Bill Woodcock

Last updated
Bill Woodcock
Bill Woodcock.jpg
Woodcock in 2001
Born
William Edward Woodcock IV

(1971-08-16) 16 August 1971 (age 52)
San Francisco, California, USA
Alma mater University of California, Santa Cruz (B.A. in Book Arts), 1993
Berkeley High School, 1989
Occupation(s)Executive Director, Packet Clearing House
President, WoodyNet
Chairman, Quad9
CEO, EcoTruc and EcoRace
Known for
Spouse
Audrey Plonk
​
(m. 2010)​
Parents
  • William Edward Woodcock III
  • Charlene Louise Mayne
ASN

Bill Woodcock (born August 16, 1971 in San Francisco, California, United States) is the executive director of Packet Clearing House, [1] the international organization responsible for providing operational support and security to critical Internet infrastructure, including Internet exchange points and the core of the domain name system; the chairman of the Foundation Council of Quad9; [2] the president of WoodyNet; [3] and the CEO of EcoTruc and EcoRace, [4] companies developing electric vehicle technology for work and motorsport. Bill founded one of the earliest Internet service providers, and is best known for his 1989 development of the anycast routing technique that is now ubiquitous in Internet content distribution networks and the domain name system. [5] [6]

Contents

Activities

Early electronic prepress

BMUG Disk Catalog 1989, the first known example of direct database-to-negative publishing. Collaborating with programmer Greg Dow, Woodcock published the annual catalog of BMUG's software archive using FileMaker output display templates to image direct to the film from which the plates were burned. BMUG Disk Catalog 1989.jpg
BMUG Disk Catalog 1989, the first known example of direct database-to-negative publishing. Collaborating with programmer Greg Dow, Woodcock published the annual catalog of BMUG's software archive using FileMaker output display templates to image direct to the film from which the plates were burned.

Woodcock entered the computer industry via the advent of desktop publishing. He was doing prepress work for the University of California Press when the Macintosh computer was released in 1984, and he switched to the then-nascent field of desktop publishing and electronic prepress. In 1985, he began working with AppleTalk networks, necessary to interconnect Macintosh computers running desktop publishing software with the digital imagesetters which produce the plates from which books are printed, and by 1986 he was speaking on the subject of desktop publishing and electronic prepress at conferences. [6]

Beginning in 1985, Woodcock volunteered with the Berkeley Macintosh Users Group (BMUG), providing technical assistance to its members, working on the production of its biannual newsletters, and assisting Bernard Aboba with the administration of its FidoNet-node BBS and moderating the global MacNetAdmin echo. [7] [8] In 1989, he collaborated with BMUG Programming SIG chair Greg Dow to produce what may be the first instance of Database publishing: a catalog of BMUG's shareware archive, printed directly from a FileMaker database to negatives on a LinoTronic 300 PostScript imagesetter.

Woodcock continued his interest in publishing through college and beyond, studying Book Arts at the UC Santa Cruz Cowell Press under George Kane, [6] [9] doing the illustrations for his book Networking the Macintosh, [10] and subsequently collaborating with his publisher parents [11] [12] [13] to provide book designs and cover art for some of their books. Woodcock was one of the founders of Netsurfer Digest, the first online periodical about the World Wide Web, and served as its production manager from 1994 through 2005. [14]

Early Internet engineering

In 1987, Woodcock began building the dot-com era Internet backbone network Zocalo, [15] which had its origins in the toasternet [16] he began constructing while working at Farallon Computing in the mid-1980s. When the network grew to encompass Santa Cruz as well as Berkeley in 1989, he began using anycast routing to distribute network traffic between the servers in the two locations. [6] Throughout the 1990s, he continued to pioneer IP anycast IGP and EGP-based topological load-balancing techniques. [17] Together with Mark Kosters he proposed at the 1996 Montreal IEPG that the root DNS servers be migrated to IP anycast, and this work has provided the basis upon which root DNS servers have been deployed since the late 1990s. [18] [19]

In the early 2000s, Woodcock was an early proponent of reputation-based routing security and encapsulated much of that work in the "Prefix-List Sanity Checker" toolset which was used by most of the largest Internet networks to validate proposed BGP routing announcements in the interregnum between the RPSL and RPKI eras. [20] [21]

In 2010 and 2011, with Rick Lamb, who had previously built the signing system that places DNSSEC cryptographic signatures on the DNS root zone, Woodcock built the first global-scale FIPS 140-2 Level 4 DNSSEC signing infrastructure, with locations in Singapore, Zurich, and San Jose. [22] [23] [24] [25] Woodcock has also done networking protocol development work, [26] [27] and has developed networking products for Cisco, Agilent, [28] and Farallon.

