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A dominant minority, also called elite dominance, is a minority group that has overwhelming political, economic, or cultural dominance in a country, despite representing a small fraction of the overall population (a demographic minority). The term is most commonly used to refer to an ethnic group that is defined along racial, national, religious, cultural or tribal lines and that holds a disproportionate amount of power and wealth compared to the rest of the population.
In contrast, minority rule, of less permanency and with no basis in race or ethnicity, is often seen when a political party holds a majority in political structures and decisions, but receiving less than the majority of votes in an election.
A notable example is that of South Africa during the apartheid regime, where white South Africans, more specifically Afrikaners, wielded predominant control of the country, despite never composing more than 22 percent of the population. [1] African-American-descended nationals in Liberia, white Zimbabweans in Rhodesia, Sunni Arabs in Ba'athist Iraq, the Alawite minority in Syria (since 1970 under the rule of the Alawite Assad family), [2] and the Tutsi in Rwanda since the 1990s also have been cited as current or recent examples. [3]
In Brazil, despite the plurality of its population being pardo (45.3%) [4] this demographic is more affected by poverty, has a higher illiteracy rate, is more likely to be murdered, [5] and is most likely to live in favelas (a Brazilian Portuguese slang for a slum). In contrast, the white population in the country (42.8%) has, on average, better access to education, job opportunities, and a higher wage, with the white workforce earning 80% more than black Brazilians. [6] [7] [8] Black and pardo Brazilians are underrepresented in Congress, with 71.9% of elected deputies being white, while 21.1% are pardos, and 5.3% being black. [9] [10]
Nos Estados Unidos, segundos dados do Economic Policy Institute, homens brancos ganham em média 36% a mais do que homens negros, enquanto no Reino Unido, esse diferencial é de cerca de 15% entre ambas populações (incluindo homens e mulheres). O Brasil, por sua vez, apresenta uma disparidade muito mais elevada: brancos entre 18 e 59 anos na força de trabalho ganham cerca de 82% a mais do que aqueles de cor/raça parda ou preta (doravante negros).[In the United States, according to data from the Economic Policy Institute, white men earn on average 36% more than black men, while in the United Kingdom, this gap is around 15% between both populations (including men and women). Brazil, on the other hand, has a much higher disparity: whites aged between 18 and 59 in the workforce earn around 82% more than those of pardo or black color/race (from now on blacks).]
Non-whites are major victims of human rights abuses, including widespread police violence. On average, brown Brazilians earn half of the income of the white population. Most notably, the middle class and the elite are almost entirely white, so Brazil's well-known melting pot only exists among the working class and the poor. Non-white Brazilians were rarely found in the country's top universities, until affirmative action began in 2001.
Neste ano, o cenário após a votação é de 135 negros vitoriosos nas urnas (108 pardos e 27 pretos), o equivalente a 26% das vagas. Os brancos são 369, e ocuparão 72% das cadeiras na Câmara.[This year, after the vote, 135 blacks were victorious at the polls (108 pardos and 27 blacks), equivalent to 26% of the seats. There are 369 whites, and they will occupy 72% of the seats in the National Congress]
Miscegenation is marriage or admixture between people who are members of different races. The word, now usually considered pejorative, is derived from a combination of the Latin terms miscere and genus. The word first appeared in Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro, an anti-abolitionist pamphlet David Goodman Croly and others published anonymously in advance of the 1864 presidential election in the United States. The term came to be associated with laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, which were known as anti-miscegenation laws. These laws were overruled federally in 1967, and by the year 2000, all states had removed them from their laws, with Alabama being the last to do so on November 7, 2000. In the 21st century, newer scientific data shows that human populations are actually genetically quite similar. Studies show that races are more of an arbitrary social construct, and do not actually have a major genetic delineation.
Roraima is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Located in the country's North Region, it is the northernmost and most geographically and logistically isolated state in Brazil. It is bordered by the state of Pará to the southeast, Amazonas to the south and west, Venezuela to the north and northwest, and Guyana to the east.
