Battle of Myeongnyang

Last updated
Battle of Myeongnyang
Part of the Imjin War
Navalzhugenu2.jpg
20th century depiction
DateOctober 26, 1597 (September 16 according to Chinese lunisolar calendar, September 13 according to Korean lunisolar calendar)
Location 34°34′6″N126°18′28″E / 34.56833°N 126.30778°E / 34.56833; 126.30778
Result Joseon victory [1] [2] [3]
Belligerents

Japan

Joseon

Commanders and leaders
Tōdō Takatora  (WIA)
Katō Yoshiaki
Kurushima Michifusa  
Wakizaka Yasuharu
Mōri Takamasa
Kan Michinaga
Kuki Yoshitaka
Yi Sun-sin
Kim Eok-chu
Kim Ung-ham
An Wi
Song Yeo-jong
Bae Heung-rip
Strength
133-330 warships [3] [4] 13 warships [5] [6] [7]
32 scouting ships (Yi's report, likely did not participate in combat) [8]
Casualties and losses
31 ships rammed open [9] :314
More than 30 ships destroyed (Hawley) [3]
About 30 ships destroyed (Lewis) [10] :133
Half of the elders (Tōdō clan memoirs). [7]
Half of the Japanese (prisoner's testimony) [8]
No ships lost [3] [9] :315 [10]
At least 2 killed and 3 wounded aboard Yi Sun-sin's flagship (Yi's record) [9] :315
At least 8 drowned from An Wi's ship

御歸陣被成少前にこもがいへ御成御越候處すいゑんと申所に番舟の大将分十三艘居申候大川の瀬より早きしほの指引御座候所の内に少塩のやはらき候所に十三さうの舟居申候それを見付是非共取可申由舟手の衆と御相談に而則御取懸被成候大船にてそのせとをこぎくたし候儀は成ましきとていつれも関舟を御揃被成御かかり候先手の舟共は敵船にあひ手負数多出来申候中にも来島出雲守殿討死にて御座候其外舟手の被召連候家老之者共も過半手負討死仕候處に毛利民部大輔殿関舟にて番舟へ御かゝり被成候番舟船へ十文字のかまを御かけ候處に番舟より弓てつほうはけしく打候に付て舟をはなれ海へ御はいり被成あやうく候處に藤堂孫八郎藤堂勘解由両人舟をよせてきせむをおいのけたすけ申候朝の五時分より酉の刻迄御合戰にて御座へとも舟之様子番船能存候に付風を能見すまし其せと口をぬけほを引かけはしらせ申に付無是非追懸申儀も不罷成候和泉樣も手を二ヶ所おはせられ候 [7]

Just before the lord [Tōdō Takatora] returned [to Japan], he went to Komogai, when at a place called Suien [Woosooyoung] there were thirteen warships of the commander's class. The tide pulled in and out quickly at the rapids of the channel. Where the tide was a little weaker there were the thirteen ships. Having found them the lord discussed with the sailors if we could take them, but being told the large ship he was riding on could not row in the straits, so all the ships the lord gathered were sekibune and he attacked. The forward ships suffered many wounds. Among them Kurushima, Lord of Izumo was killed, and among the men of the elders brought over as sailors over half were also wounded or killed but then Lord Mōri the Senior Assistant Minister of Popular Affairs on a sekibune attacked the warships. As he grappled with the warships with cross-shaped hooks, the Korean ships shot bows and guns fiercely, and the ships parted and was about to enter the oceans when at the moment of danger Tōdō Magohachirō and Tōdō the Regional Inspector, the two of them went in their boats and chased away the enemy ships and saved him. The fighting lasted from the hour of the dragon to the hour of the rooster, but as the warships knew well the condition of the ships, on clearly seeing wind hoisted sail and set for the mouth of the straight there, and there was nothing we could do to catch them. Lord Izumi suffered two wounds on his hand. [1] [2]

Aftermath

Even after the victory, the Joseon navy was still outnumbered by the remaining Japanese navy, so Admiral Yi withdrew to resupply his fleet and have more space for mobile defense. After hearing the news of the heroic victory, many surviving ships and sailors who had been in hiding after the defeat at Chilcheollyang joined Admiral Yi's fleet. [12] In Yi's report to the court as recorded in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, he was fortunate to gain a small victory after the disaster at Chilcheollyang, with which the Japanese momentum was blunted and they were prevented from entering the Yellow Sea. [6] The victory also enabled the Chinese navy to join Admiral Yi in early 1598. After the destruction of most of the Joseon fleet at Chilcheollyang, the Ming kept their navy stationed at important port cities to guard against possible Japanese naval attacks. The victory at Myeongnyang convinced the Ming government that they could ease security at their major ports and deploy a fleet to the Joseon navy's aid.