Cybersecurity and critical infrastructure

Bill Woodcock, Hillar Aarelaid and Kurtis Lindqvist on the night of Tuesday, May 8, 2007, in the CERT-EE operations center, as the Russian cyber-attack on Estonia began Woodcock, Aarelaid, and Lindqvist in the EE-CERT, 2007.jpg
Bill Woodcock, Hillar Aarelaid and Kurtis Lindqvist on the night of Tuesday, May 8, 2007, in the CERT-EE operations center, as the Russian cyber-attack on Estonia began

In 2001, together with Sean Donelan and John Todd, Woodcock constructed the "Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-By-Autonomous-System-Number" (INOC-DBA) infrastructure protection hotline communications system. [29] At its peak, it interconnected more than 2,800 NOCs and CERTs, and was notably the first inter-carrier SIP VoIP network, and the first telephone network of any kind to provide service on all seven continents. [30]

Woodcock was one of the two international liaisons in Estonia assisting Hillar Aarelaid and the CERT-EE during Russia's 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia by coordinating the international effort to intercept and block inbound attack traffic before it reached the Estonian border. [31] [32] [33]

When Russia conducted a subsequent cyber-attack against Georgia in 2008, in parallel with a conventional military attack, Woodcock was widely quoted in the press as an analyst of nation-state cyber warfare, stating that military cyber attacks would likely continue, because "you could fund an entire cyberwarfare campaign for the cost of replacing a tank tread," [34] [35] and that "any modern warfare will include a cyber-warfare component," [36] but cautioning that precise attribution is difficult: "You'll never be able to establish who was sitting in front of a computer from which an attack originates." [37]

In 2017, Woodcock was appointed to the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace, and served on the commission until its successful conclusion in 2019, participating in the drafting of its eight norms related to non-aggression in cyberspace.

In the wake of the six major Caribbean hurricanes of 2017, which included two Category 5 hurricanes and destroyed critical communications infrastructure in ten Caribbean countries, Woodcock worked with Bernadette Lewis, Bevil Wooding and others to establish the Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience, served as a commissioner for two years, and assisted in the drafting of its final recommendations. [38] [39]

Policy positions

Woodcock has become an outspoken advocate of regulation of the use of artificial intelligence in the public interest, taking positions against the use of AI to exploit human psychological weaknesses, [40] [41] against delegating "kill chain" decisions to military AI, and regarding AI and increasing socioeconomic inequities, saying, for example,

"The degree of integration of AI into daily life depends very much on wealth. People whose personal digital devices are day-trading for them, doing the grocery shopping, and sending greeting cards on their behalf, are living a different life than those who are worried about missing a day at one of their three jobs due to being sick, losing their job, and being unable to feed their children. AI are not the problem, but the trend toward greater social divide leaves a larger portion of the world's population in poverty and unable to garner any advantage from self-driving cars or robot vacuum cleaners." [42]

...and regarding the use of AI to intermediate human communication through "filter bubbles":

"The single most important factor in improving the quality of digital life and the trajectory of digital interaction is the disintermediation of human communication: The removal of the agents with separate and competing agendas, like Facebook and Twitter, that have positioned themselves between people who could otherwise be engaging directly in civil discourse. This requires decentralization, federation and the empowerment of the users of digital technology to act on their own behalf." [43]

Woodcock advocates in favor of regulation in the public interest, particularly regulation of constrained resources like IPv4 addresses [44] and public rights-of-way. [45] At the same time, he has advocated for permissionless new market entry in cases like those of Internet service providers [46] and Internet exchange points, [47] where no constrained resources are inherently consumed and the value of innovation is high. He has advocated for a nuanced view of "Internet Balkanization" or fragmentation since at least 2013, as in this reference to Brazil's rapid construction of Internet infrastructure:

""Despite the clear benefits of these developments for Brazilians, their government's statements have been shrilly and incorrectly branded as extreme and decried as Soviet socialism by some U.S. media. This is largely due to a misimpression that what Brazil is doing is cutting itself off from the Internet or balkanizing the Internet -- when in reality, it's building more Internet faster. Critics fail to understand that the path Brazil is taking was blazed in the United States. While Brazil may engage in aggressive rhetoric, its actions are sound." [48]

...and has argued in favor of less heated rhetoric regarding national Internet infrastructure initiatives and controls in China, Russia, Egypt, [49] Iran, [50] Georgia, and Estonia [51] as well.

Woodcock is a noted advocate for competitive telecommunication marketplaces, frequently speaking and publishing on the topics of new market entry and the benefits which increased competition in Internet access markets bring to users, in the form of improved performance and lower costs. These positions have informed and generally been adopted as best-practices by the OECD in its recommendations to member countries on telecommunications regulation and legislation. [52] [53] Supporting that work, in 2011 he produced the first-ever survey of the peering connections between Internet networks, characterizing more than 142,000 such agreements, [54] and followed up with a second survey of 1.9 million peering connections in 2016. [55] [56]

Advocacy

In 1997 and 1998, Woodcock and J.D. Falk worked with the California legislature [57] [58] to enact the world's first anti-spam legislation, Assembly Bill 1629, which was enacted as California Business and Professions Code 17538.45, and was subsequently used as the basis for the United States federal anti-spam law. [59] [60]

