat al-Qal'a or Castellum Beroart, the western facade with the sea gate flanked by towers Ashdod Mezuda Gate.JPG
The castle of Minat al-Qal'a or Castellum Beroart, the western façade with the sea gate flanked by towers
Minat al-Qal'a or Castellum Beroart, storerooms inside the castle. Ashdod Mezuda Store1.JPG
Minat al-Qal'a or Castellum Beroart, storerooms inside the castle.
Ruins of the ancient lighthouse used in conjunction with the castle mTSdyt ASHdvd ym, dTSmbr 2023 06.jpg
Ruins of the ancient lighthouse used in conjunction with the castle

Ashdod-Yam or Azotus Paralios (lit. Ashdod/Azotus-on-the-sea" ) is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It is located in the southern part of the modern city of Ashdod, and about 5 kilometres northwest of the ancient site of Tel Ashdod, where ancient Ashdod stood in the time of the Philistines. Ashdod-Yam and its inland counterpart, Ashdod or Azotus Mesogaios, were for most of their history two closely connected but distinct entities. Much of the surrounding environ is covered by sand dunes and remains unexplored.

Contents

Names

The ancient Levantine settlement of Ashdod-Yam had several names. In Assyrian records, it is attested as "asdudi-immu", corresponding to the Hebrew "’ašdód-yamm". The first part of the name, "Ašdod", is believed to be derived from the Late Bronze Age Canaanite "’aṯdādu". [1]

In the Hellenistic period, the name of the settlement became "Azotus Paralios", literally "Azotus-by-the-sea", in contrast to Azotus Mesogaias, literally "Inland Azotus". In the Islamic period, it became "Mahuz Azdud", literally "harbour of Azdud", a combining the ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud". [2] [3]

During the Crusades, as property of the lord of Ramla, Hugh, it was bequeathed to the knight Nicolas de Beroard and necame known as "Castellum Beroart". [2] Its contemporary Arabic name is "Minat al-Qal'a", after the Umayyad-era fort that was built at the site and whose ruins remain partially intact to this day. [4]

History

The two towns, Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam, have been connected throughout their history. Despite the antiquity of the place, the name Ashdod-yam was applied to the site and adjacent town in October 1955, by Israel's Government Naming Committee. [5]

Late Bronze Age

During the Late Bronze Age the inland city of Ashdod used a port facility near the mouth of the Lakhish River, at Tel Mor  [ he ], as its main exit to the sea, while a smaller port was probably located at Ashdod-Yam. [6]

Iron Age

During the Iron Age the roles gradually reversed, and Ashdod-Yam, located south of Ashdod, overtook in importance the port at Tel Mor, located north of Ashdod. As one of the main five cities of the Philistine Pentapolis, Ashdod had great regional significance. [6]

Ashdod-Yam is first mentioned in documents from the time of Sargon II of Assyria when in 713 BCE the Assyrian king speaks of having to depose a usurper who had taken over control of the city of Ashdod and had fortified three towns: Ashdod itself, Gath, and "Asdudimmu" (Ashdod-Yam). [6]

Hellenistic through Byzantine period

When general Pompey restored to Ashdod its independence previously lost to the Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus, the city consisted of two twin towns, the regional center of Azotos Mesogeios or A. Hippenos (lit. "inland Ashdod" and "Ashdod of the horsemen" respectively), and Azotos Paralios (lit. "coastal Ashdod"; also written A. Paralus, Paralius) [7] The town, under its Greek designation, appears in the Madaba Map of the 6th century.

This arrangement persisted throughout the Byzantine period, when the port town actually overshadowed in importance its former mother-city further inland: the bishops of Azotos present at the council of 325 and the council of Jerusalem in 536 seem to have resided in Azotos Paralios rather than in Azotos Mesogeios. [6] [8] Remains from Azotos Paralios of the Byzantine period, including a 1.500-year-old Greek dedication to a large church, were found over 2 km north of the inland Iron Age site.[ dubious ] The inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast. According to a medieval Christian Georgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on the Gregorian calendar. [9] [10] [11] The 6th-century Madaba Map shows both cities under their respective names. [12] The prominence of Hellenised, then Christian Azotus continued until the 7th century, when it came under Muslim rule. The city was represented at the Council of Chalcedon by Heraclius of Azotus.

