Jund Filastin

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Jund Filastin
Province of the Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates
630s–late 11th century
Syria in the 9th century.svg
Early Islamic Syria ( Bilad al-Sham ) and its provinces under the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th century
Capital
History 
 Established
630s
  Seljuk attacks, First Crusade
late 11th century
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Palaestina Prima
Kingdom of Jerusalem Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg
Today part of

Jund Filasṭīn (Arabic : جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن, "the military district of Palestine") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s. Jund Filastin, which encompassed most of Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Tertia, included the newly established city of Ramla as its capital and eleven administrative districts (kura), each ruled from a central town. [1]

Contents

History

Muslim conquest

The Muslim conquest of Palestine is difficult to reconstruct, according to the historian Dominique Sourdel. [2] It is generally agreed that the Qurayshite commander Amr ibn al-As was sent to conquer the area by Caliph Abu Bakr, [3] [4] likely in 633. [4] Amr traversed the Red Sea coast of the Hejaz (western Arabia), reached the port town of Ayla at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba, then crossed into the Negev Desert or further west into the Sinai Peninsula. He then arrived to the villages of Dathin and Badan near Gaza, where he entered negotiations with the Byzantine garrison commander. The talks collapsed and the Muslims bested the Byzantines in the subsequent clash at Dathin in February or March 634. [2] [3] At this stage of the conquest Amr's troops encamped at Ghamr al-Arabat in the middle of the Araba Valley between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. [3] The town of Gaza was left alone, with Amr's primary objective at the time being the subjugation of the Arab tribes in the vicinity. [5]

After the Muslim armies led by Khalid ibn al-Walid captured Bosra in the Hauran in May 634 they crossed the Jordan River to reinforce Amr as he faced a large Byzantine army. In the ensuing Battle of Ajnadayn, fought at a site 25 kilometers (16 mi) southwest of Jerusalem in July or August, the Muslims under Amr's overall command routed the Byzantines. [6] In the aftermath of Ajnadayn, Amr captured the towns of Sebastia, Nablus, Lydda, Yibna, Amwas, Bayt Jibrin and Jaffa. [7] Most of these towns fell after minor resistance, hence the scant information available about them in the sources. [8]

Following the decisive Muslim victory against the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmouk (636), fought along the Yarmouk tributary of the Jordan River east of Palestine, Amr besieged Jerusalem, which held out until the arrival of Caliph Umar, to whom Jerusalem's leaders surrendered in 637. [9] The coastal towns of Gaza, Ascalon and Caesarea had continued to hold out. The commander Alqama ibn Mujazziz may have been sent against Byzantine forces in Gaza a number of times during and after Ajnadayn. [10] Amr launched his conquest of Egypt from Jerusalem c.640. [11] Caesarea was besieged for a lengthy period and captured most likely by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan in 639, 640 or 641. [8] Not long after, Mu'awiya captured Ascalon, completing the conquest of Palestine, [9] most of which had been undertaken by Amr. [4]

Early administration

Filastin became one of the four original junds (military districts) of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria) established by Caliph Umar. [12] In effect the Muslims maintained the preexisting administrative organization of the Byzantine district of Palaestina Prima. [9]

The Umayyad period (661–750) was a relatively prosperous period for Filastin and the Umayyad caliphs invested considerably in the district's development. [13] According to Sourdel, "Palestine was particularly honoured in the Umayyad period". [9] The first Umayyad caliph, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, who held overall authority over Syria, including Palestine, from the reign of Caliph Uthman (r.644–656), was initially recognized as caliph in a ceremony in Jerusalem. [9]

On the other hand, a change the Syrian policy during the Abbasid period resulted in an overall decline in the region. The Levant was now further from the seat of authority as the capital relocated from Damascus to Baghdad. The new policy preferred Iraq over the Levant due to suspicion of the local Muslim population's loyalty , as they strongly identified with the Abbasid's rivals , the former Umayyad dynasty. Moreover, the Abbasids promoted trade with eastern lands such as Tang China and the Kingdoms of India. This led to neglect, political unrest, and occasionally local rebellions , one of which is the Al-Mubarqa. A process of urban decline is believed to had been accelerated by the 749 earthquake, which increased the number of Jews, Christians, and Samaritans who migrated to diaspora settlements while also leaving behind others who stayed in the devastated towns and impoverished villages until they embraced Islam. [14]

Geography

At its greatest extent, Filastin extended from Rafah in the south to Lajjun in the north, and from the Mediterranean coast well to the east of the southern part of the Jordan River. The mountains of Edom, and the town of Zoar (Sughar) at the southeastern end of the Dead Sea were included in the district. However, the Galilee was excluded, being part of Jund al-Urdunn in the north. [15] Filastin roughly comprised the regions of Samaria, Judea, and the adjacent Mediterranean coastal plain from Mount Carmel in the north to Gaza in the south. [2]