In the wake of the ITU's December 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications, which he characterized as an attempted take-over of the institutions of Internet governance, Woodcock published a number of secret ITU budget documents and acted as point-person in an effort to redirect USD 11M in U.S. government funds from ITU contributions to support of the multistakeholder model of Internet governance. [61] This effort centered on a "We the People" petition and an explanatory web site, [62] and, although ultimately unsuccessful, received much favorable attention in the press and Internet governance community. [63]

In 2019 and 2020, Woodcock organized the successful opposition to the attempted $1.1bn sale of the .ORG top-level domain to private equity firm Ethos Capital, and serves on the board of directors of the Cooperative Corporation of dot-Org Registrants (CCOR). [64] [65] [66]

In March, 2022, Woodcock was one of the lead authors, along with Bart Groothuis, Eva Kaili, Marina Kaljurand, Steve Crocker, Jeff Moss, Runa Sandvik, John Levine, Moez Chakchouk and some eighty other members of the Internet governance and cybersecurity community, of an open letter entitled Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions. [67] The letter outlines a set of principles governing the imposition of Internet-related sanctions and describes the mechanism being built to operationalize the sanction mechanism. The letter was occasioned by a request from the Ukrainian Ministry of Digital Transformation to ICANN and RIPE, requesting that Russia's top-level domains and IP addresses be revoked. [68] The letter advocates more effective sanctions, more narrowly-focused on military and propaganda targets, and avoiding collateral effects upon civilians [69] [70] [71] and features a four-page annex evaluating different technical mechanisms by which Internet-related sanctions could be imposed.

Board memberships

Current

Past

Books and writings

Woodcock's published work includes many PCH white-papers, [95] the 1993 McGraw-Hill book Networking the Macintosh, [10] the report of the ANF AppleTalk Tunneling Architectures Working Group, which he chaired in 1993 and 1994, many articles in Network World , MacWorld , MacWEEK , Connections, and other networking journals and periodicals. [96] In addition, he was principal author of the Multicast DNS [26] and Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods [27] [97] IETF drafts, and contributed to the IP anycast RFC.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ICANN</span> American nonprofit organization that coordinates several Internet address databases

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a global multistakeholder group and nonprofit organization headquartered in the United States responsible for coordinating the maintenance and procedures of several databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the Internet, ensuring the Internet's stable and secure operation. ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the Central Internet Address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function contract. The contract regarding the IANA stewardship functions between ICANN and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce ended on October 1, 2016, formally transitioning the functions to the global multistakeholder community.

A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non-empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Domain name</span> Identification string in the Internet

In the Internet, a domain name is a string that identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such as websites, email services and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming and addressing purposes. In general, a domain name identifies a network domain or an Internet Protocol (IP) resource, such as a personal computer used to access the Internet, or a server computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Root name server</span> Name server for the DNS root zone

A root name server is a name server for the root zone of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It directly answers requests for records in the root zone and answers other requests by returning a list of the authoritative name servers for the appropriate top-level domain (TLD). The root name servers are a critical part of the Internet infrastructure because they are the first step in resolving human-readable host names into IP addresses that are used in communication between Internet hosts.

The DNS root zone is the top-level DNS zone in the hierarchical namespace of the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.

The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) are a suite of extension specifications by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for securing data exchanged in the Domain Name System (DNS) in Internet Protocol (IP) networks. The protocol provides cryptographic authentication of data, authenticated denial of existence, and data integrity, but not availability or confidentiality.

Internet exchange points are common grounds of IP networking, allowing participant Internet service providers (ISPs) to exchange data destined for their respective networks. IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks, i.e., datacenters, and operate physical infrastructure (switches) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks. The primary alternative to IXPs is private peering, where ISPs directly connect their networks to each other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anycast</span> Network addressing and routing methodology

Anycast is a network addressing and routing methodology in which a single IP address is shared by devices in multiple locations. Routers direct packets addressed to this destination to the location nearest the sender, using their normal decision-making algorithms, typically the lowest number of BGP network hops. Anycast routing is widely used by content delivery networks such as web and name servers, to bring their content closer to end users.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internationalized domain name</span> Type of Internet domain name

An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in non-Latin script or alphabet or in the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures. These writing systems are encoded by computers in multibyte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System (DNS) as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription.

Site Finder was a wildcard DNS record for all .com and .net unregistered domain names, run by .com and .net top-level domain operator VeriSign between 15 September 2003 and 4 October 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Spamhaus Project</span> Organization targetting email spammers

The Spamhaus Project is an international organisation based in the Principality of Andorra, founded in 1998 by Steve Linford to take action against what they allege to be spammers. The correctness of this assessment by Spamhaus is regularly disputed. If the assessment is based on objective characteristics or on standards set by Spamhaus itself is disputed. The name spamhaus, a pseudo-German expression, was coined by Linford to refer to an internet service provider, or other firm, which spams or knowingly provides service to spammers. Spamhaus has been criticized to purposely hide all direct methods of contact from its webpages to avoid transparency, while asking transparency from others

Internet Systems Consortium, Inc., also known as ISC, is a Delaware-registered, 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation that supports the infrastructure of the universal, self-organizing Internet by developing and maintaining core production-quality software, protocols, and operations. ISC has developed several key Internet technologies that enable the global Internet, including: BIND, ISC DHCP and Kea. Other software projects no longer in active development include OpenReg and ISC AFTR.

