Bifidobacterium longum

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Bifidobacterium longum
Bifidobacterium longum en microscopie electronique.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Bifidobacteriales
Family: Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus: Bifidobacterium
Species:
B. longum
Binomial name
Bifidobacterium longum
Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980) [1]
Representative morphologic characteristics of B. longum subsp. longum strains Representative morphologic characteristics of B. longum subsp. longum strains.jpg
Representative morphologic characteristics of B. longum subsp. longum strains

Bifidobacterium longum is a Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped bacterium present in the human gastrointestinal tract and one of the 32 species that belong to the genus Bifidobacterium . [2] [3] It is a microaerotolerant anaerobe and considered to be one of the earliest colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract of infants. [2] When grown on general anaerobic medium, B. longum forms white, glossy colonies with a convex shape. [4] B. longum is one of the most common bifidobacteria present in the gastrointestinal tracts of both children and adults. [5] B. longum is non-pathogenic, is often added to food products, [2] [6] and its production of lactic acid is believed to prevent growth of pathogenic organisms. [7]

Classification

In 2002, three previously distinct species of Bifidobacterium, B. infantis, B. longum, and B. suis, were unified into a single species named B. longum with the biotypes infantis, longum, and suis, respectively. [8] This occurred as the three species had extensive DNA similarity including a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity greater than 97%. [9] In addition, the three original species were phenotypically difficult to distinguish due to different carbohydrate fermentation patterns among strains of the same species. [2] As probiotic activity varies among strains of B. longum, interest exists in the exact classification of new strains, although this is made difficult by the high gene similarity between the three biotypes. [10] Currently, strain identification is done through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on the subtly different 16S rRNA gene sequences. [10]

Environment

B. longum colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract, where it, along with other Bifidobacterium species, represents up to 90% of the bacteria of an infant's gastrointestinal tract. [3] This number gradually drops to 3% in an adult's gastrointestinal tract as other enteric bacteria such as Bacteroides and Eubacterium begin to dominate. [7] Some strains of B. longum were found to have high tolerance for gastric acid and bile, suggesting that these strains would be able to survive the gastrointestinal tract to colonize the lower small and large intestines. [6] [11] The persistence of B. longum in the gut is attributed to the glycoprotein-binding fimbriae structures and bacterial polysaccharides, the latter of which possess strong electrostatic charges that aid in the adhesion of B. longum to intestinal endothelial cells. [2] [12] This adhesion is also enhanced by the fatty acids in the lipoteichoic acid of the B. longum cell wall. [12]

Metabolism

B. longum is considered to be a scavenger, possessing multiple catabolic pathways to use a large variety of nutrients to increase its competitiveness among the gut microbiota. [7] Up to 19 types of permease exist to transport various carbohydrates with 13 being ATP-binding cassette transporters. [13] B. longum has several glycosyl hydrolases to metabolise complex oligosaccharides for carbon and energy. [3] This is necessary as mono- and disaccharides have usually been consumed by the time they reach the lower gastrointestinal tract where B. longum resides. [2] In addition, B. longum can uniquely ferment galactomannan-rich natural gum using glucosaminidases and alpha-mannosidases that participate in the fermentation of glucosamine and mannose, respectively. [2] The high number of genes associated with oligosaccharide metabolism is a result of gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer, indicating that B. longum is under selective pressure to increase its capability to compete for various substrates in the gastrointestinal tract. [2] Furthermore, B. longum possesses hydrolases, deaminases, and dehydratases to ferment amino acids. [2] B. longum also has bile salt hydrolases to hydrolyze bile salts into amino acids and bile acids. The function of this is not clear, although B. longum could use the amino acids products to better tolerate bile salts. [14]

Pathogenesis

A number of cases of B. longum infection have been reported in the scientific literature. These are primarily cases in preterm infants that are undergoing probiotic treatment, [15] [16] [17] although there are also reports of infection in adults. [18] [19] [20] Infection in preterm infants manifests as bacteremia or necrotizing enterocolitis, [21] while in adults there have been reports of sepsis and peritonitis. [18] [20]

Research

B. longum is a constituent in VSL#3.

Immune system regulation

The use of B. longum was shown to shorten the duration and minimize the severity of symptoms associated with the common cold with a similar effect to that of neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. [22]

Bifidobacterium longum 35624

Bifidobacterium longum ssp. longum 35624, previously classified as Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis 35624, classified as Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 before that and still marketed as such. It is sold under the brand name Align in the US and Canada and Alflorex in Ireland, the UK and other European countries. It is patented. This strain was isolated directly from the epithelium of the terminal ileum of a healthy human subject, and is one of the most researched probiotic strains. [23] Large scale clinical trials have shown that the strain is effective in controlling the symptoms of IBS including bloating, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and discomfort. [24]

Bifidobacterium longum BB536

Bifidobacterium longum BB536 was discovered in the intestines of healthy breastfed infants in 1969. [25] It is often used in nutritional supplement. In some small clinical trials, it has been shown to help defecation and relieve lactose intolerance symptoms. [26] [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Probiotic</span> Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed

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<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> Species of bacterium

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, homofermentative, anaerobic microbe first isolated from infant feces in the year 1900. The species commonly found in humans, specifically the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity as well as various fermented foods such as fermented milk or yogurt. The species most readily grows at low pH levels, and has an optimum growth temperature of 37 °C. Certain strains of L. acidophilus show strong probiotic effects, and are commercially used in dairy production. The genome of L. acidophilus has been sequenced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gut microbiota</span> Community of microorganisms in the gut

Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.

