The Duke was based on the BR Standard Class 7Britannia design. It incorporated three sets of modified Caprotti valve gear, relatively new to British locomotive engineering and more efficient than Walschaerts or Stephenson valve gear. The Duke was regarded as a failure by locomotive crews due to its poor steaming characteristics and its heavy fuel consumption. Trials undertaken by British Railways also returned negative feedback, reporting problems with the poor draughting of the locomotive which resulted in difficulty adhering to the timetables.
The result was an operational period of only eight years. This unique locomotive was saved from being scrapped at Woodham Brothersscrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales when it was purchased by a group of railway enthusiasts who restored it from scrapyard to as-built condition in 13 years. Since then, modifications have been made to the original design, resulting in one of the most efficient and powerful steam locomotives ever to run in Britain.[3] As a result, the Duke of Gloucester could frequently be seen on the mainline around Britain. As of 2024, the locomotive is being overhauled to return it to operational condition.
Background
Riddles had frequently argued the case for the inclusion of a Standard Class 8 Pacific into the standard range of locomotives being introduced by British Railways. However, these proposals were rejected by the Railway Executive on the grounds of cost in attempting to develop a form of steam motive power that was not necessarily required for use on Britain's railways, as there were enough Standard Class 7 Britannia locomotives already available for use. However, opportunity came out of adversity when the short-lived rebuild of the LMS Turbomotive, 46202 Princess Anne, was destroyed in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.[2]:64 A gap now existed in the roster for locomotives with 8P power classification, of which the demand was high for the efficient operation of heavy expresses on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Scotland.[4]:460 This presented Riddles with the perfect opportunity to press the case for his new design, a prototype of which was duly authorised for construction.[4]:490
At first, Riddles wished to develop an enlarged version of his Standard Class 7 Britannias, as the design still featured a two-cylinder layout.[1]:188–189 However, the size of the cylinders in order to achieve the 8P power classification would have put the design over the British loading gauge limit and so a reluctant reversion to the three-cylinder layout ensued.[2] This reluctance was born from experience with the Gresley Pacifics, whose conjugated valve gear was difficult to maintain due to the location of the middle cylinder between the frames.[1] Therefore, an alternative type of valve gear had to be found.
The valve gear that was settled upon was a rotary cam-driven form of Caprotti valve gear, developed by Heenan & Froude with poppet valves.[5] This was based on Italian locomotive practice and allowed precise control of steam admission to the cylinders while improving exhaust flow and boiler draughting characteristics when compared to the more conventional Walschaerts and Stephenson valve gear.[5] On paper this created a free-steaming, hard-working locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads over long distances but, in practice, fundamental design errors and undetected deviations from the drawings made during construction combined to prevent the locomotive from achieving its expected performance during British Railways ownership.[6]
The main problem was known even when the locomotive was under construction, as Mr. L.T. Daniels, the representative of the British Caprotti company, recommended the use of the Kylchapblastpipe, which could have coped with the fierce exhaust blasts experienced with the Caprotti system.[1] A standard double chimney of the Swindon type had already been fabricated in order to cut costs and it had been installed in the smokebox supposedly before Riddles could do anything about it.[1] As a result, the locomotive suffered due to the choke area of both chimney and blastpipe being much too small for the pressure created by the exhaust, leading to poor draughting.[7]:29 Further problems regarding the firebox of the locomotive were only discovered during restoration, including a poorly dimensioned ashpan and dampers that were again too small, strangling the fire of air when operating at speed.[7]:58 Further, British Railways "Modernisation Plan" was already under development concurrent with the construction of 71000 raising other questions.
Following experience of occasional cracks appearing near the spring brackets of the Britannias and Clans, a substantial rearrangement took place in this area that resulted in the locomotive riding on three cast steel "sub-frames" carrying the ten front-most spring brackets and lengthened spring brackets behind the rear driven axle. Perhaps remarkably, these were not integrated into a cast combined sub-frame/pony truck pivot stretcher, the pony truck pivot stretcher being a fabrication. Had the planned batch of further smaller Pacifics been built, they would have been fitted with this arrangement.[8]
Construction history
The opportunity to create an entire batch of locomotives within the 8P category was declined by the Railway Executive. It had been said this was because the design process had been highly expensive and complex, so that when the locomotive emerged from Crewe Works in 1954, such thoughts were inappropriate, especially with the advent of the 1955 Modernisation Plan.[7]:58 As a result, 71000 remained the solitary member of a proposed class of Standard 8P locomotives.
Naming the locomotive
Upon emerging from Crewe Works in 1954, the locomotive was named Duke of Gloucester prior to entering revenue-earning service. Had further locomotives been constructed, they would have belonged to the Duke Class, standing alongside the sister locomotives of the Britannia and Clan Classes. Since then, the locomotive has colloquially been referred to by steam enthusiasts and crews as the Duke.