Distributed denial-of-service attacks on root nameservers are Internet events in which distributed denial-of-service attacks target one or more of the thirteen Domain Name System root nameserver clusters. The root nameservers are critical infrastructure components of the Internet, mapping domain names to IP addresses and other resource record (RR) data.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet governance</span> System of laws, policies and practices

Internet governance consists of a system of laws, rules, policies and practices that dictate how its board members manage and oversee the affairs of any internet related-regulatory body. This article describes how the Internet was and is currently governed, some inherent controversies, and ongoing debates regarding how and why the Internet should or should not be governed in future.

Average Per-Bit Delivery Cost, or APBDC, is the cost accounting method by which Internet Service Providers (ISPs) calculate their cost of goods sold.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Packet Clearing House</span> Organization maintaining the Domain Name System and Internet exchange points

Packet Clearing House (PCH) is the international organization responsible for providing operational support and security to critical Internet infrastructure, including Internet exchange points and the core of the Domain Name System. The organization also works in the areas of cybersecurity coordination, regulatory policy and Internet governance.

Nepal Internet Exchange is Nepal's only Internet exchange point, established to keep local traffic local and improve local web surfing with local content while saving international bandwidth. It was established in 2002 with the help of Packet Clearing House.

In networking, a black hole refers to a place in the network where incoming or outgoing traffic is silently discarded, without informing the source that the data did not reach its intended recipient.

Avalanche was a criminal syndicate involved in phishing attacks, online bank fraud, and ransomware. The name also refers to the network of owned, rented, and compromised systems used to carry out that activity. Avalanche only infected computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quad9</span> Global public recursive DNS resolver based in Switzerland

Quad9 is a global public recursive DNS resolver that aims to protect users from malware and phishing. Quad9 is operated by the Quad9 Foundation, a Swiss public-benefit, not-for-profit foundation with the purpose of improving the privacy and cybersecurity of Internet users, headquartered in Zürich. Quad9 is entirely subject to Swiss privacy law, and the Swiss government extends that protection of the law to Quad9's users throughout the world, regardless of citizenship or country of residence.

