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In Brussels, as in most European cities, [1] one needed the capacity of bourgeois (equivalent to German burgher or English burgess; in French bourgeois or citoyen [2] de Bruxelles; in Dutch poorter or borgervan Brussel; in Latin civis [3] or oppidanus [4] Bruxellensis) in order to not only exercise political rights, but also to practice a trade, which, in Brussels, meant to be a member of the Guilds or of the Seven Noble Houses. The charter of Brussels, as codified in 1570 in articles 206 and following, provided the conditions of admission to the bourgeoisie of the city. [5] The Bourgeois were the patrician class of the city. This social class was abolished by Napoleon during the French occupation.
The non-bourgeois inhabitants, called "inhabitants" in French and "ingesetene" in Dutch, have none of these political rights, but are not less protected by communal laws, and can appeal to urban justice, as well as buy property. The capacity of Bourgeois, which implied an oath, was seen as a pledge of loyalty to the city and the urban community.
In Brussels, the bourgeois were sometimes called "poorters" name often given to citizens of important cities called walled cities. This word derives from the Dutch word fallen into disuse poorte, [6] city or place closed by walls, like the imposing stone houses that the rich bourgeois of the Seven Noble Houses lived in during the early days of the city, and to which was also given the name of "poorte" or "porta" in Latin, and whose synonym was "herberg" or "hostel" and which are also called steen. Each of these "poorte" had a name, for example: "Poorte van den Galoyse", "Poorte van Coeckelberg", "Gouden Poorte", "Priemspooerte", the "Raempoorte" (in Overmolen), "porta t 'Serclaes' known as 'the Palace', 'Slozenpoorte' (on the Sablon), 'Poorte van de Tafelronde' or 'Poorte van Vianen'.
The European Medieval practice of naming houses was rich and varied in Brussels.
The capacity of bourgeois, that is to say of citizen of a city having political rights in opposition to the simple inhabitants, forms the base of the urban organisation of cities. This urban system in Europe dates back for many cities still existing today to Greco-Latin antiquity, others were founded around the year one thousand. [7] This system of urban civilization developed in parallel to the rural civilization rooted in the Neolithic era. [8]
Under Napoleon, the Law abolished for good, in the territories that were submitted to France, the differences of status between cities and countryside and abolished the quality of bourgeois or citizen of a city. In other parts of Europe, as it is now in Switzerland (Swiss bourgeoisie), this system has endured. In Germany it was slowly abolished, and only Hamburg and Bremen retain the Hanseatic designation freie Stadt from their days as free imperial cities.
The following is a chronological list of surviving Brussels bourgeois families [9] with the date of admission and of which of the Seven Noble Houses (Lignages in French) they currently descend from, if any. Namely, the houses of Sweerts, Sleeus, Steenweeghs, Roodenbeke, Serroelofs, Coudenbergh, and Serhuyghs.
Il n'y a pas si longtemps, tout compte fait, que notre Préhistoire est révolue. Dans l'angle nord-ouest de l'Europe, la vie, durant le haut Moyen Âge, a ressemblé de très près, matériellement et socialement, à ce qu'elle avait été à l'âge du Fer, soit que la tradition s'en fût purement et simplement maintenue, comme ce fut le cas hors des limites de l'Empire romain, soit qu'elle ait repris vigueur, ce qui advint en deçà de ces limites. Dans le domaine des techniques, l'archéologie ne cesse de multiplier les preuves de cette situation. (...) Forges, charronnages ou poteries rurales sont, au début du Moyen Âge, tout à fait dans la tradition de l'âge du Fer. Tandis que notre mode traditionnel d'agriculture, fondé à la fois sur l'élevage pour la viande et le lait et sur la culture du blé, remonte plus haut encore: à l'origine même du Néolithique européen continental (Danubien), c'est-à-dire au Ve millénaire au moins. Il n'en va pas autrement du plan dispersé de nos villages qui s'oppose à l'habitat fortement groupé que connaît l'Orient dès le Néolithique. Et la même origine vaut pour nos vieilles chaumières aux murs de colombage, hourdés de torchis et coiffés d'un toit à double pente. (...) Ajoutons que nos campagnes ont conservé parfois jusqu'à l'aube de la révolution industrielle de vieilles techniques protohistoriques. (...) Nous devons donc nous demander s'il n'existe pas quelques très vieilles continuités plongeant dans la Préhistoire qui peuvent conférer à la physionomie de la Wallonie actuelle certains traits particuliers.
