Botany Bay Plantation Wildlife Management Area

Botany Bay Heritage Preserve
IUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)
Botany Bay Rd.

Bleak Hall Plantation Outbuildings
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Ice House, west elevation
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Location	Botany Bay Road, Edisto Island, SC
Coordinates	32°33′9″N80°14′1″W / 32.55250°N 80.23361°W / 32.55250; -80.23361
Built	c. 1840s
Architectural style	Gothic Revival
NRHP reference No.	73001698 [1]
Added to NRHP	March 7, 1973 [2]

Botany Bay Heritage Preserve & Wildlife Management Area is a state preserve on Edisto Island, South Carolina. Botany Bay Plantation was formed in the 1930s from the merger of the Colonial-era Sea Cloud Plantation and Bleak Hall Plantation. In 1977, it was bequeathed to the state as a wildlife preserve; it was opened to the public in 2008. The preserve includes a number of registered historic sites, including two listed in the National Register of Historic Places: a set of three surviving 1840s outbuildings from Bleak Hall Plantation, and the prehistoric Fig Island shell rings.

History

Sea Cloud Plantation

In 1695, Christopher Hinkley received a grant of 170 acres (69 ha) on Edisto Island. In 1727, the property was acquired by Paul Hamilton Sr.; in 1748, by Paul Hamilton Jr. At some time after the Revolutionary War, a 21-acre (8.5 ha) parcel adjoining the Hamilton property was acquired by Normand McLeod. At some point, the property was acquired by Ephraim Mikell Seabrook; in about 1825, he built a house there. It has been suggested that the name "Sea Cloud Plantation" was bestowed after the marriage of a Seabrook to a McLeod. ^[3]

Bleak Hall Plantation

In the late 1790s, ^[4] Daniel Townsend III began developing Bleak Hall Plantation. In 1799, his first son, John Townsend, was born at the plantation. His wife was Hephzibah Jenkins Townsend. ^[5] In about 1805, a mansion was built; in about 1842, John Townsend inherited the property. ^{[6] [7]} At some point in the 1840s, he acquired the Sea Cloud Plantation as well. ^[8]

John Townsend was noted as an agriculturist and political leader in 19th century South Carolina. He was one of the state's largest planters of Sea Island cotton; his cotton commanded a high price from lace-makers in Belgium and France, and won several prizes, for both its quality and its length. Between 1822 and 1858, Townsend served several terms in the South Carolina General Assembly. In the census of 1860, John Townsend was registered as the owner of 272 enslaved laborers. In that year, he defended the institution of slavery and advocated for secession from the Union to protect it in an address to the Edisto Island Vigilant Association. ^[9] In the early 1860s, Townsend was a delegate to the state's Secession Convention, and a signer of the Ordinance of Secession, whereby South Carolina withdrew from the United States, part of a chain of events leading to the American Civil War. ^[6]

In November 1861, Edisto Island was evacuated. ^[10] During the Civil War, both Union and Confederate forces used the cupola atop the Bleak Hall plantation house as a lookout. This house burned down during or shortly after the war, ^[11] and a new one was built in a mix of Victorian styles. ^[12] The war had disrupted property records, and Townsend was only able to establish his ownership of the combined plantations through an appeal to U.S. president Andrew Johnson. ^[10]

Townsend died at Bleak Hall in 1881. ^[6] The plantation continued to produce a valuable crop of Sea Island cotton until 1917, when the boll weevil reached Edisto Island. By the early 1920s, production of cotton had ceased, and the plantation was used for farming and timber production. ^[10]

Botany Bay Plantation

The Bleak Hall and Sea Cloud plantations remained in the Townsend family until 1933, when they were bought by Dr. James C. Greenway, part of the Lauder Greenway Family, who combined them to form Botany Bay Plantation. ^[13]

In 1968, hotel and real estate magnate John E. "Jason" Meyer bought Botany Bay. An enthusiastic outdoorsman, Meyer bequeathed the 4,630-acre (1,870 ha) plantation to the state of South Carolina as a wildlife preserve, but stipulated that should he predecease his wife Margaret, she would retain the use of the property. John Meyer died in 1977; his widow remarried as Margaret Pepper, and remained on the plantation, continuing to manage and improve the property for conservation purposes, until her death in 2007. In 2008, the property was opened to the public under the name "Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve/Wildlife Management Area", managed by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. ^{[8] [14] [15]}

Historic preservation

Bleak Hall outbuildings

Three outbuildings from the Bleak Hall Plantation, thought to date from the 1840s, remain on the Botany Bay preserve. In 1973, the buildings were listed in the National Register of Historic Places, for their connection with John Townsend and as surviving examples of the Gothic Revival architecture used on the plantation. ^[6]

One of these buildings is a 1 1/2-story icehouse, built out of wood on a partial basement with tabby walls. The building has a high gable roof oriented north-south; on the east and west sides are high triangular dormers, each with two pointed windows and a small balcony. Three-level wooden spires, topped with pendants, rise from the peaks of the gables and the dormers. The roof is slightly flared at the eaves. Barge boards cut in circular designs decorate the gable eaves; boards decorated with dentils run below the eaves on the east and west sides of the building. The north and south ends both have two doors: one at ground level and one in the gable. Two paneless windows closed by narrow shutters flank each of the lower-level windows. On the east and west sides of the building are mock Gothic doors and windows. ^[6]