References

  1. 1 2 "Packet Clearing House: Nonprofit Profile". guidestar.org. Guidestar. 2003. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  2. 1 2 "Quad9 Foundation Council". quad9.net. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  3. ↑ "ARIN : AS715 Registration Information".
  4. ↑ "Connected vehicles: net governance and autonomous transport". Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
  5. ↑ "Bill Woodcock, Packet Clearing House". blackhat.com. black hat. 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2021-06-01. In 1989, Bill developed the anycast routing technique that now protects the domain name system.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Perry, Tekla (2005-02-01). "Bill Woodcock: On an Internet Odyssey". ieee.org. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2021-05-26. Woodcock put modem banks and servers in his basement and started a business doing e-mail forwarding for corporations, billing them monthly. "I remember the first month, I made 50 bucks," Woodcock recalls. "I was happy about that." He named his little Internet company Zocalo, a pun in Spanish, meaning both "marketplace" and "wall jack." In the fall of 1989, Woodcock started college at the University of California at Santa Cruz; Zocalo, then a stack of hardware that fit on a desk, moved to his dorm room.
  7. ↑ Rowe, Jonathan (25 August 1989). "Business Suits, Briefcases Invade Macintosh Mecca". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 30 November 2021. Consumer groups are trying to fill the void. The Berkeley Macintosh Users Group, BMUG, has 10,000 members, about half in California. Weekly meetings in the Bay Area attract several hundred people. The BMUG booth had an unvarnished hackers' quality that seemed a throwback to Apple's early days. 'We provide technical support to end users that Apple doesn't provide any more,' said Bill Woodcock, a volunteer, who works at Farallon Computing and volunteers two to three hours a day. Dealing with Apple is hard, he says. 'We don't buy thousands of machines every year, and we don't make millions of dollars.'
  8. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (1 March 2021). "My homelab, c. 1993". Archived from the original on 2021-12-01.
  9. ↑ "George R. Kane". Santa Cruz Sentinel. 19 December 2009.
  10. 1 2 Woodcock, Bill (1993). Networking the Macintosh: a step-by-step guide to using AppleTalk in business environments. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN   0070716838.
  11. ↑ Bradley, Bruce. "William Woodcock III collection". PrimTech. I met Bill Woodcock back in the 1980s when he was Archaeology Editor for Academic Press.
  12. ↑ Skibo, James (September 2010). "Classics Review: Village Ethnoarchaeology". Ethnoarchaeology. 2. doi:10.1179/eth.2010.2.2.255. S2CID   162298694. O'Brien et al. (2005) give a great deal of credit to a single individual, Bill Woodcock, the acquisition editor for Academic Press during this period.
  13. ↑ Chow, Renee (2002). Suburban Space: The Fabric of Dwelling. University of California Press. p. Acknowledgements. ...Charlene Woodcock, the architecture editor at the University of California Press...
  14. ↑ "Netsurfer Digest" (1). 3 June 1994. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ "Full-Service Internet Connectivity for Business". Zocalo. 1996-12-27. Archived from the original on 1996-12-27. MultiPoint Access Internet connections are available throughout the United States and Northern Europe at speeds ranging from 56 kilobits per second to full T1, 1.544 megabits per second.
  16. ↑ Engst, Adam (18 January 2013). "Netter's Dinner Declares Success, Shuts Down". TidBits.
  17. ↑ Eddy, Wesley; Ishac, Joseph. "Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Features". IETF. Retrieved 9 May 2006.
  18. ↑ "June 1996 IEPG Meeting". Internet Engineering and Planning Group. 23 June 1996. Archived from the original on 2006-08-23. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  19. ↑ Sengupta, Somini (31 March 2012). "Warned of an Attack on the Internet, and Getting Ready". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2007). Prefix-List Sanity-Checker:A Free Online Tool by and for Network Operators (video). Toronto, Canada: North American Network Operators Group.
  21. ↑ Woodcock, Bill. "Prefix-List Sanity-Checker: A Free Online Tool by and for Network Operators" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group.
  22. ↑ Markoff, John (2011-06-24). "A Stronger Net Security System Is Deployed". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  23. ↑ "Internet Groups Inaugurate First of Three Cyber Security Facilities". www.circleid.com. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  24. ↑ "InsideIT". www.inside-it.ch. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  25. ↑ "IT news, careers, business technology, reviews". Computerworld. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  26. 1 2 Manning, Bill; Woodcock, Bill (August 2000), "Multicast Domain Name Service", Ietf Datatracker, IETF
  27. 1 2 Woodcock, Bill (November 30, 2001), Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods, IETF
  28. ↑ Woodcock, William (7 December 2001). "Method and system for determining autonomous system transit volumes". US Patent and Trademark Office. Border gateway protocol (BGP) tables and data flow statistics sorted by destination address are collected from a plurality of routers. The BGP tables and the data flow statistics are aggregated and correlated by a correlation node. The correlation node produces autonomous system (AS) transit volumes and AS terminating volumes by AS number. The AS transit volumes and the AS terminating volumes can be used to evaluate the suitability of transit providers and potential peers.
  29. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (28 October 2002). INOC-DBA Hotline Phone System Announcement (video). Eugene, Oregon, US: North American Network Operators Group. Event occurs at 5:43.
  30. ↑ Stapleton-Gray, Ross (2009). Inter-Network Operations Center Dial-by-ASN (INOC-DBA), a Resource for the Network Operator Community. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN   978-0-7695-3568-5.
