Azobenzene reductase

azobenzene reductase (azoreductase)
Identifiers
EC no.	1.7.1.6
CAS no.	9029-31-6
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / QuickGO
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

Azobenzene reductase also known as azoreductase (EC 1.7.1.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:

N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine + aniline + NADP⁺${\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }$ 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene + NADPH + H⁺

The 3 substrates of this enzyme are N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, aniline, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ion, whereas its 3 products are 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and hydrogen ion. ^[1]

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.

Mechanism

The reaction catalyzed by this enzyme proceeds via a ping-pong mechanism ^[2] by using 2 equivalents of NAD(P)H to reduce one equivalent of the azo compound substrate (for example methyl red where Ar = p-dimethylaniline and Ar' = o-benzoic acid) into two equivalents of aniline product:

Ar–N=N–Ar' + 2(NAD(P)H + H⁺) ${\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }$ Ar–NH₂ + NH₂–Ar' + 2NAD(P)⁺

Substrate specificity

Most azoreductase isoenzymes can reduce methyl red, but are not able to reduce sulfonated azo dyes. The unique azoreductase isozyme from Bacillus sp. B29 has the ability to reduce sulfonated azo dyes however. ^[3]

Nomenclature

The systematic name of this enzyme class is N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, aniline:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include:

• azo reductase,
• azoreductase,
• azo-dye reductase,
• dibromopropylaminophenylazobenzoic azoreductase,
• dimethylaminobenzene reductase,
• methyl red azoreductase,
• N,N-dimethyl-4-phenylazoaniline azoreductase,
• NAD(P)H:1-(4'-sulfophenylazo)-2-naphthol oxidoreductase,
• NADPH2-dependent azoreductase,
• NADPH2:4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene oxidoreductase,
• NC-reductase,
• new coccinea (NC)-reductase,
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) azoreductase,
• orange I azoreductase,
• orange II azoreductase,
• p-aminoazobenzene reductase, and
• p-dimethylaminoazobenzene azoreductase.

Structural studies

As of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1NNI, 1V4B, and 2D5I. Please check the last updated data on RCSB PDB site.

References

1. Mueller GC; Miller JA (October 1949). "The reductive cleavage of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene by rat liver; the intracellular distribution of the enzyme system and its requirement for triphosphopyridine nucleotide". J. Biol. Chem. 180 (3): 1125–36. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51226-1 . PMID   18139207.
2. Ooi T, Shibata T, Sato R, Ohno H, Kinoshita S, Thuoc TL, Taguchi S (May 2007). "An azoreductase, aerobic NADH-dependent flavoprotein discovered from Bacillus sp.: functional expression and enzymatic characterization". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 75 (2): 377–86. doi:10.1007/s00253-006-0836-1. PMID   17546472. S2CID   22109417.
3. Ooi T, Shibata T, Matsumoto K, Kinoshita S, Taguchi S (May 2009). "Comparative enzymatic analysis of azoreductases from Bacillus sp. B29". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 73 (5): 1209–11. doi: 10.1271/bbb.80872 . PMID   19420689. S2CID   37607618.

Further reading

• Suzuki Y, Yoda T, Ruhul A, Sugiura W (2001). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene coding for azoreductase from Bacillus sp. OY1-2 isolated from soil". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (12): 9059–65. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008083200 . PMID   11134015.
• Matsumoto K, Mukai Y, Ogata D, Shozui F, Nduko JM, Taguchi S, Ooi T (2009). "Characterization of thermostable FMN-dependent NADH azoreductase from the moderate thermophile Geobacillus stearothermophilus". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 86 (5): 1431–8. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2351-7. PMID   19997911. S2CID   26472479.