13 warships[13][14][15][3] 32 scouting ships (Yi's report, likely did not participate in combat)[16]
Casualties and losses
31 ships rammed open[17]:314 More than 30 ships destroyed (Hawley)[3] About 30 ships destroyed (Lewis)[4]:133 Half the men in the forward ships (Tōdō clan memoirs).[15] Half of the Japanese (prisoner's testimony)[16]
No ships lost [3][17]:315[4] At least 2 killed and 3 wounded aboard Yi Sun-sin's flagship (Yi's record)[17]:315 At least 8 drowned from An Wi's ship
With only 13 ships remaining from Admiral Won Gyun's disastrous defeat at the Battle of Chilchonryang,Admiral Yi held the strait as a "last stand" battle against the Japanese navy,who were sailing to support their land army's advance towards the Joseon capital of Hanyang (modern-day Seoul).
The actual numeric strength of the Japanese fleet that Admiral Yi fought is unclear;Korean sources indicate 120 to 133 ships participated in combat,with an unknown number sitting out,up to 330 in total.[17]:312[18] Regardless of the size of the Japanese fleet,all sources indicate that the Japanese ships heavily outnumbered the Korean ships,by at least a ten-to-one ratio.[3]:302
In total 31 Japanese warships were sunk or crippled during the battle. TōdōTakatora,one of the commanders of the Japanese navy,was wounded during the battle and many others were killed.[15] The result overall was a humiliating naval defeat for the Japanese. Even after the Joseon victory,however,the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by remaining Japanese forces,so Admiral Yi withdrew to the Yellow Sea to resupply his fleet and have more space for a mobile defense.[19] After the Korean navy withdrew,the Japanese navy made an incursion into the western coast of Korea,near some islands in Yeonggwang County.
Given the disparity in numbers of ships,the naval battle is regarded as one of the most tactically brilliant victories in the history of warfare.
Background
Due to Japanese intrigue taking advantage of the fractious politics of the Joseon Dynasty court,Admiral Yi Sun-sin had previously been impeached and almost put to death. He was instead tortured and demoted to the rank of a common soldier.[20] Yi's rival,Admiral Won Gyun,took command of the Joseon fleet,which under Yi's careful management had grown from 63 heavy warships to 166.[3]:249
Won Gyun was an incompetent naval commander who immediately began squandering the Joseon navy's strength through ill-conceived maneuvers against the Japanese naval base at Busan.[3]:450 In the Battle of Chilchonryang,the Japanese navy,with TōdōTakatora in overall command,[3]:462 outmaneuvered the Joseon navy and virtually wiped it out.[21] Soon afterwards,the Japanese reinforced their garrisons in Busan and various forts on the southern coast of Korea,and began the second invasion.[3]:466
With the Joseon navy taken out of the scene,the Japanese believed that they now had free access to the Yellow Sea and could resupply their troops through this sea route as they advanced northward. Five years earlier,in the 1592 campaigns,Admiral Yi prevented the Japanese from resupplying their troops in this manner and kept their ships holed up at their main bases in Busan harbor.[22]
The Japanese had started the second war and renewed their offensive,laying siege and capturing the city of Namwon in September 26[23] and fighting the Ming Chinese army to a standstill in Jiksan on September 7.[3]:478 The Japanese army then awaited supplies and reinforcements from their navy,who would need to enter the Yellow Sea to reach the western coast of Korea. The army,thus supported by their navy,planned to make a major push to recapture Hanyang (modern Seoul).[24]
Prelude
Admiral Yi Sun-sin was hastily reinstated as Supreme Commander of the Regional Navies after Won Gyun was killed at the Battle of Chilchonryang.[3]:463 Yi initially only had 10 panokseon ships at his disposal,which had been saved by Gyeongsang Right Naval Commander Bae Seol,who retreated early in the Battle of Chilchonryang. Bae Seol had originally saved 12 ships,but lost two while on his retreat towards Hoeryongpo. Two ships were brought by newly appointed Jolla Right Naval Commander Kim Eok-chu,and by the time of the battle,Yi had acquired another warship,likely one of the two that Bae Seol had previously lost. Thus,in total,Yi had 13 warships.[3]:482 Although Yi only found 120 men initially,some of the survivors of Chilchonryang rallied to him,[25] and he had at least 1,500 sailors and marines by the end of September.[17]:312
