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The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Most historians believe that Islam originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission to the will of God.
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Uthman ibn Affan, the third of the Rashidun caliphs, was also a member of the clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Mu'awiya I, the long-time governor of Greater Syria, who became caliph after the end of the First Fitna in 661. After Mu'awiya's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in the Second Fitna, and power eventually fell to Marwan I, from another branch of the clan. Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, with Damascus as their capital.
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, from whom the dynasty takes its name. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Revolution had its origins and first successes in the easterly region of Khorasan, far from the Levantine center of Umayyad influence.
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Ja'far ibn Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Mutawakkil ʿalā Allāh ; March 822 – 11 December 861, commonly known by his regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah, was the tenth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 847 until his assassination in 861. He succeeded his brother, al-Wathiq, and is known for expanding the empire to its maximum extent. He was deeply religious, and is remembered for discarding the Muʿtazila, ending the Mihna, and releasing Ahmad ibn Hanbal. He is also known for his tough rule, especially with respect to non-Muslim subjects.
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The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258. They were from the Qurayshi Hashimid clan of Banu Abbas, descended from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. The Abbasid Caliphate is divided into three main periods: Early Abbasid era (750–861), Middle Abbasid era (861–936) and Later Abbasid era (936–1258). A cadet branch of the dynasty also ruled as ceremonial rulers for the Mamluk Sultanate as Caliph (1261–1517), until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire.
The Shi'a Century or Shi'ite Century is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the period between 945 and 1055, when Shi'a Muslim regimes, most notably the Fatimids and the Buyids, held sway over the central lands of the Islamic world.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Kennedy, Prof. Hugh Nigel". Who's Who 2015 . Oxford University Press. November 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Prof. Hugh N. Kennedy: CV" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ Kennedy, Hugh Nigel (1978). Politics and the Political Elite in the Early Abbasid Caliphate (PhD). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ "Economic integration and social change in the Islamic world system, 800-1000CE". School of Oriental and African Studies. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ "Professor Hugh N Kennedy". Staff. SOAS, University of London.
- ↑ "Directory 2013/14" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. p. 150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ "Fellows elected July 2012". British Academy. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ "Kennedy, Professor Hugh". British Academy Fellows. British Academy. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
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