Peter van Dievoet was a sculptor, statuary, wood carver, and designer of ornamental architectural features from Brussels. He achieved fame for his work on a number of the Baroque guild houses of the Grand-Place, which was rebuilt after the bombardment of 1695, as well as on the Statue of James II in Trafalgar Square, London. He was the brother of Philippe van Dievoet, goldsmith to King Louis XIV of France and the uncle of the Parisian printer Guillaume Vandive.
The Seven Noble Houses of Brussels were the seven families or clans whose descendants formed the patrician class and urban aristocracy of Brussels, Belgium.
The Old University of Leuven is the name historians give to the university, or studium generale, founded in Leuven, Brabant, in 1425. The university was closed in 1797, a week after the cession to the French Republic of the Austrian Netherlands and the principality of Liège by the Treaty of Campo Formio.
The Ommegang of Brussels is a traditional Ommegang, a type of medieval pageant, celebrated annually in Brussels, Belgium.
Augustus Van Dievoet was a Belgian legal historian and Supreme Court advocate. His son, Jules Van Dievoet, also a Supreme Court advocate, married Marguerite Anspach (1852-1934), the daughter of Jules Anspach, who served as burgomaster of Brussels in 1863–1879.
The Van Dievoetfamily is a Belgian family originating from the Duchy of Brabant. It descends from the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels and its members have been bourgeois (burgess) of that city since the 1600s. It formed, at the end of the 17th century, a now extinct noble Parisian branch which used the name Vandive.
The inhabitants of the seigneurie and the Republic of Geneva were divided into four orders of people: the Citoyens, the Bourgeois, the Habitants, and the Natifs. The Citoyens and the Bourgeois formed the bourgeoisie and, thus the patrician class of the Republic.
The House ofSweerts or Sweerts Lineage is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Sleeus, Serhuyghs, Steenweeghs, Coudenbergh, Serroelofs and Roodenbeke.
The Pipenpoy family (/pɪpɒ̃pwə/), was an old and influential patrician family of Brussels which exercised public functions in the capital of the Duchy of Brabant until the end of the Ancien Régime. It died in 1832 with Catherine de Pipenpoy, who was 100 years old. Several of its members were admitted to the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels.
Josse-Émile van Dievoet was a Flemish politician and lawyer. He served as Belgian Minister of Justice.
The House or Lineage ofCoudenbergh or Coudenberg is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Sleeus, Serhuyghs, Steenweeghs, Sweerts, Serroelofs, and Roodenbeke.
The House or Lineage ofSerroelofs or t’Serroelofs is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Sleeus, Serhuyghs, Steenweeghs, Sweerts, Coudenberg, and Roodenbeke.
The House ofRoodenbeke or Roodenbeke Lineage is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Sleeus, Serhuyghs, Steenweeghs, Sweerts, Serroelofs, and Coudenberg.
The House ofSleeus or Sleeus Lineage is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Roodenbeke, Serhuyghs, Steenweeghs, Sweerts, Serroelofs, and Coudenberg.
The House ofSerhuyghs or Serhuyghs Lineage is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels along with the Houses of: Sleeus, Roodenbeke, Sweerts, Serroelofs, Steenweeghs, and Coudenberg.
The House ofSteenweeghs or Steenweeghs Lineage is one of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels, along with Roodenbeke, Sleeus, Serhuyghs, Sweerts, Serroelofs and Coudenberg.
The de Muyser Lantwyck family is an old Belgian family dating back to the beginning of the 15th century, tracing its roots to Jean Moyser, alderman of Vaelbeek, who held lands in Héverlé in 1451, censier of the Groenendael Priory, lord holding the lands and manor of Cockelberg by lease dated 19 June 1438, husband of Aleyde Crabbé.
Guillaume Delcourt was a Belgian Royal Navy officer, navigator, naval engineer and maritime advisor to King Leopold II who was one of the major players of early Belgian expansion around the world.
The Association Royale des Descendants des Lignages de Bruxelles (French) is a hereditary organization of individuals who have documented their descent from at least one member of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels.
Georges Dansaert PB, was a Belgian lawyer, historian, poet, heraldist, genealogist, and writer from Brussels. In 1938, he received the Hercule-Catenacci prize from the Académie française along with Baudouin de Lannoy for their book Jean de Lannoy le Bâtisseur, 1410-1493. He descended from the Houses of Sleeus and Sweerts of the Seven Noble Houses of Brussels. The Dansaert family, now extinct, was an old and prominent ship-owning family from Brussels. He was a director of the Association Royale des Descendants des Lignages de Bruxelles. He was a donat of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.