Botany Bay Plantation outbuilding

Near the icehouse is a small tabby building, thought to have been used as a gardener's shed and/or a smokehouse. The building has a single door and no windows. The roof is slightly bell-cast, clad with cypress shingles, and topped with a wood finial; a board decorated with large serrated dentils runs around the building below the eaves. ^{[6] [12]}

A short distance from these two buildings, near the site of the original Bleak Hall house, is another tabby building, thought to have been used as a barn during the Colonial period and subsequently used as an equipment shed. The building's high gable roof, oriented north-south, is clad in cypress shingles. A wooden spire topped with a pendant rises from each gable end. Barge boards decorated with dentils cover the gable eaves; boards decorated with serrations run below the east and west eaves. There are doors on the north and south sides. ^{[6] [12]}

Near the icehouse and the gardener's shed/smokehouse are the remnants of John Townsend's Japanese garden. When the Perry Expedition returned from the Orient in 1855, they were accompanied by one Oqui, variously described as a "Japanese botanist", ^[12] a "Japanese gardener", ^[6] and a Chinese florist and gardener. ^[16] Learning of this, Townsend travelled to Washington, D.C., and persuaded Oqui to return to South Carolina with him, there to lay out extensive Oriental formal gardens. Remains of the gardens, including some of the exotic plants, survive into the early 21st century. ^[8]

Other historic sites

Twenty-one registered historic sites lie on Botany Bay Heritage Preserve & WMA, including the remains of the Sea Cloud plantation house, the chimney of a slave house, and a beehive-shaped brick well originally built to provide water for the Sea Cloud slaves. ^{[10] [12]}

The Fig Island Shell Rings, with an age estimated at 3000–5000 years, are on the property; they are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. ^[17]

Wildlife and habitat

Botany Bay HP * WMA includes a variety of habitats: 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of marine and estuarine wetlands, including 2 miles (3 km) of beachfront used for nesting by endangered loggerhead sea turtles and least terns; 1,847 acres (747 ha) of upland, consisting chiefly of mixed pine-hardwood forest; and 283 acres (115 ha) of agricultural fields, managed for dove hunting and as food plots for wildlife. ^[17] A set of dikes creates freshwater and brackish ponds. ^[12]

References

1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
2. "Bleak Hall Plantation Outbuildings, Charleston County (off S.C. Hwy. 174, Edisto Island)". South Carolina Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
3. "Sea Cloud Plantation – Edisto Island – Charleston County". South Carolina Plantations. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
4. Sources differ on the ownership of the plantation before Daniel Townsend III. According to its entry at "South Carolina Plantations", James Bullock was the original owner; he sold the property to Richard and Ann Jenkins in 1754; Daniel Townsend II acquired it at an unspecified date; and Daniel Townsend III inherited it in 1798. According to its entry Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine at Mrs. Johnie Rivers's "Archives & Records of the Plantations of South Carolina", John Frampton received a land grant in about 1689; it was inherited by his son Jonathan Frampton and then by Jonathan's daughter Hephzibah; she married Daniel Jenkins, who inherited it upon her death in 1780; their daughter Hephzibah Jenkins married Daniel Townsend III in 1796, and the couple inherited the plantation. (Both websites visited 2013-12-29.)
5. "Hephzibah Jenkins Townsend's Tabby Oven Ruins" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places - Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
6. Caughman, Wright. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Bleak Hall Plantation Outbuildings". Retrieved 2013-12-29.
7. "Bleak Hall Plantation, Ice House, Ocella Creek, Edisto Island, Charleston County, SC". Library of Congress. Archived January 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2013-12-29.
8. Hutchisson, James. "Shifting Sands". Charleston Magazine. August 2008. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
9. John Townsend (October 29, 1860). "The Doom of Slavery In the Union: It's Safety Out of It".
10. Staples, Debra. "Edisto's Hidden Treasure". Archived 2013-12-30 at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Wildlife. September–October 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
11. Sources differ on the date of the original mansion's burning. A Library of Congress webpage associated with the Historic American Buildings Survey states that it "burned during the Civil War". A Botany Bay Plantation WMA driving tour Archived 2010-05-30 at the Wayback Machine published by the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine states that "The original Bleak Hall burned right after the Civil War..." (Both websites visited 2013-12-29.)
12. "Botany Bay Plantation WMA Driving Tour". Archived 2010-05-30 at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2013-12-29.
13. "Bleak Hall Plantation - Edisto Island - Charleston County". South Carolina Plantations. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
14. Holleman, Joey. "Edisto Island's Botany Bay is a treasure for the public -- finally -- to behold". Archived 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine The Island Packet. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
15. "Botany Bay Plantation Heritage Preserve/ Wildlife Management Area". Archived 2010-12-19 at the Wayback Machine South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
16. In "New Chinese and Japanese Plants", Pennsylvania Farm Journal, vol. 5, April 1855, pp. 114-15, Oqui is described as "a real live Chinese from Hong Kong", as a "florist and gardener", and as "born at Canton".
17. "SCDNR Gets Key ACE Property At Historic Botany Bay Plantation". Current Events: Newsletter of the Ashepoo, Combahee, Edisto Basin. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Spring 2008. Retrieved 2013-12-30.