Operational details
The Duke was highly unpopular with crews, who regarded it as something of a liability due to its poor steam production.[1] Inefficiencies caused by the problems regarding the draughting abilities and firebox design meant that no further examples were constructed.[9] The fact that no effort was made to rectify these problems indicates the change in policy regarding steam locomotives, with the Modernisation Plan entering circulation as the "Duke" entered service.[1] Based for its entire working life at Crewe North depot, the locomotive was utilised in hauling boat trains on the undemanding North Wales Coast Line between Crewe and Holyhead.[1] All of this culminated in the locomotive having a short service life of only eight years, being withdrawn from service in 1962.[2] The reputation of the locomotive amongst its crews as being a poor steamer was eventually to disappear – but only after it was rescued from the scrapyard during 1974.
The livery of the "Duke" was a continuation of the British Railways standard class practice. The class was given the power classification 8P.[10]:82–83 Following on from the 'Britannias', the "Duke" was numbered under the British Railways standard numbering system in the 71xxx series.[10]:82 The "Duke" was given the number 71000, and featured brass nameplates with a black background, located on the smoke deflectors.[10]:84
After withdrawal, the "Duke" was initially selected for the National Collection, though it was later decided that only the cylinder arrangement was of interest.[2] One of the outside cylinders was removed for display at the Science Museum; the other was removed to restore balance in readiness for scrapping. The locomotive was purchased by Dai Woodham, though it was initially sent to the wrong scrapyard. After retrieval, the "Duke" languished for many years in Woodham Brothers scrapyard at Barry Island, South Wales, before enthusiasts purchased the locomotive in 1974, forming the Duke of Gloucester Steam Locomotive Trust.[2]:65 Restoration began in earnest, though with many components missing, the most expensive of which being the Caprotti valve gear, it took 13 years of effort on the part of enthusiasts, with assistance in the guise of sponsorships from industry, to return the locomotive to near as-built condition. One of the very few compromises made was replacing the previous steel cylinders with spheroidal graphite iron.[2]:65
Two significant construction errors were discovered during restoration:
The chimney was too small compared with other locomotives of similar size, resulting in poor boiler draughting at times of high steam demand.[11]
The firebed (grate) air inlet dampers had not been built to the drawings; they were too small, resulting in poor air supply and inefficient combustion.[11]
These errors were corrected and the opportunity taken to incorporate some other improvements, including the previously recommended Kylchap exhaust system, which has finally unlocked the locomotive's true potential as a powerful express passenger locomotive.[1] When the "Duke" was first allowed to haul a full load on the main line, it became immediately obvious that the boiler was now producing steam at a more efficient rate and that the reborn "Duke" was unrecognisable from the failure that was experienced under British Railways ownership.[3] With these modifications, the "Duke" is now one of the most powerful steam locomotives ever to run on Britain's railways, past or present (the LMS Coronation Class Pacifics held that title under British Railways auspices - the three cylinder "Duke" never actually achieved the 3000 cylinder horse power figure that was recorded by the four cylinder Princess Coronation Class); ironically, it is now more powerful than not only the English Electric Type 4 diesel locomotives which replaced it directly in service, but also the type 4 and 5 diesel locomotives built to replace the earlier diesels.[1]
In the 1995 "Shap trials" (30 Sep to 3 October) 71000 broke the record for the fastest northbound ascent and achieved the highest EDHP figures during the event, its average over the Shap ascent was 2300 and peak 2803. The Duchess of Hamilton (46229) generated EDHP figures of 2150 and 2343 respectively. The A4 Sir Nigel Gresley (60007) suffered from poor coal and possible leaking tubes so only made EDHP figures of 1671 (average) and 1812 (peak).[12]
In preservation, the "Duke" had held an impeccable operational record for reliability; however on 9 June 2007, the engine operated a railtour from Preston to Carlisle returning via Settle, where, for operational reasons, the locomotive's start position was changed to Carnforth.[13] Little over 30 miles (48km) into the journey, the locomotive was stopped at Penrith with leaking tubes in the firebox and removed from the train.[13] The engine was then withdrawn for repairs before a return to service in January 2008.[13] As the locomotive now bears little mechanical resemblance to that which operated under British Railways, it has also been used as a test bed, incorporating several other modifications and innovations.[2] These are intended to investigate how much further the locomotive's performance can be enhanced, therefore raising speculation surrounding the capabilities of an entire batch of Standard class 8 "Pacifics" had history been different.[1] In 2012, the locomotive was pulled from service as its boiler ticket expired. After many setbacks, the locomotive's boiler was fired up and tested in late 2023.[14] As of 2024, the locomotive is in its final stage of being overhauled to return it to operational condition and is expected to be operational sometime in 2024.[15]
Models
A ready to run model in O scale, produced by Ace Trains, was released in Summer 2019.[16] Built to coarse scale standards, these apply mainly to the wheels rather than the model more generally. Uniquely, the model has a representation of working Caprotti valve gear[citation needed]
The only well documented construction of working live steam scale Duke of Gloucester models in Model Engineer magazine was by Denis Evans[17] of Blackpool in England. Beginning in the 1966, and using original British Railways and Associated Locomotive Equipment (a subsidiary of Heenan & Froude) drawings, Denis built three Dukes each complete with fully working Caprotti valve gear, first in 7¼ inch gauge,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and then 5 inch[26][27][28] and 3½ inch[29][30][31][32] gauges. The 7¼ inch gauge Duke won awards at the 48th Model Engineer Exhibition in 1979,[33] as did his 3½ inch gauge locomotive at the 61st Model Engineer Exhibition in 1992.[34]
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↑ Semmens, Peter W. B. (December 1995). Pigott, Nick (ed.). "Shap Performance Trials: The Full Analysis". Practice & Performance. Railway Magazine. Vol.141, no.1136. pp.19–22.