At that time,King Seonjo,who judged that the Joseon navy had lost its power and would never be restored again,sent a letter to disband the navy and have its men join the ground forces under General Kwon Yul. Admiral Yi responded with his own letter,stating:"Your majesty,this vassal still has twelve battleships (今臣戰船尙有十二,지금신에게는아직도열두척의전선이있습니다). ... Even though our navy is small,as long as I live the enemy will not dare to look down on us (戰船雖寡微臣不死則不敢侮我矣,비록전선의수가적으나미천한신이아직죽지아니하였으니왜적들이감히우리를업신여기지못할것입니다)."[26]
Before the main body of the Japanese navy advanced into the Yellow Sea,they sent out a few probing missions with armed scouting parties. At this time,Admiral Yi's fleet was south of the Myeongnyang Strait near Oranpo. On October 8,an advanced scouting party of eight Japanese vessels staged a surprise attack,which the Joseon fleet drove off.[17]:306 Yi retreated further north to Byeokpajin,on the northern end of Jindo island. On October 12,Bae Seol fled[17]:307 (he would be found later by Joseon authorities and executed for desertion). On October 17,a Japanese scouting fleet of 13 ships launched a night attack which,after heavy fighting,was also repulsed.[17]:308
By this time,through the reports of their scouting forces,the Japanese were aware of the presence of Joseon naval remnants that intended to resist their advance. Well armed scouting forces alone were not going to defeat or scatter the Joseon remnants,so the Japanese began amassing a much larger fleet. Admiral Yi's diary mentions reports of around 55 Japanese ships massing near Oranpo on October 17.[17]:308 With Japanese naval activity increasing,Admiral Yi did not want to fight a major battle with his back to the Myeongnyang Strait,so on October 25 he decided to withdraw further north and hide his ships in the shadow of the hills on the opposite (northern) side of the Myeongnyang Strait,near Usuyeong (우수영).[17]:311
Admiral Yi studied numerous sites for his last stand with the Japanese navy and decided on luring them into the Myeongnyang Strait.[27] The Japanese would clearly enter the strait when the tide was favorable and so he did not want to fight south of the strait,with the current at the attacker's advantage.[17]:311 Instead he wanted to fight in the waters just north of the strait,where the currents were calmer. The strait had very strong currents that flowed at approximately 10 knots,first in one direction,then in the opposite direction,in three-hour intervals.[28] Yi realized that he could use the unique condition as a force multiplier.[29] The narrowness of the strait would prevent the Joseon fleet from being flanked by the numerically superior enemy fleet,[30] and the roughness of the currents prevented the Japanese from effectively maneuvering,forcing them to attack in smaller groups and making it difficult to close in with the Korean ships. Furthermore,once the tide changed,the flow of the current would in effect push the Japanese away from Yi's fleet and the momentum could be harnessed to increase the effectiveness of a counterattack.[31]
Yi's account
Early in the morning of October 26,the huge Japanese fleet was spotted by Yi's scouts as they deployed around the small bay on the southern end of Myeongnyang strait. Admiral Yi's fleet then redeployed out of their base in Usuyeong to block the northern end of the strait. Yi described scouts reporting countless enemy ships in the morning prior to battle,with 133 attacking.[17]:312 In Japanese records,the ships at the front of their formations were the middle class warships called Sekibune,as the larger Atakebune could not fit into the shallow straits.[15]
Yi's warships deployed on the northern end of the strait and dropped anchor. Yi in his flagship advanced upon the vanguard of the Japanese fleet,which was commanded by Kurushima Michifusa.[15] For a time only the flagship fought in the battle. The crews of the Joseon fleet were made up of survivors from Chilchonryang and they were still badly shaken and intimidated by the overwhelming size of the Japanese fleet. Yi said in his diary:"My flagship was alone facing the enemy formation. Only my ship fired cannons and arrows. None of the other ships advanced,so I could not assure our outcome. All other officers were seeking to run,as they knew this battle was against a massive force. Ship commanded by Kim Eok-chu,the Officer of Jeolla Right province,was 1~2 majang (1 majang:approximately 390 metres) away."[17]:312 For a time it looked like Yi's flagship was "... standing like a castle in the middle of the sea."[13]
The flagship's ability to hold out against the Japanese vanguard eventually gave heart to the rest of Yi's fleet and small groups of his ships came to his aid. First came a ship commanded by local magistrate An Wi and then several ships commanded by central squadron leader Kim Ung-ham.[13][32] Seeing the success of the flagship and the handful of other boats,the rest of Yi's fleet joined in the fight.