  31. ↑ Landler, Mark; Markoff, John (2007-05-29). "Digital Fears Emerge After Data Siege in Estonia". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  32. ↑ Davis, Joshua (2007-08-21). "Hackers Take Down the Most Wired Country in Europe". Wired. Retrieved 2021-05-26. At 10 pm on Tuesday, May 8, Lindqvist, Fältström, and Woodcock arrived at the downtown Tallinn office building that housed CERT headquarters. It was a geek dream team, with the attitude to match. Woodcock, who had spent years traveling through Europe, Africa, and Asia helping to set up Internet infrastructures, sauntered into the operations center wearing bison-skin boots handcrafted for him in Montana. Woodcock hoisted his laptop into the air. He called Aarelaid and Lindqvist over, took a picture with the built-in camera, and sent it out to the network to prove to the Vetted that Aarelaid was for real... As Aarelaid identified a specific address, Woodcock and Lindqvist sent rapid-fire emails to network operators throughout the world asking for the IP to be blocked at the source. One by one, they picked off the bots, and by dawn they had deflected the attackers. "I was very, very lucky that Kurtis, Patrik, and Bill were here," Aarelaid says.
  33. ↑ Laasme, Häly (2011-10-15). "Estonia: Cyber Window into the Future of NATO". ndu.edu. National Defense University. Archived from the original on 2012-03-31. Retrieved 2021-05-26. Three world-renowned IT experts were visiting Estonia, and they assisted the Estonian Computer Emergency Response Team with defenses against ping attacks, botnets, and hackers. The experts were Kurtis Lindqvist, Patrik Fältström, and Bill Woodcock, research director of Packet Clearing House and member of the board of directors of the American Registry of Internet Numbers.
  34. ↑ Markoff, John (12 August 2008). "Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks". New York Times. Retrieved 29 July 2021. It was the first time a known cyberattack had coincided with a shooting war, but it will likely not be the last, said Bill Woodcock. He said cyberattacks are so inexpensive and easy to mount, with few fingerprints, they will almost certainly remain a feature of modern warfare. 'It costs about 4 cents per machine,' Mr. Woodcock said. 'You could fund an entire cyberwarfare campaign for the cost of replacing a tank tread.'
  35. ↑ Wortham, Jenna (6 August 2009). "Online Attack Silences Twitter for Much of Day". New York Times. Woodcock found evidence that the attacks had originated from the Abkhazia region, a territory on the Black Sea disputed between Russia and Georgia. Mr. Woodcock said the disruptions did not appear to have been caused by a botnet, rather, at about 10:30 a.m. E.S.T., millions of people worldwide received spam e-mail messages containing links to Twitter and other sites. When recipients clicked on the links, those sites were overwhelmed with requests to access their servers. 'It's a vast increase in traffic that creates the denial of service,' he said.
  36. ↑ Gitlin, Martin; Goldstein, Margaret J. (April 2015). Cyber Attack. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN   9781467725125.
  37. ↑ Shachtman, Noah (January 2009). "Cyber Attack Flares Up in Eastern Europe". Discover. 30 (1): 48. Bill Woodcock, research director with the Internet infrastructure group Packet Clearing House, is cautious about assigning blame. 'You'll never be able to establish who was sitting in front of a computer from which an attack originates,' he says.
  38. ↑ "Terms of Reference". Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 29 July 2021. The 2017 hurricane season in the Caribbean was particularly destructive as six major hurricanes assailed the region. Ten Caribbean countries were devastated by the most dangerous of these, Irma and Maria, both of which were classified as Category 5. Many communications networks were severely damaged and critical communications services, including broadcast and internet, were badly disrupted. The Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience is tasked to examine the region's communications vulnerabilities, with specific focus on nature-related hazards, and to recommend actionable strategies for increased resilience to governments, regulators and other stakeholders.
  39. ↑ "The Commissioners". Commission on Caribbean Communications Resilience. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  40. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee (10 December 2018). "Solutions to address AI's anticipated negative impacts". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 29 July 2021. In short-term, pragmatic ways, learning algorithms will save people time by automating much of tasks like navigation and package delivery and shopping for staples. But that tactical win comes at a strategic loss as long as the primary application of AI is to extract more money from people, because that puts them in opposition to our interests as a species, helping to enrich a few people at the expense of everyone else. In AI that exploits human psychological weaknesses to sell us things, we have for the first time created something that effectively predates our own species. That's a fundamentally bad idea and requires regulation just as surely as would self-replicating biological weapons.
  41. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee (16 June 2021). "Worries about developments in AI". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 29 July 2021. AI is already being used principally for purposes that are not beneficial to the public nor to all but a tiny handful of individuals. The exceptions, like navigational and safety systems, are an unfortunately small portion of the total. Figuring out how to get someone to vote for a fascist or buy a piece of junk or just send their money somewhere is not beneficial. These systems are built for the purpose of economic predation, and that's unethical. Until regulators address the root issues – the automated exploitation of human psychological weaknesses – things aren't going to get better.
  42. ↑ Smith, Aaron; Anderson, Janna (6 August 2014). "AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  43. ↑ Anderson, Janna; Rainie, Lee. "Visions of the Internet in 2035" (PDF). Pew Research Center. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  44. ↑ Ermert, Monika (17 May 2013). "Dispute over future IP address policy – stop managing scarcity?". Intellectual Property Watch. Heise.
  45. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Weller, Dennis (29 January 2013). "Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges". OECD Digital Economy Papers. doi: 10.1787/20716826 .
  46. ↑ Van der Berg, Rudolf (22 October 2012). "Internet traffic exchange: 2 billion users and it's done on a handshake". Insights. OECD. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021. The current model of Internet traffic exchange can only exist in an environment that stimulates market entry and investment. This requires that regulators allow telecommunication and non-telecommunication operators to enter into the market, to compete and to interconnect. Indeed where development of the Internet has been less than satisfactory this often stems from a lack of sufficient liberalization.