<i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> Species of bacterium

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<i>Bifidobacterium animalis</i> Species of bacterium

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<i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> Species of bacterium

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<i>Bifidobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Bifidobacterium is a genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract though strains have been isolated from the vagina and mouth of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as probiotics.

<i>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei</i> Species of bacterium

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References

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  8. ↑ Sakata, Shinji; Kitahara, Maki; Sakamoto, Mitsuo; Hayashi, Hidenori; Fukuyama, Masafumi; Benno, Yoshimi (1 November 2002). "Unification of Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium suis as Bifidobacterium longum". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (6): 1945–1951. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-6-1945. PMID   12508852.
  9. ↑ Mattarelli, P.; Bonaparte, C.; Pot, B.; Biavati, B. (1 April 2008). "Proposal to reclassify the three biotypes of Bifidobacterium longum as three subspecies: Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum subsp. nov., Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis comb. nov. and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. suis comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (4): 767–772. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.65319-0 . PMID   18398167.
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  11. ↑ Xiao, J.Z.; Kondo, S.; Takahashi, N.; Miyaji, K.; Oshida, K.; Hiramatsu, A.; Iwatsuki, K.; Kokubo, S.; Hosono, A. (July 2003). "Effects of Milk Products Fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on Blood Lipids in Rats and Healthy Adult Male Volunteers". Journal of Dairy Science. 86 (7): 2452–2461. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73839-9 . PMID   12906063.
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  15. ↑ Zbinden, Andrea; Zbinden, Reinhard; Berger, Christoph; Arlettaz, Romaine (2015). "Case Series of Bifidobacterium longum Bacteremia in Three Preterm Infants on Probiotic Therapy" (PDF). Neonatology. 107 (1): 56–59. doi:10.1159/000367985. PMID   25402825. S2CID   33816095.
  16. ↑ Esaiassen, Eirin; Cavanagh, Pauline; Hjerde, Erik; Simonsen, Gunnar S.; Støen, Ragnhild; Klingenberg, Claus (September 2016). "Subspecies Bacteremia in 3 Extremely Preterm Infants Receiving Probiotics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22 (9): 1664–1666. doi: 10.3201/eid2209.160033 . PMC   4994345 . PMID   27532215.
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  21. ↑ Zbinden, Andrea; Zbinden, Reinhard; Berger, Christoph; Arlettaz, Romaine (2015). "Case Series of Bifidobacterium longum Bacteremia in Three Preterm Infants on Probiotic Therapy" (PDF). Neonatology. 107 (1): 56–59. doi:10.1159/000367985. PMID   25402825. S2CID   33816095.
  22. ↑ De Vrese, M.; Winkler, P.; Rautenberg, P.; Harder, T.; Noah, C.; Laue, C.; Ott, S.; Hampe, J.; Schreiber, S.; Heller, K.; Schrezenmeir, J. R. (2005). "Effect of Lactobacillus gasseri PA 16/8, Bifidobacterium longum SP 07/3, B. Bifidum MF 20/5 on common cold episodes: A double blind, randomized, controlled trial". Clinical Nutrition. 24 (4): 481–491. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2005.02.006. PMID   16054520.
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  24. ↑ Whorwell, Peter J; Altringer, Linda; Morel, Jorge; Bond, Yvonne; Charbonneau, Duane; O'Mahony, Liam; Kiely, Barry; Shanahan, Fergus; Quigley, Eamonn M M (July 2006). "Efficacy of an Encapsulated Probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 101 (7): 1581–1590. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00734.x. PMID   16863564. S2CID   3352959.
  25. ↑ Minami, Miki; Tsuji, Shoji; Akagawa, Shohei; Akagawa, Yuko; Yoshimoto, Yuki; Kawakami, Hirosato; Kohno, Mamiko; Kaneko, Kazunari (2022-11-15). "Effect of a Bifidobacterium-Containing Acid-Resistant Microcapsule Formulation on Gut Microbiota: A Pilot Study". Nutrients. 14 (22): 4829. doi: 10.3390/nu14224829 . ISSN   2072-6643. PMC   9693766 . PMID   36432516.
  26. ↑ Takeda, Tsutomu; Asaoka, Daisuke; Nojiri, Shuko; Yanagisawa, Naotake; Nishizaki, Yuji; Osada, Taro; Koido, Shigeo; Nagahara, Akihito; Katsumata, Noriko; Odamaki, Toshitaka; Xiao, Jin-Zhong; Ohkusa, Toshifumi; Sato, Nobuhiro (March 2023). "Usefulness of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 in Elderly Individuals With Chronic Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial". American Journal of Gastroenterology. 118 (3): 561–568. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000002028. ISSN   0002-9270. PMC   9973440 . PMID   36216361.
  27. ↑ Vitellio, Paola; Celano, Giuseppe; Bonfrate, Leonilde; Gobbetti, Marco; Portincasa, Piero; De Angelis, Maria (2019-04-19). "Effects of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Lactose Intolerance and Persisting Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study". Nutrients. 11 (4): 886. doi: 10.3390/nu11040886 . ISSN   2072-6643. PMC   6520754 . PMID   31010241.
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