According to al-Baladhuri, the main towns of Filastin, following its conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate, were, from south to north, Rafah, Gaza, Bayt Jibrin, Yibna, Amwas, Lydda, Jaffa, Nablus, Sebastia, and Caesarea. [15] Under Byzantine rule the port city of Caesarea was the territory's capital, a natural choice as it eased communications with the capital Constantinople. After the Muslim conquest, the administrative focus shifted to the interior. Amwas was referred to as a qasaba in the early Islamic sources; the term could refer to a central town, but most likely meant a fortified camp in the case of Amwas. It served as the principal military camp of the Muslim troops, where spoils were divided and stipends paid, until it was abandoned by the troops in 639 due to the plague of Amwas. [16] From about 640 Ludd and/or Jerusalem have been determined as the capital or political-religious center of Filastin, according to modern historians. [16] [a]

After the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik founded the city of Ramla next to Ludd, he designated it the capital, and most of Ludd's inhabitants were forced to settle there. In the 9th century, during Abbasid rule, Jund Filastin was the most fertile of Syria's districts, and contained at least twenty mosques, despite its small size. [15]

After the Fatimids conquered the district from the Abbasids, Jerusalem eventually became the capital, and the principal towns were Ascalon, Ramla, Gaza, Arsuf, Caesarea, Jaffa, Jericho, Nablus, Bayt Jibrin, and Amman. [15] The district persisted in some form until the Seljuk invasions and the Crusades of the late 11th century.[ citation needed ]

Population

At the time of the Muslim conquest, Filastin had been inhabited mainly by Aramaic-speaking Miaphysite Christian peasants. [15] Samaria, in the northern part of the district, had a large Samaritan population. [17] Two separate gradual demographic processes—cultural Arabization and religious Islamization—were initiated after the Islamic conquest. [18] It is believed that the settlements of Arabians , both before and after the Muslim conquest contributed at least partially to the pace of Arabization and Islamization. [19] [20] [21] [22] The principal Arabian tribes which inhabited Filastin and formed its army were the Lakhm, Judham, Kinana, Khath'am, Khuza'a, and Azd Sarat. [23] However, the inhabitants of Palestine did not become predominantly Muslim and Arab in identity until several centuries after the conquest [15] with full Arabization achieved by the 9th century, and mass-Islamization not until the Mamluk period. [24]

Samaria was one of the first regions in Palestine to undergo a process of mass-conversions prior to the First Crusade. It was predominantly Samaritan and Christian during the Byzantine period, but during the early Islamic period, particularly under Abbasid and Tulunid rule, Samaria was gradually Islamized through the conversions of an indefinite yet large number of Samaritans as a result of religious persecution , high taxation, droughts , and warring , as well as migration by Arabian tribes. [24] By the end of the 10th century, the rural Samaritan population had "disappeared," and the remaining Samaritans had concentrated in urban areas, with Nablus serving as a major center, but there was also a Samaritan diaspora , establishing communities in Caesarea and Askhelon, and even beyond Palestine in Levantine cities such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Sarepta. [25] [26] [17] [27] The Christian Melkite community, on the other hand, underwent a process of adoption of Arabic and Arabization, but was able to avoid Islamization and preserve its religious and cultural identity for a longer period of time [18] until mass conversions to Islam in the Mamluk [24] , as well as the Ottoman periods. [28]

Governors

The governors of Jund Filastin:

Rashidun period

Umayyad period

Abbasid period

Fatimid period

Information about the Fatimid provincial administration in Filastin, as with the other provinces in Bilad al-Sham, is scant, and largely limited to the period of 1023–1025, which was covered by the surviving fragment of the chronicle of al-Musabbihi (d. 1029). It is not clear to what degree the governor (wali) of Filastin's capital of Ramla was responsible for the rest of the province. The governor of Ramla was in charge of the local police force, but the qadi (head judge) in the city was appointed directly by the caliph's court as was the auditor (zimmam) of the fiscal administrator (amil) of Filastin. At least one military governor (mutawali harb) of Filastin, Anushtakin al-Dizbari, is named. [62] Other cities in Filastin, including Jerusalem, Caesarea, [63] and Asqalan, also had their own governors, with the governors of Asqalan at one point holding the highest rank of any provincial governor in the Fatimid Caliphate. [64]

See also

Notes

  1. The historians Guy le Strange, Moshe Gil, Muhammad Adnan Bakhit, and N. Hamash considered Ludd the capital before the founding of Ramla, while Goitein and Amikam Elad considered Jerusalem as the district's political-religious center before Ramla's founding. [16]
  2. In another version, a man of the Judham, Dab'an ibn Rawh ibn Zinba's son al-Hakam, seized power in Palestine in 750 during the Abbasid Revolution, after which Caliph Marwan II, who had entered the district during his flight to Egypt, appointed another al-Hakam's uncle, Abd Allah ibn Yazid ibn Rawh, but he was unable to wrest power from al-Hakam. [55]

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  59. 1 2 Gil 1997, pp. 284, 842.
  60. Crone 1980, p. 177.
  61. Saliba 1985, p. 13.
  62. Lev 2003, pp. 46–47.
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  64. Sharon 1997, p. 134.
  65. Kennedy 2004, p. 289.

Sources