  47. ↑ Best, Gerard (29 September 2009). "Trinidad IXP Symposium Brings Prospect of a Faster Internet Nearer". Sightline. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  48. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (20 September 2013). "On Internet, Brazil is beating US at its own game". AlJazeera America.
  49. ↑ Singel, Ryan (18 February 2011). "Report: Egypt Shut Down Net With Big Switch, Not Phone Calls". Wired. According to a February presentation made by Bill Woodcock, research director of Packet Clearing House to the Department of Homeland Security's Infosec Technology Transition Council, obtained by Wired.com, the Egyptian Communications Ministry acted quite responsibly in the procedure it used to cut ties from the net, after the shutdown was ordered by Egypt's much-feared intelligence service.
  50. ↑ Timberg, Craig (6 April 2015). "Tech investments show an Iran eager to end isolation". Washington Post. Iran also has engaged in on-again, off-again talks about building an Internet exchange point, which would allow much faster data connections, said Bill Woodcock, research director of the Packet Clearing House. The San Francisco-based nonprofit has built Internet exchange points throughout much of the world. 'All they're trying to do is be like us,' Woodcock said. 'They're trying to build as much Internet as they can, as quickly as they can.'
  51. ↑ Healey, Jason (22 October 2013). "WS242 Lessons from Cyber Conflict History". Internet Governance Forum. These are two slides from a briefing I gave NATO at the end of 2008 on what happened in Estonia and Georgia. At the time the Russians attacked Estonia it came with a little warning. The Russians took the Chinese playbook very literally. They went to Estonia and said, 'who are the Russians in Estonia that can help us conduct this attack inside Estonia?' But that's an attack against law and order; that's an insurgency. Which means the Estonians were conducting a counter insurgency; an appeal to law and order. The Estonians said: 'Hey, your cousins in Moscow have trouble finding groceries in the grocery store. Their plumbing doesn't work all the time. The electricity is not reliable. Law enforcement isn't that good. You have it really good here in Estonia, right? Why would you attack that?' And at the same time they found the Russian agent who was running around recruiting, threw him in jail. This is effective counter insurgency. You say: 'Here are the benefits of what we are offering.' That's the carrot. The stick is: 'If you violate the societal compact, you get thrown in jail.' So when the attack came there was no domestic participation. There were not ethnic Russian Estonian hackers running botnets inside Estonia. That made the attack much simpler to deal with.
  52. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (23 October 2012). "Internet Traffic Exchange Market Developments and Policy Challenges" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group.
  53. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (29 January 2013). "Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges" (PDF). OECD Digital Economy Papers (27). doi:10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en.
  54. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Adhikari, Vijay (May 2, 2011). "PCH Peering Survey 2011" (PDF). Packet Clearing House.
  55. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2017). "2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements" (PDF). North American Network Operators Group.
  56. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (6 February 2017). PCH 2016 Survey of Interconnection Agreements (video). Washington DC, US: North American Network Operators Group.
  57. ↑ Foster, Ed (14 December 1998). "Individual States offer a glimmer of hope in the fight against junk e-mail". InfoWorld. Retrieved 1 February 2022. Another attempt to deal with the junk e-mail problem, which seems even stronger than the Washington law, goes into effect in California on Jan. 1, 1999. AB 1629 takes a broader aim in trying to eliminate unsolicited commercial e-mail in general by allowing California ISPs to publish a notice forbidding the use of their equipment to send or deliver spam. Violators can be sued. 'We think it's a much better bill than anything that's been considered at the federal level,' said Bill Woodcock, the president of Zocalo, a Berkeley, Calif., ISP, and representative of the Consortium of Interneet Service Providers, in testimony before the California legislature. 'It's the first one that's good enough to get support from the Internet industry.'
  58. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (4 May 2002). "Re: anybody else been spammed by "no-ip.com" yet?". NANOG mailing list archive. North American Network Operators Group. J.D. Falk and I put a lot of work into getting tough anti-spam legislation passed, and we were successful. Here in California we now have jail time for second-offense spammers.
  59. ↑ "California Code, Business and Professions Code - BPC § 17538.45". California Business and Professions Code. State of California. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  60. ↑ Rodriguez, Karen (14 May 2000). "Federal lawmakers propose bill to end spam". San Jose Business Journal. Retrieved 1 February 2022. The basis for the new bill sitting before Congress is anti-spam legislation adopted in California last year (AB 1629). Under the federal "Can Spam Act" (HR 3113), co-authored by Rep. Gary Miller, R-Calif., Internet service providers would be allowed to take civil action against spammers -- those who send unsolicited commercial e-mail -- for $50 per message, up to $25,000 per day. Observers say the bill has a strong chance of being approved by Congress.
  61. ↑ Ackerman, Elise. "The U.N. Fought The Internet -- And The Internet Won; WCIT Summit In Dubai Ends". Forbes. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  62. ↑ "De-fund the ITU!". defundtheitu.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  63. ↑ Blue, Violet. "UN plans Internet governance amid outcry to defund ITU". ZDNet. Retrieved 2020-04-23.
  64. ↑ Orenstein, Natalie (2020-01-16). "A private equity firm wants to buy '.org' for $1 billion. A Berkeley-based cooperative says, 'not so fast'". berkeleyside.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  65. ↑ Menn, Joseph (2020-01-07). "Internet nonprofit leaders fight deal to sell control of .org domain". cnbc.com. Archived from the original on 2020-06-11.
