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According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. [2] The major panethnic origin groups in Canada are: European (52.5%), North American (22.9%), Asian (19.3%), North American Indigenous (6.1%), African (3.8%), Latin, Central and South American (2.5%), Caribbean (2.1%), Oceanian (0.3%), and Other (6%). [2] [3] Statistics Canada reports that 35.5% of the population reported multiple ethnic origins, thus the overall total is greater than 100%. [2] [lower-alpha 1]
The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian [lower-alpha 2] (accounting for 15.6 percent of the population), followed by English (14.7 percent), Irish (12.1 percent), Scottish (12.1 percent), French (11.0 percent), German (8.1 percent), Chinese (4.7 percent), Italian (4.3 percent), Indian (3.7 percent), and Ukrainian (3.5 percent). [7] [3]
Of the 36.3 million people enumerated in 2021 approximately 25.4 million reported being white, representing 69.8 percent of the population. [2] [8] The indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021. [9] One out of every four Canadians or 26.5 percent of the population belonged to a non-White and non-Indigenous visible minority, [8] [lower-alpha 3] the largest of which in 2021 were South Asian (2.6 million people; 7.1 percent), Chinese (1.7 million; 4.7 percent) and Black (1.5 million; 4.3 percent). [2]
Between 2011 and 2016, the visible minority population rose by 18.4 percent. [11] In 1961, less than two percent of Canada's population (about 300,000 people) were members of visible minority groups. [12] The 2021 census indicated that 8.3 million people, or almost one-quarter (23.0 percent) of the population reported themselves as being or having been a landed immigrant or permanent resident in Canada—above the 1921 census previous record of 22.3 percent. [13] In 2021, India, China, and the Philippines were the top three countries of origin for immigrants moving to Canada. [14]
The 2020 General Social Survey revealed that 92% of adult Canadians said that "[ethnic] diversity is a Canadian value". [15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized"; [2] By 2021, 23% of the Canadian population were immigrants—the "largest proportion since Confederation", according to Statistics Canada. [15] [16] Prior to the early 1970s, most new Canadians came from Europe. Since then, more immigrants have come from Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. [15] In 2021, most immigrants came from Asia, which includes the Middle East. [15] About 25% of Canadians were "racialized"; [2] By 2021, almost 5% of Canadians self-identify as Muslim. [2] [16] Almost a million Canadians self-identified as Indigenous. [16]
Listed below are the ethnic groups of Canadian residents (citizens, landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents) as self-identified in the 2016 census in which approximately 35,151,000 census forms were completed). The relevant census question asked for "the ethnic or cultural origins" of the respondent's ancestors and not the respondents themselves. As data were collected by self-declaration, ethnic groups may not necessarily correspond to the true ancestry of respondents. [17] Many respondents acknowledged multiple ancestries. These people were added to the "multiple origin" total for each origin listed. These include responses as varied as a respondent who listed eight different origins and a respondent who answered "French Canadian" (leading to them being counted once for "French" and once for "Canadian"). As with all self-reported data, understanding of the question may have varied from respondent to respondent.
