Blackbanded darter

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Blackbanded darter
Percina nigrofasciata FWS 20933.jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Percidae
Genus: Percina
Species:
P. nigrofasciata
Binomial name
Percina nigrofasciata
(Agassiz, 1854

The blackbanded darter (Percina nigrofasciata) is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is native to the river systems of the southeastern United States where it is found in the states of South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. It lives over sandy or gravelly bottoms in smaller rivers and streams and its color varies depending on the different habitats in which it lives. It feeds on small insect larvae and is itself preyed on by larger fish. It spawns between February and June depending on locality. It is a common fish throughout most of its range but is rare in the Altamaha River in Georgia.

Contents

Description

The body of the fish is variable and is influenced by the surrounding habitat. The blackbanded darter will be a light color if it is found along a sandy substrate. The darters that have a dark color are usually found around leaf litter, sticks, and aquatic vegetation. Breeding males have a greenish blue wash over their body and the head is brownish gold color. [2] The blackbanded darter can be confused with the dusky darter (Percina sciera). [2]

Distribution and habitat

The blackbanded darter inhabits many river systems in the United States. They are found in the Atlantic drainage as well as the Gulf of Mexico drainage in the southeastern United States (South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana). [3] They can be found in the Santee River in South Carolina all the way over to the western part of the Mississippi River tributaries in Louisiana. Their range goes as far south as Lake Okeechobee in Central Florida. The blackbanded darter is the most common darter throughout its range. The blackbanded darter is absent from the Satilla River and the St. Marys River in southeast Georgia and northern Florida. [4] In the Altamaha River, located in central and south Georgia, the blackbanded darter is considered rare.

Ecology

The blackbanded darter is found in headwaters to medium-sized rivers over gravel and sand substrates. [1] Blackbanded darters tend to live in intermediate microhabitat that has more erosional substrata and greater variety of depth. [5] Blackbanded darters are insectivores and feed on mayflies, midges, blackflies, caddisflies, or anything that is no larger than 5 mm (0.2 in) long. [6] [7] The primary predators for the blackbanded darter are stonecats, largemouth bass, and other larger freshwater fish species.

Life History

Blackbanded darter spawns between February to June. Spawning occurs in sandy bottoms around a stream channel. The male approaches a female from the rear. Once on the female, he mounts her and beats her with his pelvic fin. The average clutch size for the blackbanded darter depends on the location. In Florida, a clutch size range from 4 to 73 eggs, while in Alabama, the range is from 38 to 250 eggs. [8] In Alabama, the sex ratio of the eggs favors male over females. [9] After the eggs are laid, there is no parental care. The life span of the blackbanded darter is estimated to be around three to four years. The life history of the blackbanded darter depends on geographic variation in environmental condition such as photoperiod and water temperature. Pollution and siltation can cause temperature change of the water which will affect when the darter will spawn.

Management

The blackbanded darter is not endangered or threatened in its range. They are listed as least concern. [10] [11] In many areas of the southeastern United States where they inhabit, they are most abundant fish in river, but the blackbanded darter is rare in the Altamaha River which is located in the state of Georgia.

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The sickle darter is a recently identified freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is closely related to a well-known darter, Percina macrocephala. Discovered in 2007 in the upper Tennessee River drainage, the sickle darter is a small ,slender bodied, freshwater and benthopelagic fish that most likely feeds on small crayfish and mayflies since it shares a large mouth and long snout with its sister species. The known distribution of the sickle darter is the upper drainage of the Tennessee River of Tennessee, North Carolina and Virginia. It is distinguished from all other Percina darters except its sister species P. macrocephala by a dark suborbital bar and a black bar subtending a medial black spot on the base of the caudal fin. It stays in mostly rocky, sandy, or silty substrates in clear creeks or small rivers in the Appalachian Mountains. The sickle darter spawns in late winter in gravel shoals. It also has large scales which make it different from macrocephala. It's known to be extirpated from most of its home habitat mainly because of agricultural practices that cause siltation and turbidity which causes most populations of the sickle darter to be widely scattered. But where it is found, it can be observed with regularity. Taking all this into consideration, the sickle darter does not have a formal conservation status under any federal or state law although its closely related species is considered a species of concern by the TWRA. Future management plans should include finding more locations of the sickle darter and decreasing further habitat destruction in known distributions by stating it as a fish of concern by state law.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Halloween darter</span> Species of fish

The Halloween darter is a small freshwater fish native to North America. It is found in Georgia and Alabama in the drainage basin of the Apalachicola River, specifically in the Flint River system and the Chattahoochee River system. It prefers shallow, fast-flowing areas with gravel bottoms in small and medium-sized rivers. It was first described in 2008, having not previously been distinguished from the blackbanded darter (P. nigrofasciata), which occurs in the same watershed. The color is somewhat variable, being generally blackish dorsally, with some individuals having indistinct saddle-like barring. Males have orange and dark lateral striping while females have dark stripes and a yellowish-green belly. At a maximum standard length of 101 mm (4 in), males are slightly larger than females, and both sexes develop distinctive orange barring on the edge of the first dorsal fin during the breeding season.

References

  1. 1 2 NatureServe (2013). "Percina nigrofasciata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2013: e.T202585A18232298. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202585A18232298.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 Blackbanded darter Archived August 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . 2008. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. 17 November 2011.
  3. Burr, Brooks M. & Lawrence M. Page. Blackbanded Darter. Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. New York. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2011. 520.
  4. Guillory, V. 1976. Apparent absence of Percina nigrofasciata from Mississippi Valley. Copeia 1976:804–805.
  5. Henry, BE. 2008. Microhabitat use by blackbanded (Percina nigrofasciata), turquoise (Etheostoma inscriptum), tessellated (E-olmstedi), darters during drought in Georgia Piedmont stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes 83:171–182.
  6. Rakocinski, C. 1991. Prey-size relationships and feeding tactics of primitive stream-dwelling darters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 48:681–693.
  7. Mathur, D. 1973. Food habits and feeding chronology of black-banded darter, Percina nigrofasciata (Agassiz), in Halawakee Creek, Alabama. Transactions of the American Fishery Society 102:48–55.
  8. Mathur, D. 1973. Some aspects of life-history of blackbanded darter, Percina nigrofasciata (Agassiz) in Halawake Creek, Alabama. American Midland Naturalist 89:381–393.
  9. Hughey, MC. 2012. Variation in Reproductive life history between two populations of blackbanded darter (Percina nigrofasciata). Copeia 4:714–721.
  10. Percina nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatening Species. 2013.
  11. http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?ID=3500&AT=blackbanded+darter. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. 2011. Percina nigrofasciata. Fishbase. World Wide Web electronic publication. 2013.