In Brazil, Pardo is an ethnic and skin color category used by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in the Brazilian censuses. The term "pardo" is a complex one, more commonly used to refer to Brazilians of mixed ethnic ancestries.
Afro-Brazilians are an ethno-racial group consisting of Brazilians with predominantly or total Sub-Saharan African ancestry, these stand out for having dark skin. Most multiracial Brazilians also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are more evident are generally seen by others as Blacks and may identify themselves as such, while the ones with less noticeable African features may not be seen as such. However, Brazilians rarely use the term "Afro-Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity and never in informal discourse.
Nilo Procópio Peçanha was a Brazilian politician who served as seventh president of Brazil. He was governor of Rio de Janeiro (1903–1906), then elected the fifth vice president of Brazil in 1906. He assumed the presidency in 1909 following the death of President Afonso Pena and served until 1910.
White Brazilians refers to Brazilian citizens who are considered or self-identify as "white", typically because of European or Levantine ancestry.
Itacoatiara is a municipality in the central eastern portion of state of Amazonas, inland northern Brazil.
Brazilians are the citizens of Brazil. A Brazilian can also be a person born abroad to a Brazilian parent or legal guardian as well as a person who acquired Brazilian citizenship. Brazil is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many ethnic origins, and there is no correlation between one's stock and their Brazilian identity.
Brazil ranks 49.3 in the Gini coefficient index, with the richest 10% of Brazilians earning 43% of the nation's income, the poorest 34% earn less than 1.2%.
Brazilian censuses do not use a "multiracial" category. Instead, the censuses use skin colour categories. Most Brazilians of visibly mixed racial origins self-identify as pardos.. According to the 2022 census, "pardos" make up 92.1 million people or 45.3% of Brazil's population.
Brazilian society is made up of a confluence of people of Indigenous, Portuguese, and African descent. Other major significant groups include Italians, Spaniards, Germans, Lebanese, and Japanese.
Brazil had an official resident population of 203 million in 2022, according to IBGE. Brazil is the seventh most populous country in the world and the second most populous in the Americas and Western Hemisphere.
Maytê Piragibe is a Brazilian actress and keyboardist.
Racism has been present in Brazil since its colonial period and is pointed as one of the major and most widespread types of discrimination, if not the most, in the country by several anthropologists, sociologists, jurists, historians and others. The myth of a racial democracy, a term originally coined by Brazilian sociologist Gilberto Freyre in his 1933 work Casa-Grande & Senzala, is used by many people in the country to deny or downplay the existence and the broad extension of racism in Brazil.
In the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas, pardos are triracial descendants of Europeans, Native Americans and Africans.
Lilia Katri Moritz Schwarcz is a Brazilian historian and anthropologist. She is a doctor in social anthropology at the University of São Paulo, full professor at the Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas in the same institution, and visiting professor at Princeton University.
Aparecida Sueli Carneiro Jacoel, best known as Sueli Carneiro is a Brazilian philosopher, writer and anti-racism activist. Carneiro is the founder and current director of Geledés — Instituto da Mulher Negra and a leading author on black feminism in Brazil.
Ham's Redemption, in Portuguese: A Redenção de Cam; is an oil painting made by painter Modesto Brocos in 1895. Brocos completed the work while teaching at the National School of Fine Arts of Rio de Janeiro.
Raimundo Nina Rodrigues was a Brazilian coroner, psychiatrist, professor, writer, anthropologist and ethnologist. A notable eugenicist, he was also a dietologist, tropicalist, sexologist, hygienist, biographer and epidemiologist.
Black press in Brazil is a journalistic movement aimed particularly, but not exclusively, at the documentation and public debate of issues involving Afro-Brazilians, such as racial discrimination, the recovery of dignity, identity, history, and culture of this population segment, as well as highlighting the protagonism of black personalities, proposing the deconstruction of the ideology of racial democracy and the formation of a new collective consciousness and a new social paradigm. The black press has been, since its origins, one of the most important and combative expressions of the Brazilian black movement.