Canadian/Canadien English Irish Scottish French German Chinese Indian Ukrainian | Métis Acadian Mennonite Inuit Cree Ojibway Dene Heiltsuk |
Ethnicity [19] | Combined responses [19] | As single response [19] | One of multiple responses [19] |
---|---|---|---|
Canadian [lower-alpha 2] | 11,135,965 | 6,436,940 | 4,699,030 |
English | 6,320,085 | 1,098,930 | 5,221,150 |
Scottish | 4,799,010 | 475,575 | 4,323,430 |
French | 4,670,595 | 1,006,180 | 3,664,415 |
Irish | 4,627,000 | 457,905 | 4,169,095 |
German | 3,322,405 | 569,650 | 2,752,750 |
Chinese | 1,769,195 | 1,439,980 | 329,215 |
Italian | 1,587,970 | 695,420 | 892,550 |
First Nations [lower-alpha 4] | 1,525,565 | 526,570 | 999,000 |
Indian | 1,374,710 | 1,096,845 | 277,865 |
Ukrainian | 1,359,655 | 273,810 | 1,085,845 |
Dutch | 1,111,655 | 289,675 | 821,980 |
Polish | 1,106,585 | 264,415 | 842,170 |
Filipino | 837,130 | 651,390 | 185,740 |
British Isles, not included elsewhere | 644,695 | 132,830 | 511,865 |
Russian | 622,445 | 120,165 | 502,280 |
Métis | 600,000 | 91,255 | 508,740 |
Portuguese | 482,610 | 264,815 | 217,790 |
Welsh | 474,805 | 25,190 | 449,615 |
Norwegian | 463,275 | 35,905 | 427,370 |
Spanish | 396,460 | 70,330 | 326,130 |
American | 377,410 | 29,590 | 347,810 |
Swedish | 349,640 | 21,775 | 327,870 |
Hungarian (Magyar) | 348,085 | 83,400 | 264,685 |
Jamaican | 309,485 | 161,495 | 147,995 |
Greek | 271,405 | 141,580 | 129,830 |
Vietnamese | 240,615 | 165,385 | 75,225 |
Romanian | 238,050 | 96,910 | 141,145 |
Lebanese | 219,555 | 130,590 | 88,965 |
Pakistani | 215,555 | 156,300 | 59,255 |
African, not included elsewhere | 212,005 | 76,790 | 135,210 |
Iranian | 210,405 | 170,755 | 39,650 |
Danish | 207,470 | 26,985 | 180,485 |
Austrian | 207,050 | 20,225 | 186,820 |
Ethnicity [19] | Combined responses [19] | As single response [19] | One of multiple responses per respondent [19] |
---|---|---|---|
Korean | 198,210 | 177,920 | 20,285 |
Québécois | 194,555 | 119,985 | 74,575 |
Belgian | 186,665 | 31,765 | 154,895 |
Haitian | 165,100 | 125,780 | 39,320 |
Swiss | 155,120 | 25,235 | 129,885 |
Sri Lankan | 152,590 | 114,120 | 38,475 |
Jewish | 143,660 | 39,710 | 103,950 |
Finnish | 143,645 | 25,875 | 117,765 |
Croatian | 133,965 | 55,595 | 78,370 |
Mexican | 128,480 | 54,300 | 74,180 |
Japanese | 121,485 | 56,725 | 64,760 |
Acadian | 119,670 | 22,980 | 96,690 |
Punjabi, not included elsewhere | 118,400 | 71,535 | 46,860 |
Arab, not included elsewhere | 111,405 | 73,330 | 38,070 |
Czech | 104,585 | 23,250 | 81,330 |
Moroccan | 103,945 | 72,625 | 31,320 |
Icelandic | 101,795 | 8,630 | 93,165 |
Egyptian | 99,140 | 62,910 | 36,230 |
Serbian | 96,535 | 52,730 | 43,800 |
Colombian | 96,325 | 69,040 | 27,285 |
Guyanese | 84,275 | 30,825 | 53,445 |
Afghan | 83,995 | 70,240 | 13,755 |
Inuit | 79,130 | 44,760 | 34,37 |
Trinidadian/Tobagonian | 78,965 | 23,900 | 55,065 |
Syrian | 77,050 | 43,685 | 33,36 |
South Asian, not included elsewhere | 76,400 | 55,445 | 20,955 |
Slovak | 72,290 | 20,475 | 51,815 |
Iraqi | 70,925 | 54,555 | 16,365 |
West Indian | 70,275 | 30,260 | 40,010 |
European, not included elsewhere | 67,895 | 33,360 | 34,53 |
Algerian | 67,330 | 49,520 | 17,810 |
Salvadorean | 66,215 | 40,510 | 25,705 |
Turk | 63,955 | 29,885 | 34,070 |
Armenian | 63,810 | 34,560 | 29,250 |