The tide soon shifted and the Japanese ships began to drift backwards and collide with each other. In the confusion,Admiral Yi ordered his ships to advance and press the attack,ramming 31 Japanese ships. The dense formation of Japanese ships crowded in the narrow strait made a perfect target for Joseon cannon fire. The strong tides prevented those in the water from swimming to shore,and many Japanese sailors who abandoned sinking or damaged ships drowned in the currents. Some Korean documents record the number of damaged Japanese warships,which also includes those not sunk but sustaining some amount of damage;however,the condition of the damaged ships is unclear.[33][34] Having dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese,according to Yi's diary at this point the Japanese dared not approach his fleet,but though he wished to continue the battle the tides were too strong,the wind blew against him,and he was still greatly outnumbered,so decided to withdraw to Dangsa island at nightfall.[13]
TōdōClan's account
The memoirs of the TōdōClan described the desperate fighting before the Korean ships withdrew. TōdōTakatora who was the Japanese commander himself described in detail how he barely survived from the disastrous defeat.
{{blockquote|Just before the lord [Tōdō Takatora] returned [to Japan], he went to Komogai, when at a place called Suien [Woosooyoung] there were thirteen warships of the commander's class. The tide pulled in and out quickly at the rapids of the channel. Where the tide was a little weaker there were the thirteen ships. Having found them the lord discussed with the sailors if we could take them, but being told the large ship he was riding on could not row in the straits, so all the ships the lord gathered were sekibune and he attacked. The forward ships suffered many wounds. Among them Kurushima, Lord of Izumo was killed, and among the men of the elders brought over as sailors over half were also wounded or killed but then Lord Mōri the Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs on a sekibune attacked the warships. As he grappled with the warships with cross-shaped hooks, the Korean ships shot bows and guns fiercely, and the ships parted and was about to enter the oceans when at the moment of danger Tōdō Magohachirō and Tōdō the Regional Inspector, the two of them went in their boats and chased away the enemy ships and saved him. The fighting lasted from the hour of the dragon to the hour of the rooster, but as the warships knew well the condition of the ships, on clearly seeing wind hoisted sail and set for the mouth of the straight there, and there was nothing we could do to catch them. Lord Izumi suffered two wounds on his hand.[35][36]
Aftermath
Even after the victory, the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by the remaining Japanese navy, so Admiral Yi withdrew to resupply his fleet and have more space for mobile defense. After hearing the news of the heroic victory, many surviving ships and sailors who had been in hiding after the defeat at Chilcheollyang joined Admiral Yi's fleet.[19] In Yi's report to the court as recorded in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, he was fortunate to gain a small victory after the disaster at Chilcheollyang, with which the Japanese momentum was blunted and they were prevented from entering the Yellow Sea.[14] The victory also enabled the Chinese navy to join Admiral Yi in early 1598. After the destruction of most of the Joseon fleet at Chilcheollyang, the Ming kept their navy stationed at important port cities to guard against possible Japanese naval attacks. The victory at Myeongnyang convinced the Ming government that they could ease security at their major ports and deploy a fleet to the Joseon navy's aid.
The Japanese navy was heavily damaged (while at least 30 of the Japanese fighting ships were destroyed,[17]:314 the total number of damaged ships, to include those supporting ships that may have sustained damage, was not clearly reported[33][34]). Kurushima was killed, Tōdō Takatora was wounded and the Japanese suffered extremely heavy casualties,[15] with a captured prisoner reporting half were killed or wounded.[16] The Japanese navy continued with a minor incursion into the western coast of Korea, but soon withdrew to consolidate their holdings along the southern coast. In order to avenge themselves, the Japanese conducted a punitive expedition against Yi's residence of Asan on November 23, 1597 (14th day of the 10th month by the Chinese calendar), burning the village and murdering Yi Myon, Admiral Yi's youngest son.[17]:321–322
One Japanese claimed that the battle was a strategical victory for the Japanese navy merely because the Joseon navy abandoned the Myeongnyang Strait as well as the surrounding waters, and retreated after the battle.[37]
The books which were published by the Imperial Japanese Navy also summarized the battle as a Korean decisive victory.[7]
Furthermore, almost every modern Japanesehistorian also said the battle was a Korean decisive victory.[8][9][10]
“In the end, Yi’s thirteen-strong fleet defeated ten times that number of Japanese ships. The defeat not only frustrated Japan’s advance to the West Sea but also gave Chosŏn a respite to rebuild the navy. Yi’s victory at Myŏngnyang can be credited to his combat tactics, the construction of a small and yet powerful fleet, and the participation of refugee civilians and refugee ships in the battle.”[4]:133
"By the time the Japanese reached open water and the exhausted Koreans gave up their pursuit, thirty-one ships of Hideyoshi’s navy had been destroyed, while Yi’s fleet remained intact. With that the Japanese navy began to fall back toward the border of Kyongsang Province, then farther still toward Angolpo and Pusan. It would give up all thought of gaining access to the Yellow Sea, and would not venture west again."[3]:489
Technical notes
Chain or iron rope across the strait
There are claims that Yi had iron ropes tightened across the channel between Japanese fleet groups, which severely dampened the Japanese numerical advantage.[40] However, in Yi's war diary no mention is made of such a tactic.[13]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hawley, Samuel (2005). The Imjin War: Japan's sixteenth-century invasion of Korea and attempt to conquer China. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. ISBN9788995442425.