A chancel screen from a synagogue from the 6th century CE testifies to the existence of a Jewish community at Ashdod-Yam during the Byzantine period. [8]

In November 2017, archaeologists discovered a church, later fully excavated and called “Church of the Deaconesses.” [13] An inscription was discovered between two modern houses, about a mile from the coast. [14] According to a medieval Christian Georgian calendar, a four-line Greek mosaic inscription dated back to "the 3rd indiction, year 292", which corresponds to the 6th century AD on the Gregorian calendar. Archaeologists thought they could have found the remains of the Roman-Byzantine city of Ashdod-Yam. [15] [16] [17] In 2021 excavations at the site of a Byzantine-era Christian basilica revealed "splendid" mosaics and tombs dug beneath the floors. The mosaics provide evidence of women serving as ministers and deacons of the church. The burials included mass-graves of bodies covered in lime, believed to have been used to inter victims of the Plague of Justinian. [18]

Early Muslim, Crusader, and Mamluk periods

Aerial view of Minat al-Qal'a ASHdvd-ym.jpg
Aerial view of Minat al-Qal'a

In the Umayyad period, the Caliph Abd al-Malik, the builder of the Dome of the Rock, constructed a fort at Azotus Paralios in the 7th century as part of a series of coastal defenses in Palestine. [4] [19] Measuring 35m by 55m, the fort was built over the razed insulae of the former Byzantine town, and was previously thought to been of later 10th or 11th century construction. It was only after subsequent archaeological work that it was determined to have been built by the Umayyads and only later remodelled by the Fatimids and Crusaders. [4] [20]

The medieval Arabic name of the port town was Mahuz Azdud, "harbour of Azdud", a very interesting combination between the by then already ancient Aramaic word for harbour, mahuz, and "Azdud", a return to a form much closer to the old Semitic name "Ashdod". [2] [21]

The fort of "Minat al-Qal'a" (lit. "the port with the castle" in Arabic) was probably built by the Umayyads and was reconstructed by the Fatimids and Crusaders. The initial purpose was to hold off the strong Byzantine navy and it constituted one link in a chain of Muslim coastal fortifications.

Documents from the Crusader period indicate that Ashdod and Ashdod-Yam belonged to the lordship of Ramla, and it appears probable that in 1169 the old Arab sea fort (Minat al-Qal'a) was given by Hugh, lord of Ramla, to his knight Nicolas de Beroard. From this period the fort is known as "Castellum Beroart". [2]

Ayyubid and Mamluk periods

The port stops being mentioned during the Ayyubid and Mamluk periods, making it likely that it was destroyed by the Muslims along with the other port cities, due to fears that they might again be used by Crusader invasions from the sea. [20] With the destruction of the port city, its inland counterpart regains its importance.

Excavation

The Iron Age site was excavated by Jacob Kaplan from 1965 to 1968 on behalf of the Tel Aviv-Yafo Museum of Antiquities. Finds at the site include sections of city fortification walls and a glacis. Pottery found at the site suggests that the fortifications were built in the second half of the 8th century BCE and that a second phase of occupation occurred during the 7th century BCE when the site was no longer fortified.

The medieval fort has been most recently worked on by Dov Nachlieli and his team. [22]

Further reading

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashdod</span> City in Israel

Ashdod is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Located in the country's Southern District, it lies on the Mediterranean coast 32 kilometres south of Tel Aviv and 20 km (12 mi) north of Ashkelon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yavne</span> City in Israel

Yavne or Yavneh is a city in the Central District of Israel. In many English translations of the Bible, it is known as Jabneh.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollonia–Arsuf</span> Ancient city in Tel Aviv District, Israel

Apollonia, known in the Early Islamic period as Arsuf and in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem as Arsur, was an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of today's Israel. In Israeli archaeology it is known as Tel Arshaf. Founded by the Phoenicians during the Persian period in the late sixth century BCE, it was inhabited continuously until the Crusader period, through the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, during the latter being renamed to Sozusa. It was situated on a sandy area ending towards the sea with a cliff, about 34 kilometres (21 mi) south of Caesarea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Isdud</span> Depopulated Palestinian village