Somali | 62,550 | 54,750 | 7,790 |
Lithuanian | 59,285 | 11,185 | 48,095 |
Scandinavian, not included elsewhere | 52,785 | 5,085 | 47,695 |
Nigerian | 51,835 | 38,165 | 13,670 |
Tamil not included elsewhere | 48,670 | 22,145 | 26,525 |
Bangladeshi | 58,735 | 45,945 | 39,255 |
Chilean | 45,190 | 18,685 | 26,510 |
Palestinian | 44,820 | 25,195 | 19,630 |
Ethiopian | 44,060 | 34,260 | 9,805 |
Macedonian | 43,110 | 18,405 | 24,705 |
Australian | 42,315 | 4,520 | 37,800 |
Peruvian | 42,145 | 20,645 | 21,500 |
Maltese | 41,915 | 12,820 | 29,100 |
South African | 41,380 | 8,005 | 33,37 |
Czechoslovakian, not otherwise specified | 40,715 | 5,075 | 35,640 |
Slovenian | 40,470 | 13,690 | 26,78 |
Cambodian | 38,490 | 21,445 | 17,045 |
Yugoslav not included elsewhere | 38,480 | 8,570 | 29,91 |
Congolese | 38,370 | 29,675 | 8,685 |
Barbadian | 37,775 | 11,605 | 26,170 |
Berber | 37,060 | 22,965 | 14,100 |
Brazilian | 36,830 | 11,035 | 25,795 |
Taiwanese | 36,515 | 23,260 | 13,250 |
Albanian | 36,185 | 28,425 | 7,760 |
Ghanaian | 35,495 | 26,535 | 8,960 |
Bulgarian | 34,560 | 19,965 | 14,595 |
Latvian | 30,725 | 7,040 | 23,685 |
Black | 30,385 | 5,535 | 24,855 |
Cuban | 29,065 | 10,040 | 19,030 |
Israeli | 28,740 | 6,450 | 22,280 |
Latin, Central or South American, not included elsewhere | 28,455 | 14,295 | 14,155 |
Caribbean, not included elsewhere | 26,830 | 8,930 | 17,900 |
Bosnian | 26,740 | 15,610 | 11,125 |
Venezuelan | 26,345 | 10,305 | 16,040 |
Guatemalan | 26,270 | 13,905 | 12,370 |
Tunisian | 25,650 | 17,620 | 8,030 |
Ecuadorian | 25,410 | 13,925 | 11,485 |
West Asian, not included elsewhere | 25,285 | 13,430 | 11,855 |
Eritrean | 25,255 | 20,625 | 4,630 |
Cameroonian | 24,615 | 20,605 | 4,010 |
Laotian | 24,580 | 13,375 | 11,205 |
Estonian | 24,530 | 6,155 | 18,375 |
Dominican | 23,130 | 9,930 | 13,200 |
Bengali | 22,905 | 18,435 | 4,470 |
Asian, not otherwise specified | 22,740 | 15,760 | 6,980 |
Aboriginal from Central/South America | 22,720 | 2,080 | 20,645 |
Newfoundlander | 22,215 | 4,895 | 17,325 |
Indonesian | 21,395 | 4,775 | 16,615 |
Belarusian | 20,710 | 5,125 | 15,585 |
Argentinian | 20,680 | 4,165 | 16,510 |
Eastern European, not included elsewhere | 20,420 | 5,875 | 14,545 |
Sudanese | 19,960 | 15,250 | 4,710 |
Fijian | 19,370 | 8,270 | 11,105 |
Thai | 19,005 | 7,740 | 11,265 |
Grenadian | 17,915 | 7,515 | 10,400 |
Vincentian/Grenadinian | 17,425 | 7,245 | 10,180 |
East African | 17,305 | 7,220 | 10,085 |
Nepali | 17,135 | 13,695 | 3,440 |
Malaysian | 16,920 | 2,555 | 14,365 |
Kurdish | 16,320 | 10,470 | 5,845 |
New Zealander | 15,395 | 1,300 | 14,095 |
Central and West African origins, not included elsewhere | 15,380 | 7,800 | 7,585 |
Moldovan | 14,915 | 7,415 | 7,505 |
Jordanian | 14,250 | 7,955 | 6,295 |
Assyrian | 13,830 | 8,870 | 4,960 |
Nicaraguan | 13,705 | 6,360 | 7,350 |
Breton | 11,845 | 3,230 | 8,615 |
Flemish | 11,685 | 1,485 | 10,200 |
Hispanic | 11,050 | 5,660 | 5,395 |
Burundian | 10,990 | 8,965 | 2,025 |
Ivoirean | 10,935 | 7,795 | 3,140 |
Kenyan | 10,915 | 5,445 | 5,465 |
Rwandan | 10,775 | 8,080 | 2,690 |
Honduran | 10,650 | 5,325 | 5,325 |
Senegalese | 10,175 | 6,490 | 3,685 |
Yoruba | 9,585 | 6,870 | 2,715 |
Burmese | 9,335 | 4,660 | 4,675 |
Mauritanian | 9,325 | 3,520 | 5,805 |
St. Lucian | 8,985 | 4,040 | 4,945 |
Gujarati | 8,350 | 5,290 | 3,060 |
Zimbabwean | 8,090 | 4,945 | 3,140 |
Tibetan | 8,040 | 7,015 | 1,030 |
Libyan | 7,745 | 5,755 | 1,985 |
Mongolian | 7,480 | 2,555 | 4,925 |
Sinhalese | 7,285 | 4,355 | 2,930 |