  66. ↑ "CCOR: A Better Way for .ORG" . Retrieved 17 July 2021. By and For Non-Profits: The Cooperative Corporation of dot-org Registrants, or CCOR, is the cooperative organization that seeks to embody and collectively represent the community of dot-org domain name registrants. The CCOR is an organization created by nonprofits for nonprofits to maximize the security and stability of the open and non-commercial Internet.
  67. ↑ Woodcock, Bill; Groothuis, Bart; Kaljurand, Marina; Crocker, Steve; et al. (10 March 2022). "Multistakeholder Imposition of Internet Sanctions" (PDF). Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022. We believe it is the responsibility of the global Internet governance community to weigh the costs and risks of sanctions against the moral imperatives that call us to action in defense of society, and we must address this governance problem now and in the future. We believe the time is right for the formation of a new, minimal, multistakeholder mechanism, similar in scale to NSP-Sec or Outages, which after due process and consensus would publish sanctioned IP addresses and domain names in the form of public data feeds in standard forms (BGP and RPZ), to be consumed by any organization that chooses to subscribe to the principles and their outcome.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  68. ↑ Fedorov, Mykhailo (28 February 2022). "Correspondence to ICANN" (PDF).
  69. ↑ Bajak, Frank (10 March 2022). "Experts: How to impose internet sanctions on Russia". The Associated Press. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  70. ↑ Timberg, Craig (10 March 2022). "Internet experts suggest ways to selectively block Russian military and propaganda sites". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  71. ↑ Claburn, Thomas (10 March 2022). "Ukraine invasion: We should consider internet sanctions, says ICANN ex-CEO". The Register. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  72. ↑ "Oversight Board". The Internet Sanctions Project. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  73. ↑ "Articles of Incorporation of the Cooperative Corporation of .ORG Registrants". sos.ca.gov. California Secretary of State. 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  74. ↑ Sammallahti, Leo (2020-05-25). "The co-op that blocked the sale of the .org domain to private equity has a plan to democratise large parts of the internet". coop.exchange. COOP Exchange. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  75. ↑ Lohr, Steve (2020-01-07). "Inside the Billion-Dollar Battle Over .Org". The New York Times . Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  76. ↑ L’Italien, KiKi (2020-01-23). "The .ORG Divide: Associations and the Future of How We Use the Internet". associationchat.com. Association Chat. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  77. ↑ Easterly, Jen [@CISAJen] (11 March 2022). "Super psyched & grateful to announce that @dinodaizovi, @effffn, @kurtopsahl, @runasand, @Zardus, @RachelTobac, @dwizzzleMSFT, @woodyatpch, @bcrypt & Isiah Jones will be part of our @CISAgov Technical Advisory Council led by @thedarktangent" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  78. ↑ "CleanerDNS, d.b.a. Quad9: Nonprofit Profile". guidestar.org. Guidestar. 2016. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  79. ↑ "CleanerDNS Articles of Incorporation". sos.ca.gov. California Secretary of State. 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  80. ↑ "Internal Revenue Service : M3AA Foundation 990 filing" (PDF).
  81. ↑ "American Registry for Internet Numbers: Board of Trustees". arin.net. American Registry for Internet Numbers. 2016-11-11. Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  82. ↑ "American Registry for Internet Numbers: Former Trustees". arin.net. American Registry for Internet Numbers. 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  83. ↑ "Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace : Our Commissioners" . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  84. ↑ Best, Gerard (2017-12-10). "New commission formed to improve Caribbean communications resilience". dominicanewsonline.com. Dominica News Online. Retrieved 2021-05-31. "Packet Clearing House is honoured to be participating in this effort," said Bill Woodcock, who is the executive director of PCH, and one of the ten commissioners. "The scale of the devastation wrought by this season's hurricanes is unmatched in recent communications history. Having two entire countries go offline through the critical period of evacuation and humanitarian relief is a failure that cannot be allowed to happen again, and the challenge that climate change presents in the Caribbean will continue to increase in future years."
  85. ↑ "Number Resource Organization : Response to the IANA Stewardship Transition Coordination Group Request for Proposals on the IANA from the Internet Number Community". 16 January 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  86. ↑ "ITU Plenipotentiary Conference PP-14, Busan Korea, Final list of participants" (PDF). itu.int. International Telecommunication Union. 2014-11-25. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  87. ↑ "DNS Risk Management Framework Working Group". ICANN. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  88. ↑ "ICANN Board Committees Past & Present". ICANN. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  89. ↑ The Internet Capacity Development Consortium: A Platform for Developing-Country Internet Technology Deployment sanog.org
  90. ↑ "State of California Nonprofit Statement of Information". California Secretary of State. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
  91. ↑ "Public Interest Registry Advisory Council". Archived from the original on 2005-12-10.
  92. ↑ "Berkeley Telecommunications Task Force meeting minutes". Archived from the original on 2002-11-13. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  93. ↑ Whitney, Susan (21 April 1998). "NetProfessional Selects Editorial Board". mactech.com. Xplain Corporation.
  94. ↑ "Bill Woodcock Biography". ieee.org. IEEE. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-22. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  95. ↑ Woodcock, Bill. "Packet Clearing House: Papers". pch.net. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  96. ↑ "Munal".
  97. ↑ Woodcock, Bill (23 October 2001). IETF NM/Ops Update: Operator Requirements of Infrastructure Management Methods (video). Oakland, California, US: North American Network Operators Group.
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