Birongo, also spelled Bilongo, is a spiritual tradition found among Afro-Venezuelans in rural areas of Coastal Venezuela, especially that of Southern coastal Lake Maracaibo and in the subregion of Barlovento but with similar forms existing in Cuba and the Dominican Republic [1] to describe magico-religious traditions and folk healing of African origins as they are done among Afro-Venezuelans.
The term "birongo" comes from the Kikongo word "bilongo", which is used to describe ingredients of magical use but the term is used in Venezuela to describe folk medicine, and even witchcraft. [2] [3] [4]
Practicioners of Birongo, known as curanderos or ensalmaderos, use various herbs and ingredients to heal both spiritual and physical illness such as mal de ojo, and other forms using various herbs and preparations such as baths and teas to heal the victim. Alongside this, they use the psychological medicine of prayer and soothsaying to heal the patient as they call upon various saints who were syncretized with African deities. [5] They often do divination with tobacco and will occasionally use it report spiritual problems. The use of the humorism is often found as well, most likely from Spaniard influence. [6]
Alongside saints, ancestors have an important role in the practice of many Afro-Venezuelans, something which mirrors many other Kongo-based religious traditions such as Hoodoo and Palo Mayombe. Healers are believed to have direct connections with the dead and use tobacco divination or mediumship to be able to communicate with them. [7]
Devotees often use liquor as a libation and offering to the spirits and saints in their rituals, along with tobacco smoke, and the occasional animal sacrifice along with drumming and singing to encourage the act of trance-possession which is common and often occurs during the most intense parts of drumming rituals and has its origins in African forms of worship and is characterized by screaming, dancing, and tingling sensations and can range from a simple trance state or trance-possession by the spirits of dead ancestors which can be caused by the consumption of tobacco and aguardiente. [8]
Various saints are worshipped among Afro-Venezuelan populations, most notably Saint Benedict of Palermo, who was syncretized with the Dahomean deity of Agbe. [9] The names of other deities also appear in his chants, such as Unsasi, Obi, and Kalunga-Ngombe and the chants are often done with some parts fully in African languages such as Kikongo, Yoruba, or Efik and the rest in Spanish, and occasionally Latin [10] .
Another extremely pivotal, and well-known saint, is that of Saint John the Baptist in his folk form as San Juan Congo, or Saint John of Congo who was syncretized with Malembe, a folk deity of Kongo origins who protects villagers and agriculture from evil forces who was historically represented as a nkisi with a phallus and most likely all deities of the Birongo tradition were portrayed as nkisis rather than with saint statues before the outlaw by the Catholic church, but many ensalmaderos may keep nkisis or nkisi-like objects of the saints or spirits they work with, even if not accepted by the Catholic church. [11] . The nkisi of the saint/deity itself is usually fed with animal blood, liquor, tobacco smoke, gunpowder, herbs (and herbal waters), and powdered bones to charge it with the energy of the saint. [12] . There are other saints also worshipped, such as Saint Peter, Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Francis of Paola, and Maria Lionza.
| Saint Syncretization | African Name | Etymology and Background |
|---|---|---|
| Saint John Congo (a folk form of Saint John the Baptist) | Malembe | Through songs and folklore. Malembe is similar to the name for several deities in Palo Mayombe, "Munalembe" and to the deity of Candomble Bantu "Lemba". |
| Saint Benedict of Palermo | Aje | Through songs and folklore. Most likely from the Vodun deity "Agbe", who is found in Haitian Vodou as Agwe. [13] |
| Saint Benedict of Palermo | Unsasi | His name is invoked before starting the "Aje-Benito" rhythm of the Chimbanguele drums. Unsasi (Kikongo: Nzazi) is the Kongo god of thunder, and his presence in the rhythm is most likely due to the Catatumbo lightning storms |
| Saint Benedict of Palermo | Obi | Invoked in the Chocho (from Yoruba: ṣóńṣó, a characteristic of Elegba) rhythm of the Chimbanguele drums. In Yoruba mythology, Elegba was first made of a coconut (in Yoruba: obi). |
| Saint Benedict of Palermo | Songorongome | Name of one of the rhythms of the Chimbanguele drums (from Kikongo: Nzo ngolo ngombe, literally "Bull of the large home"). In Angolan mythology, Kalunga-Ngombe is revered as the protector of the waters which contain the ancestors. |
| Saint Anthony of Padua | Pangue | Alternate name for the Tamunangue dance, most likely from Kikongo "mpangi", meaning relative. [14] The word "Tamunangue" most likely comes from Kikongo "ntama na nge", meaning "he who is higher/farther than us". |
| No saint equivalent | Mbule | Mentioned in the folkloric song of "Sambarambule" (from Kikongo: sambila mbele, meaning "praise the knife") [15] . |
| God, Jesus | Gangue | Mentioned in the folkloric song "Macizon-Gangue" [16] and other songs of Afro-Venezuelan origin. From Kikongo "ngangi", meaning Creator. [17] |
{{cite web}}: |first1= missing |last1= (help)