Guinean | 7,240 | 4,705 | 2,540 |
Basque | 6,970 | 715 | 6,250 |
Sicilian | 6,940 | 1,345 | 5,600 |
Saudi Arabian | 6,810 | 4,200 | 2,615 |
Uruguayan | 6,795 | 1,810 | 4,985 |
Yemeni | 6,640 | 2,940 | 3,700 |
East or Southeast Asian, not included elsewhere | 6,505 | 4,235 | 2,270 |
Azerbaijani | 6,425 | 2,280 | 4,145 |
Maya | 6,290 | 1,180 | 5,105 |
Manx | 6,125 | 285 | 5,845 |
North African, not included elsewhere | 6,115 | 2,905 | 3,210 |
Goan | 6,070 | 2,040 | 4,030 |
Ugandan | 5,705 | 3,245 | 2,460 |
Cypriot | 5,650 | 1,265 | 4,385 |
Costa Rican | 5,535 | 2,140 | 3,395 |
Igbo | 5,320 | 3,475 | 1,845 |
Togolese | 5,300 | 3,095 | 2,205 |
Bolivian | 5,055 | 1,890 | 3,160 |
Beninese | 4,990 | 2,650 | 2,340 |
Slavic, not otherwise specified | 4,870 | 1,470 | 3,400 |
Tatar | 4,825 | 880 | 3,940 |
Pashtun | 4,810 | 2,245 | 2,565 |
Georgian | 4,775 | 1,900 | 2,875 |
Yakut | 4,761 | 1,886 | 2,875 |
Tanzanian | 4,710 | 1,835 | 2,875 |
Panamanian | 4,700 | 1,090 | 3,610 |
Roma (Gypsy) | 4,630 | 745 | 3,895 |
Frisian | 4,590 | 795 | 3,790 |
Karen | 4,515 | 3,835 | 680 |
Antiguan | 4,505 | 1,275 | 3,225 |
Malagasy | 4,500 | 2,155 | 2,345 |
Malian | 4,485 | 2,310 | 2,180 |
Paraguayan | 4,325 | 670 | 3,660 |
Montenegrin | 4,165 | 915 | 3,245 |
Bantu, not otherwise specified | 3,965 | 2,315 | 1,645 |
Uzbek | 3,920 | 1,730 | 2,190 |
Luxembourger | 3,915 | 440 | 3,475 |
Bahamian | 3,670 | 810 | 2,860 |
Bhutanese | 3,600 | 2,440 | 1,160 |
Channel Islander | 3,590 | 435 | 3,155 |
Coptic | 3,535 | 1,490 | 2,040 |
Puerto Rican | 3,410 | 445 | 2,960 |
Western European origins, not included elsewhere | 3,370 | 840 | 2,530 |
Oromo | 3,355 | 2,410 | 945 |
Kazakh | 3,325 | 1,465 | 1,860 |
Hawaiian | 3,295 | 120 | 3,175 |
Burkinabe | 3,155 | 1,980 | 1,165 |
Kashmiri | 3,115 | 1,095 | 2,020 |
Bermudan | 3,075 | 310 | 2,765 |
Carib | 3,035 | 130 | 2,905 |
Angolan | 2,955 | 1,140 | 1,820 |
Kittitian/Nevisian | 2,920 | 750 | 2,165 |
Tajik | 2,910 | 1,240 | 1,665 |
Kosovar | 2,870 | 1,710 | 1,160 |
Singaporean | 2,850 | 495 | 2,355 |
Alsatian | 2,800 | 375 | 2,425 |
Sierra Leonean | 2,620 | 1,580 | 1,040 |
Maori | 2,500 | 155 | 2,345 |
Liberian | 2,485 | 1,520 | 965 |
Peulh | 2,440 | 1,425 | 1,015 |
Pacific Islands origins, not included elsewhere | 2,335 | 470 | 1,865 |
Kuwaiti | 2,235 | 1,080 | 1,155 |
Southern European origins, not included elsewhere | 2,165 | 440 | 1,730 |
Tigrian | 2,155 | 1,340 | 810 |
Martinican | 2,005 | 370 | 1,635 |
Cornish | 1,970 | 120 | 1,855 |
Akan | 1,955 | 1,235 | 720 |
Edo | 1,945 | 1,180 | 765 |
Other North American origins, not included elsewhere | 1,895 | 655 | 1,240 |
Afrikaner | 1,870 | 280 | 1,595 |
Zambian | 1,865 | 1,055 | 805 |
Chadian | 1,845 | 1,185 | 655 |
Belizean | 1,755 | 250 | 1,505 |
Corsican | 1,750 | 165 | 1,590 |
Djiboutian | 1,710 | 980 | 730 |
Ashanti | 1,585 | 765 | 825 |
Uighur | 1,555 | 1,010 | 540 |
Amhara | 1,530 | 710 | 820 |
Samoan | 1,530 | 150 | 1,375 |
Hazara | 1,515 | 585 | 930 |
Arawak | 1,440 | 55 | 1,385 |
Gabonese | 1,405 | 595 | 820 |
Seychellois | 1,285 | 575 | 710 |
Catalan | 1,275 | 200 | 1,075 |
Maure | 1,190 | 400 | 790 |
Guadeloupean | 1,130 | 245 | 885 |
Malinké | 1,120 | 675 | 455 |
Polynesian, not otherwise specified | 1,105 | 90 | 1,015 |
Kyrgyz | 1,060 | 580 | 475 |
Turkmen | 1,040 | 390 | 655 |
Gambian | 975 | 580 | 395 |
Zulu | 945 | 285 | 660 |
Bavarian | 940 | 50 | 890 |
Montserratian | 935 | 190 | 745 |
Dinka | 900 | 585 | 320 |
Ewe | 845 | 320 | 525 |
Wolof | 835 | 465 | 375 |