Isdud was a Palestinian village tracing back at least to the Ottoman period of Palestine (region). In 1945, it had a population of 4,620 Arabs and 290 Jews, before it was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when its population all either fled or were expelled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Archaeology of Israel</span> Archaeological studies of Israel

The archaeology of Israel is the study of the archaeology of the present-day Israel, stretching from prehistory through three millennia of documented history. The ancient Land of Israel was a geographical bridge between the political and cultural centers of Mesopotamia and Egypt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madaba</span> City in Madaba Governorate, Jordan

Madaba is the capital city of Madaba Governorate in central Jordan, with a population of about 60,000. It is best known for its Byzantine and Umayyad mosaics, especially a large Byzantine-era mosaic map of the Holy Land. Madaba is located 30 kilometres south-west of the capital Amman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gath (city)</span> Ancient city and archaeological site

Gath or Gat was one of the five cities of the Philistine pentapolis during the Iron Age. It was located in northeastern Philistia, close to the border with Judah. Gath is often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and its existence is confirmed by Egyptian inscriptions. Already of significance during the Bronze Age, the city is believed to be mentioned in the El-Amarna letters as Gimti/Gintu, ruled by the two Shuwardata and 'Abdi-Ashtarti. Another Gath, known as Ginti-kirmil also appears in the Amarna letters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</span> City in Israel

Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut is an Israeli city located in central Israel, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Tel Aviv and 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem, and is connected to those two cities via Highway 443. In 2021 the population was 97,097. The population density in that year was 1,794 people per square kilometer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maresha</span> Archaeological site in southern Israel

Tel Maresha is the tell of the biblical Iron Age city of Maresha, and of the subsequent, post-586 BCE Idumean city known by its Hellenised name Marisa, Arabised as Marissa (ماريسا). The tell is situated in Israel's Shephelah region, i.e. in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Beit Gubrin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madaba Map</span> 6th-century mosaic map of the Holy Land

The Madaba Map, also known as the Madaba Mosaic Map, is part of a floor mosaic in the early Byzantine church of Saint George in Madaba, Jordan. The Madaba Map depicts part of the Middle East and contains the oldest surviving original cartographic depiction of the Holy Land and especially Jerusalem. It dates to the sixth century AD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minat al-Qal'a</span>

Minat al-Qal'a is a medieval coastal fort protecting the port known as Ashdod-Yam, which was historically separate from Ashdod proper but whose archaeological remains are today located on the southern beach of the sprawling modern city of Ashdod. The fort was built by the Umayyads and later restored by the Crusaders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nessana</span> Nabataean city

Nessana, Modern Hebrew name Nizzana, also spelled Nitzana, is an ancient Nabataean city located in the southwest Negev desert in Israel close to the Egyptian border. It started by being a caravan station on the ancient Incense Road, protecting a western branch of the road which allowed access to Egypt to the west via the Sinai, and to Beersheba, Hebron and Jerusalem to the northeast. It was first used by Nabataean merchants, and later also by Christian pilgrims.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East</span>

Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East are a group of Christian mosaics created between the 4th and the 8th centuries in ancient Syria, Palestine and Egypt when the area belonged to the Byzantine Empire. The eastern provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, inherited a strong artistic tradition from pagan Late Antiquity. The tradition of making mosaics was carried on in the Umayyad era until the end of the 8th century. The great majority of these works of art were later destroyed but archeological excavations unearthed many surviving examples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dor, Israel</span> Place in Haifa, Israel

Dor is a moshav in northern Israel. Located near Zikhron Ya'akov, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. In 2021 it had a population of 451. It was named after the ancient Phoenician city of Dor, which was inhabited by the tribe of Manasseh in the Israelite period.

The architecture of Palestine covers a vast historical time frame and a number of different styles and influences over the ages. The urban architecture of the region of Palestine prior to 1850 was relatively sophisticated. The Palestinian townhouse shared in the same basic conceptions regarding the arrangement of living space and apartment types commonly seen throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. The rich diversity and underlying unity of the architectural culture of this wider region stretching from the Balkans to North Africa was a function of the exchange fostered by the caravans of the trade routes, and the extension of Ottoman rule over most of this area, beginning in the early 16th century through until the end of World War I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yavne-Yam</span>

Yavne-Yam or Minet Rubin is an archaeological site located on Israel's Southern Coastal Plain, about 15 km south of Tel Aviv. Built on eolianite hills next to a small promontory forming the sole anchorage able to provide shelter to seagoing vessels between Jaffa and the Sinai, Yavne-Yam is notable for its role as the port of ancient Yavne. Excavations carried out by Tel Aviv University since 1992 have revealed continuous habitation from the second millennium BCE up to the Middle Ages; the famous Yavne-Yam ostracon is named after the site.