1 2 3 4 Lewis, James B. (2014), The East Asian War, 1592–1598; International relations, violence, and memory, Routledge Press, ISBN978-1-315-76720-8
↑ Yi, Sun-sin, (translated by Ha, Tae-hung) 1979 "Imjin Changch'o: Admiral Yi Sun-Sin's Memorials to Court." Republic of Korea: Yonsei University Press, p. 226
1 2 Yi Sun-sin, Nanjung ilgi, Sep 17 – Oct 2 in 1597 (Chinese Lunisolar Calendar)
↑ Turnbull, Stephen 2002 Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Great Britain: Cassell & Co., p. 183
↑ Sŏng-nyong Yu (translated by Byonghyon Choi), 2002, The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis During the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Jan 1, 2002, p. 129
↑ Turnbull, Stephen 2008 The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing, p. 82
Alagappa, Muthiah (2003), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, ISBN0-8047-4629-X
Arano, Yasunori (2005), The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order, International Journal of Asian Studies
Brown, Delmer M. (May 1948), "The Impact of Firearms on Japanese Warfare, 1543–1598", The Far Eastern Quarterly, 7 (3), Association for Asian Studies: 236–53, doi:10.2307/2048846, JSTOR2048846, S2CID162924328
Eikenberry, Karl W. (1988), "The Imjin War", Military Review, 68 (2): 74–82
Ha, Tae-hung; Sohn, Pow-key (1977), 'Nanjung ilgi: War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-sin, Yonsei University Press, ISBN89-7141-018-3
Haboush, JaHyun Kim (2016), The Great East Asian War and the Birth of the Korean Nation
Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN89-954424-2-5
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Kim, Ki-chung (Fall 1999), "Resistance, Abduction, and Survival: The Documentary Literature of the Imjin War (1592–8)", Korean Culture, 20 (3): 20–29
Kim, Yung-sik (1998), "Problems and Possibilities in the Study of the History of Korean Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, 13: 48–79, doi:10.1086/649280, JSTOR301878, S2CID143724260
桑田忠親 [Kuwata, Tadachika], ed., 舊參謀本部編纂, [Kyu Sanbo Honbu], 朝鮮の役 [Chousen no Eki] (日本の戰史 [Nihon no Senshi] Vol.5), 1965.
Lewis, James B. (2014), The East Asian War, 1592–1598; International relations, violence, and memory, Routledge Press, ISBN978-1-315-76720-8
Neves, Jaime Ramalhete (1994), "The Portuguese in the Im-Jim War?", Review of Culture, 18: 20–24
Niderost, Eric (June 2001), "Turtleboat Destiny: The Imjin War and Yi Sun Shin", Military Heritage, 2 (6): 50–59, 89
Niderost, Eric (January 2002), "The Miracle at Myongnyang, 1597", Osprey Military Journal, 4 (1): 44–50
Park, Yune-hee (1973), Admiral Yi Sun-shin and His Turtleboat Armada: A Comprehensive Account of the Resistance of Korea to the 16th Century Japanese Invasion, Shinsaeng Press
Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598 1993-6-18, Naval War College
Strauss, Barry (Summer 2005), "Korea's Legendary Admiral", MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, 17 (4): 52–61
Swope, Kenneth M. (2006), "Beyond Turtleboats: Siege Accounts from Hideyoshi's Second Invasion of Korea, 1597–1598", Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, 6 (2), Academy of East Asian Studies: 177–206
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Yi Sun-sin was a Korean admiral and military general famed for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Imjin war in the Joseon period.
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