Hmong | 810 | 585 | 220 |
Harari | 660 | 395 | 265 |
Chechen | 100 | 100 | 100 |
During the fifty-year period beginning from the first census of independent Canada in 1871 until the census of 1921, the national ethnic composition was multicultural, however in the early period was dominated by four origin groups from western and northern Europe: French, English, Irish, and Scottish. [20] : 512 Following the French and British Isles origin groups, Continental European communities were the largest in Canada, and grew fairly rapidly between the 1901 census and the 1921 census. [20] : 512 Nominally small East Asian, South Asian, West Asian, and West African descended communities also existed during this time period. [20] : 512
The ethnic French population, comprising a plurality of the total population from confederation until just prior to the 1921 census, overwhelmingly relied on natural increase for growth, with progeny stemming from early settlers who arrived throughout the 17th and 18th centuries; migration from France had been severely curtailed by the British Empire and early governments of independent Canada. Population growth amongst the French population occurred at relatively high pace, increasing from 1,082,940 persons in 1871 to 2,452,743 persons in 1921. [20] : 512 Despite an increase of nearly 1.5 million persons during this fifty-year period, the French proportion of the total Canadian population dropped slightly, from 31.1 percent, to 27.1 percent. [20] : 512
By contrast, large population increases amongst the three main ethnic groups from the British Isles (English, Irish, and Scottish) occurred through natural increase but relied heavily on high immigration rates that began in the early-mid 19th century dubbed the Great Migration of Canada − this continued through the early 20th century, spurred by record immigration rates during the 1900s and 1910s, when English immigrants formed a majority or plurality of all immigrants to Canada on an annual and decadal basis.
The English population, in particular, grew at a rapid pace, increasing from 705,369 persons in 1871 to 2,545,358 persons in 1921, representing an increase of nearly 2 million persons during the fifty-year period. [20] : 512 During the same time period, the English proportion of the total Canadian population rose from 20.3 percent to 29.0 percent. [20] : 512 The English community experienced massive growth principally during the first two decades of the 20th century as a result of record immigration at the time; during the era, persons of English descent also became the single largest ethnic group in Canada, comprising a plurality of the Canadian population by the 1921 census. [20] : 512
The Irish population, meanwhile, witnessed steady, slowing population growth during the late 19th and early 20th century, with the proportion of the total Canadian population dropping from 24.3 percent in 1871 to 12.6 percent in 1921 and falling from the second-largest ethnic group in Canada from to fourth − principally due to massive immigration flows from England to Canada at the time − despite the population increasing from 846,414 persons to 1,107,803 persons in the fifty-year timeframe. [20] : 512 The largest Irish population increases occurred prior to confederation, spurred by mass immigration during the mid-19th century at the height of the Great Migration of Canada, and was primarily due to The Great Famine and related poor economic conditions in Ireland at the time.