This page lists major archaeological events of 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tel Tanninim</span> Ancient tell on the Mediterranean shore

Tel Tanninim, in Arabic Tell al-Milāt, is an ancient tell on the shore of the Mediterranean, near the mouth of Nahal Tanninim, in the vicinity of the modern Arab town of Jisr az-Zarka, Israel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashdod (ancient city)</span> Ancient Levantine city

Ashdod or Azotus was an ancient Levantine metropolis situated at Tel Ashdod, an archaeological site co-located with the remains of the former Ottoman-era and now depopulated Palestinian village of Isdud, a few kilometers south of the modern Ashdod in present-day Israel.

References

  1. Cross Jr., F. M.; Freedman, D. N. (1964). "The Name of Ashdod". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 175 (1): 48–50. doi:10.2307/1355824. JSTOR   1355824.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Pringle, 1998, p. 72
  3. "Tel Aviv University, History of Yavneh-Yam". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  4. 1 2 3 Fenwick, C. (2016). "Azdud (Ashdod-Yam): An Early Islamic Fortress on the Mediterranean Coast" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 60 (1): 184.
  5. Wikimedia Commons: Letter dated 27 Oct 1955, from the Department of Housing, in Israel's Ministry of Labor (in Hebrew)
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Introducing Ashdod-Yam: History and Excavations". Ashdod-Yam Archaeological Project, website of. The Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, Institut für Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft Universität Leipzig. 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  7. Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). Ashdod (Tel). New York and London: Continuum. p. 55. ISBN   0-8264-1316-1.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 "Azotus Paralus - (Ashdod, al-Minah)". A virtual travel through the Madaba Map. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem. 2000. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
  9. Anant Raje (1989). "Ravi Mathai Centre". Projects at the Indian Institute of Management.
  10. Forman, Abra (2017-11-23). "Discovery of 1,500-Year-Old Byzantine Church May Lead to 'Lost' City of Ashdod-Yam". Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  11. "Mysterious ancient city missing for over a millennium may have been finally found in Israel". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  12. "Madaba Map, numbers 96 (Azotus) and 97 (Azotus-on-the-Sea) with discussions". Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2018-12-28.
  13. Ariel David (15 November 2021). "Byzantine Basilica With Graves of Female Ministers and Baffling Mass Burials Found in Israel". Haaretz . Archived from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  14. Bohstrom, Philippe (23 November 2017). "Archaeologists May Have Found Long-lost Byzantine City Ashdod-Yam". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  15. "Mysterious ancient city missing for over a millennium may have been finally found in Israel". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2018-05-14. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  16. Forman, Abra (2017-11-23). "Discovery of 1,500-Year-Old Byzantine Church May Lead to 'Lost' City of Ashdod-Yam". Israel365 News | Latest News. Biblical Perspective. Archived from the original on 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  17. Anant Raje (1989). "Ravi Mathai Centre". Projects at the Indian Institute of Management. 26 (3). Archived from the original on 2021-05-29. Retrieved 2020-12-30.
  18. David, Ariel. Byzantine Basilica With Graves of Female Ministers and Baffling Mass Burials Found in Israel Haaretz, Nov. 15, 2021.
  19. Reuven Vunsh, Oren Tal and Dorit Sivan (8 August 2013). "Horbat Ashdod-Yam". Hadashot Arkheologiyot. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  20. 1 2 Andrew Petersen, The Towns of Palestine under Muslim Rule: AD 600-1600 Archived 2016-09-13 at the Wayback Machine ", BAR International Series 1381, 2005, pp. 90 Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine -91
  21. "Tel Aviv University, History of Yavneh-Yam". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-04-06.
  22. "Volume 125 Year 2013 Horbat Ashdod-Yam".