1 2 3 Hopkins, Danny; Streeter, Tony (2007). "The Duke's Bad Day". Steam Railway Magazine. No.338. p.89.
↑ "Denis Evans". Model Engineer. 202 (4343): 106. 16 January 2009.
↑ D.L. Evans (1 September 1967). "1 1/2 in scale "Duke of Gloucester"". Model Engineer. Vol.133, no.3328. p.840.
↑ "Locomotive with Caprotti valves". Model Engineer. Vol.137, no.3428. 5 November 1971. p.1047.
↑ Evans, Martin (6 October 1972). "Torquay Manor. 5 in. gauge Great Western 4-6-0". Model Engineer. Vol.138, no.3450. p.965.
↑ Evans, Martin (16 February 1979). "48th Model Engineer Exhibition. 'First Impressions'". Model Engineer. Vol.145, no.3603. p.214.
↑ Bray, Stan (19 December 1980). "Midlands Federation Exhibition". Model Engineer. Vol.146, no.3647. p.1518.
↑ Bray, Stan (20 May 1988). "The 7 1/4 in. Gauge Society A.G.M.". Model Engineer. Vol.160, no.3825. p.601.
↑ Chrisp, Mike (6 November 1998). "SMEE 100 The Centenary Exhibition". Model Engineer. 181 (4080): 564.
↑ Arrowsmith, John (4 February 2005). "The 7 1/4" Gauge Society AGM & Rally 2004". Model Engineer. Vol.194, no.4240. p.162.
↑ Evans, Martin (20 October 1989). "Caprotti valve gear on 5" gauge 'Duke of Gloucester' by Dennis Evans". Model Engineer. Vol.163, no.3859. p.508.
↑ Bray, Stan (18 September 1992). "The 62nd Model Engineer Exhibition". Model Engineer. Vol.169, no.3929. p.347.
↑ Wainwright, David (19 February 1993). "Southern Federation Autumn Rally 1992". Model Engineer. Vol.170, no.3939. p.202.
↑ Evans, Martin (5 March 1993). "62nd International Model Engineer and Modelling Exhibition. Duke of Edinburgh Challenge Trophy". Model Engineer. Vol.170, no.3940. p.267.
↑ "The 65th Model Engineer Exhibition at the International Model Show. Loan Section". Model Engineer. Vol.176, no.4014. 5 April 1996. p.385.
↑ Garner, Tom (11 September 1998). "Hindsight (Locomotive building)". Model Engineer. Vol.181, no.4076. p.328.
↑ Bibby, Alan (11 June 2004). "The Northern Association of Model Engineers Exhibition 2004". Model Engineer. Vol.192, no.4223. p.673.
↑ Dupen, P.J. (18 May 1979). "48th Model Engineer Exhibition 1979. The Locomotives". Model Engineer. Vol.145, no.3609. p.563.
↑ Evans, Martin (6 March 1992). "Model Engineer and Modelling Exhibition. Class Reports. The Locomotives. Class B2 (Locomotives under 1 in. scale)". Model Engineer. Vol.168, no.3916. p.278.
Further reading
Bradley, Rodger P. (1984). The Standard Steam Locomotives of British Railways. David & Charles. ISBN0715383841.
Gilbert, Dr. P. T. (Ed.): A Detailed History Of BR Standard Steam Locomotives. Volume 1. Background to Standardisation and Pacific Classes (Railway Correspondence & Travel Society (RCTS): 1994) ISBN0-901115-81-9
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