At the turn of the 20th century, overall immigrant proportions from the British Isles to Canada gradually dropped from a majority to a plurality. At the time, the federal government began supplementing increased mass immigration from the British Isles (mainly England) by also permitting large migration flows from continental Europe, especially Germany, Scandinavia, and the Soviet Union. This was primarily as a result of federal policy aimed at settling the Prairies through ethnic block settlements and ultimately led to the highest annual immigration rates in Canadian history since confederation in 1867 that remain unsurpassed in the contemporary era, including 1913 (new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population), 1912 (5.1 percent), 1911 (4.6 percent), 1907 (4.3 percent) and 1910 (4.1 percent). [21] [22]
Largely due to increased immigration levels outside of the British Isles, the continental European population grew rapidly during the first two decades of the 20th century − comprising 1,246,151 persons or 14.2 percent as proportion of the total Canadian population by the 1921 census, representing a numerical increase of over 1 million persons from fifty years earlier in 1871, when the continental European population stood at approximately 236,043 persons or 6.8 percent of the total Canadian population. [20] : 512
Broadening the multicultural makeup of Canada, the diversity across the Prairie provinces during the early 20th century was soon dubbed a cultural mosaic by journalist Victoria Hayward in the early 1920s:
"New Canadians, representing many places and widely separated sections of Old Europe, have contributed to the Prairie Provinces a variety in the way of Church Architecture. Cupolas and domes distinctly Eastern, almost Turkish, startle one above the tops of Manitoba maples or the bush of the river banks. These architectural figures of the landscape, apart altogether of their religious significance, are centers where, crossing the threshold on Sundays, one has the opportunity of hearing Swedish music, or the rich, deep chanting of the Russian responses; and of viewing at close hand the artistry that goes to make up the interior appointments of these churches transplanted from the East to the West… It is indeed a mosaic of vast dimensions and great breadth, essayed of the Prairie." [23]
Ethnic Origin | 1871 [20] : 512 | 1881 [20] : 512 | 1901 [20] : 512 [24] : 370 [25] : 354 | 1911 [20] : 512 [24] : 370 [25] : 354 | 1921 [20] : 512 [25] : 356 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
French | 1,082,940 | 31.09% | 1,298,929 | 30.03% | 1,649,371 | 30.71% | 2,061,719 | 28.61% | 2,452,743 | 27.91% |
Irish | 846,414 | 24.3% | 957,403 | 22.14% | 988,721 | 18.41% | 1,074,738 | 14.91% | 1,107,803 | 12.61% |
English | 705,369 | 20.25% | 881,301 | 20.38% | 1,260,899 | 23.47% | 1,871,268 | 25.97% | 2,545,358 | 28.96% |
Scottish | 549,946 | 15.79% | 699,863 | 16.18% | 800,154 | 14.9% | 1,027,015 | 14.25% | 1,173,625 | 13.35% |
German | 202,991 | 5.83% | 254,319 | 5.88% | 310,601 | 5.78% | 403,417 | 5.6% | 294,635 | 3.35% |
Indigenous | 102,358 | 2.94% | 108,547 | 2.51% | 127,941 | 2.38% | 105,611 | 1.47% | 114,083 | 1.3% |
Dutch | 29,662 | 0.85% | 30,412 | 0.7% | 33,845 | 0.63% | 55,961 | 0.78% | 117,505 | 1.34% |
African | 21,496 | 0.62% | 21,394 | 0.49% | 17,437 | 0.32% | 16,994 | 0.24% | 18,291 | 0.21% |
Other British | 7,773 | 0.22% | 9,947 | 0.23% | 13,421 | 0.25% | 26,060 | 0.36% | 41,932 | 0.48% |
Scandinavian | 1,623 | 0.05% | 5,223 | 0.12% | 31,042 | 0.58% | 112,682 | 1.56% | 167,369 | 1.9% |
Italian | 1,035 | 0.03% | 1,849 | 0.04% | 10,834 | 0.2% | 45,963 | 0.64% | 66,769 | 0.76% |
Russian | 607 | 0.02% | 1,227 | 0.03% | 19,825 | 0.37% | 44,376 | 0.62% | 100,064 | 1.14% |
Jewish | 125 | 0.004% | 667 | 0.02% | 16,131 | 0.3% | 76,199 | 1.06% | 126,196 | 1.44% |
Chinese | — | — | 4,383 | 0.1% | 17,312 | 0.32% | 27,831 | 0.39% | 39,587 | 0.45% |
Austrian | — | — | — | — | 10,947 | 0.2% | 44,036 | 0.61% | 107,671 | 1.23% |
Polish | — | — | — | — | 6,285 | 0.12% | 33,652 | 0.47% | 53,403 | 0.61% |
Ukrainian | — | — | — | — | 5,682 | 0.11% | 75,432 | 1.05% | 108,721 | 1.24% |
Japanese | — | — | — | — | 4,738 | 0.09% | 9,067 | 0.13% | 15,868 | 0.18% |
Swiss | — | — | — | — | 3,866 | 0.07% | 6,626 | 0.09% | 12,837 | 0.15% |
Belgian | — | — | — | — | 2,994 | 0.06% | 9,664 | 0.13% | 20,234 | 0.23% |
Finnish | — | — | — | — | 2,502 | 0.05% | 15,500 | 0.22% | 21,494 | 0.24% |
Syrian− Lebanese− Turkish− Armenian | — | — | — | — | 1,681 | 0.03% | 3,880 | 0.05% | 9,260 | 0.11% |
Hungarian | — | — | — | — | 1,549 | 0.03% | 11,648 | 0.16% | 13,181 | 0.15% |
Bulgarian− Romanian | — | — | — | — | 334 | 0.01% | 5,883 | 0.08% | 15,235 | 0.17% |
Greek | — | — | — | — | 291 | 0.01% | 3,614 | 0.05% | 5,740 | 0.07% |
Indian | — | — | — | — | 100 | 0.002% | 2,342 | 0.03% | 1,018 | 0.01% |
Czech− Slovak | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8,840 | 0.1% |
Yugoslav | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,906 | 0.04% |
Spanish | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2,208 | 0.03% |
Lithuanian | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1,970 | 0.02% |
Portuguese | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 487 | 0.01% |
Canada | 3,483,761 | 100% | 4,324,810 | 100% | 5,371,315 | 100% | 7,206,643 | 100% | 8,787,949 | 100% |
As regards combined responses, Canadian is the most common ethnic origin (11,113,965) in the 2016 Census (see above). This was also the case in the 2011 NHS (10,563,805), [26] 2006 Census (10,066,290), [27] 2001 Census (11,682,680), [28] and the 1996 Census (8,806,975). [29] Canadian was also the most common single ethnic origin in the 1996 (5,326,995), 2001 (6,748,135), 2006 (5,748,725), 2011 (5,834,535), and 2016 (6,436,940).