The Japanese navy was heavily damaged (while at least 30 of the Japanese fighting ships were destroyed, [9] :314 the total number of damaged ships, to include those supporting ships that may have sustained damage, was not clearly reported [26] [27] ). Kurushima was killed, Tōdō Takatora was wounded and the Japanese suffered extremely heavy casualties, [7] with a captured prisoner reporting half were killed or wounded. [8] The Japanese navy continued with a minor incursion into the western coast of Korea, but soon withdrew to consolidate their holdings along the southern coast. In order to avenge themselves, the Japanese conducted a punitive expedition against Yi's residence of Asan on November 23, 1597 (14th day of the 10th month by the Chinese calendar), burning the village and murdering Yi Myon, Admiral Yi's youngest son. [9] :321–322

One Japanese claimed that the battle was a strategical victory for the Japanese navy merely because the Joseon navy abandoned the Myeongnyang Strait as well as the surrounding waters, and retreated after the battle. [28]

However, dozens of the books which were published by the Japanese Governor-General of Korea, Japanese historians the during Empire of Japan era also summarized the battle as a Korean decisive victory. [29] [30]

The books which were published by the Imperial Japanese Navy also summarized the battle as a Korean decisive victory. [31]

Furthermore, almost every modern Japanese historian also said the battle was a Korean decisive victory. [32] [33]

“In the end, Yi’s thirteen-strong fleet defeated ten times that number of Japanese ships. The defeat not only frustrated Japan’s advance to the West Sea but also gave Chosŏn a respite to rebuild the navy. Yi’s victory at Myŏngnyang can be credited to his combat tactics, the construction of a small and yet powerful fleet, and the participation of refugee civilians and refugee ships in the battle.” [10] :133

"By the time the Japanese reached open water and the exhausted Koreans gave up their pursuit, thirty-one ships of Hideyoshi’s navy had been destroyed, while Yi’s fleet remained intact. With that the Japanese navy began to fall back toward the border of Kyongsang Province, then farther still toward Angolpo and Pusan. It would give up all thought of gaining access to the Yellow Sea, and would not venture west again." [3] :489

Technical notes

Chain or iron rope across the strait

There are claims that Yi had iron ropes tightened across the channel between Japanese fleet groups, which severely dampened the Japanese numerical advantage. [34] However, in Yi's war diary no mention is made of such a tactic. [5]

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 山内譲, 松山大学論集. "来島村上氏と文禄・慶長の役" (in Japanese).
  2. 1 2 上野市古文献刊行会(編). "藤堂 高虎".
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Hawley, Samuel (2005). The Imjin War: Japan's sixteenth-century invasion of Korea and attempt to conquer China. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California. ISBN   9788995442425.
  4. Turnbull, Stephen 2002 Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Great Britain: Cassell & Co.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 李舜臣. "乱中日記草・壬辰状草". Archived from the original on 2022-08-22. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  6. 1 2 宣祖實錄, 朝鮮王朝實錄. "三十年11月10日". Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 史籍集覧. "藤堂家覺書". Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  8. 1 2 3 宣祖實錄, 朝鮮王朝實錄. "三十一年2月11日". Archived from the original on 2022-08-23. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Yi, Sun-sin (edited by Sohn, Pow Key) 1977 "Nanjung ilgi: War Diary of Admiral Yi Sun-Sin." Republic of Korea: Yonsei University Press.
  10. 1 2 3 Lewis, James B. (2014), The East Asian War, 1592–1598 ; International relations, violence, and memory, Routledge Press, ISBN   978-1-315-76720-8
  11. Yi, Sun-sin, (translated by Ha, Tae-hung) 1979 "Imjin Changch'o: Admiral Yi Sun-Sin's Memorials to Court." Republic of Korea: Yonsei University Press, p. 226
  12. 1 2 Yi Sun-sin, Nanjung ilgi, Sep 17 – Oct 2 in 1597 (Chinese Lunisolar Calendar)
  13. Turnbull, Stephen 2002 Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. Great Britain: Cassell & Co., p. 183
  14. Turnbull (2002), p. 185
  15. Sŏng-nyong Yu (translated by Byonghyon Choi), 2002, The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis During the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Jan 1, 2002, p. 129
  16. Turnbull, Stephen 2008 The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing, p. 82
  17. Turnbull (2002), p. 200
  18. Yi Sun-sin, Imjin Changch'o, p. 226
  19. Yi Sun-sin, Imjin Changch'o, p. 227
  20. Park, Yune-Hee 1973 Admiral Yi Sun-Shin and his Turtleboat Armada. South Korea: The Hanjin Publishing Company, p. 209
  21. Turnbull (2002), p. 201
  22. Strauss, Barry. "Legendary Admiral." The Quarterly Journal of Military History Summer 2005: p. 60
  23. Strauss (2005), p. 61
  24. Turnbull (2002), p. 202
  25. Lee Lee, Duksu. "亂中日記" (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
  26. 1 2 Cho Kyungnam(조경남), 난중잡록(亂中雜錄)
  27. 1 2 Yi Keungik(이긍익), 燃藜室記述(연려실기술)
  28. "鳴梁海戦に関する文献総覧:海戦の実相を求めて". Archived from the original on 2023-03-21.
  29. 李舜臣, 李忠武公全書, 朝鮮硏究會,京城 , 大正6(1917)
  30. 李舜臣, 亂中日記草 ; 壬辰狀草, 朝鮮史編修會 編, 京城, 朝鮮總督府 昭和10 (1935)
  31. "国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション".
  32. 智将李舜臣龍と伝説 , 金永治雄 [著]. 叢文社, 2008.9
  33. 李舜臣と秀吉 : 文禄・慶長の海戦 片野次雄 著. 誠文堂新光社, 1983.7
  34. "Admiral Yi Sun-sin – A Korean Hero: The Battle of Myongnyang, A Maritime Miracle". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-08-17.

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Battle of Myeongnyang