1996 [29] | 2001 [28] | 2006 [27] | 2011 [26] | 2016 [30] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. |
1 | Canadian | 5,326,995 | 1 | Canadian | 6,748,135 | 1 | Canadian | 5,748,725 | 1 | Canadian | 5,834,535 | 1 | Canadian | 6,436,940 |
2 | French | 2,665,250 | 2 | English | 1,479,525 | 2 | English | 1,367,125 | 2 | English | 1,312,570 | 2 | Chinese | 1,439,980 |
3 | English | 2,048,275 | 3 | French | 1,060,760 | 3 | French | 1,230,535 | 3 | Chinese | 1,210,945 | 3 | English | 1,098,925 |
4 | Chinese | 800,470 | 4 | Chinese | 936,210 | 4 | Chinese | 1,135,365 | 4 | French | 1,165,465 | 4 | Indian | 1,096,850 |
5 | Italian | 729,455 | 5 | Italian | 726,275 | 5 | Indian | 780,175 | 5 | Indian | 919,155 | 5 | French | 1,006,180 |
6 | German | 726,145 | 6 | German | 705,600 | 6 | Italian | 741,045 | 6 | Italian | 700,845 | 6 | Italian | 695,415 |
7 | Scottish | 642,970 | 7 | Scottish | 607,235 | 7 | German | 670,640 | 7 | German | 608,520 | 7 | Filipino | 651,390 |
8 | Irish | 504,030 | 8 | Indian | 581,665 | 8 | Scottish | 568,515 | 8 | Scottish | 544,440 | 8 | German | 569,650 |
9 | Indian | 438,770 | 9 | Irish | 496,865 | 9 | First Nations | 512,150 | 9 | First Nations | 517,550 | 9 | First Nations | 526,570 |
10 | First Nations | 394,555 | 10 | First Nations | 455,805 | 10 | Irish | 491,030 | 10 | Filipino | 506,545 | 10 | Scottish | 475,575 |
11 | Ukrainian | 331,680 | 11 | Ukrainian | 326,195 | 11 | Filipino | 321,390 | 11 | Irish | 506,445 | 11 | Irish | 457,905 |
12 | Dutch | 313,880 | 12 | Dutch | 316,220 | 12 | Dutch | 303,400 | 12 | Dutch | 297,885 | 12 | Dutch | 289,675 |
13 | Polish | 265,930 | 13 | Filipino | 266,140 | 13 | Ukrainian | 300,590 | 13 | Ukrainian | 276,055 | 13 | Ukrainian | 273,810 |
14 | Portuguese | 252,640 | 14 | Polish | 260,415 | 14 | Polish | 269,375 | 14 | Polish | 255,135 | 14 | Portuguese | 264,815 |
15 | Filipino | 198,420 | 15 | Portuguese | 252,835 | 15 | Portuguese | 262,230 | 15 | Portuguese | 250,320 | 15 | Polish | 264,415 |
16 | Jewish | 195,810 | 16 | Jewish | 186,475 | 16 | Greek | 145,250 | 16 | Vietnamese | 157,450 | 16 | Korean | 177,925 |
17 | Greek | 144,940 | 17 | Greek | 143,785 | 17 | Korean | 137,790 | 17 | Korean | 154,355 | 17 | Iranian | 170,755 |
18 | Jamaican | 128,570 | 18 | Jamaican | 138,180 | 18 | Vietnamese | 136,445 | 18 | Jamaican | 142,870 | 18 | Vietnamese | 165,390 |
19 | Vietnamese | 110,390 | 19 | Vietnamese | 119,120 | 19 | Jamaican | 134,320 | 19 | Greek | 141,755 | 19 | Jamaican | 161,495 |
20 | Hungarian | 94,185 | 20 | Korean | 95,200 | 20 | Jewish | 134,045 | 20 | Iranian | 131,100 | 20 | Pakistani | 156,300 |
1996 [29] | 2001 [28] | 2006 [27] | 2011 [26] | 2016 [30] | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. | # | Ethnic Origin | Pop. |
1 | Canadian | 8,806,275 | 1 | Canadian | 11,682,680 | 1 | Canadian | 10,066,290 | 1 | Canadian | 10,563,805 | 1 | Canadian | 11,135,965 |
2 | English | 6,832,095 | 2 | English | 5,978,875 | 2 | English | 6,570,015 | 2 | English | 6,509,500 | 2 | English | 6,320,085 |
3 | French | 5,597,845 | 3 | French | 4,668,410 | 3 | French | 4,941,210 | 3 | French | 5,065,690 | 3 | Scottish | 4,799,005 |
4 | Scottish | 4,260,840 | 4 | Scottish | 4,157,210 | 4 | Scottish | 4,719,850 | 4 | Scottish | 4,714,970 | 4 | French | 4,670,595 |
5 | Irish | 3,767,610 | 5 | Irish | 3,822,660 | 5 | Irish | 4,354,155 | 5 | Irish | 4,544,870 | 5 | Irish | 4,627,000 |
6 | German | 2,757,140 | 6 | German | 2,742,765 | 6 | German | 3,179,425 | 6 | German | 3,203,330 | 6 | German | 3,322,405 |
7 | Italian | 1,207,475 | 7 | Italian | 1,270,370 | 7 | Italian | 1,445,335 | 7 | Italian | 1,488,425 | 7 | Chinese | 1,769,195 |
8 | Ukrainian | 1,026,475 | 8 | Chinese | 1,094,700 | 8 | Chinese | 1,346,510 | 8 | Chinese | 1,487,580 | 8 | Italian | 1,587,970 |
9 | Chinese | 921,585 | 9 | Ukrainian | 1,071,060 | 9 | North American Indian | 1,253,615 | 9 | First Nations | 1,369,115 | 9 | First Nations | 1,525,570 |
10 | Dutch | 916,215 | 10 | North American Indian | 1,000,890 | 10 | Ukrainian | 1,209,085 | 10 | Ukrainian | 1,251,170 | 10 | Indian | 1,374,715 |
11 | North American Indian | 867,225 | 11 | Dutch | 923,310 | 11 | Dutch | 1,035,965 | 11 | Indian | 1,165,145 | 11 | Ukrainian | 1,359,655 |
12 | Polish | 786,735 | 12 | Polish | 817,085 | 12 | Polish | 984,565 | 12 | Dutch | 1,067,245 | 12 | Dutch | 1,111,655 |
13 | Indian | 548,080 | 13 | Indian | 713,330 | 13 | Indian | 962,665 | 13 | Polish | 1,010,705 | 13 | Polish | 1,106,585 |
14 | Jewish | 351,705 | 14 | Norwegian | 363,760 | 14 | Russian | 500,600 | 14 | Filipino | 662,600 | 14 | Filipino | 837,135 |
15 | Norwegian | 346,310 | 15 | Portuguese | 357,690 | 15 | Welsh | 440,965 | 15 | British Isles, n.i.e. | 576,030 | 15 | British Isles, n.i.e. | 644,695 |
16 | Welsh | 338,905 | 16 | Welsh | 350,365 | 16 | Filipino | 436,190 | 16 | Russian | 550,520 | 16 | Russian | 622,445 |
17 | Portuguese | 335,110 | 17 | Jewish | 348,605 | 17 | Norwegian | 432,515 | 17 | Welsh | 458,705 | 17 | Métis | 599,995 |
18 | Swedish | 278,975 | 18 | Russian | 337,960 | 18 | Portuguese | 410,850 | 18 | Norwegian | 452,705 | 18 | Portuguese | 482,605 |
19 | Russian | 272,335 | 19 | Filipino | 327,550 | 19 | Métis | 409,065 | 19 | Métis | 447,655 | 19 | Welsh | 474,805 |
20 | Hungarian | 250,525 | 20 | Métis | 307,845 | 20 | British Isles, n.i.e. | 403,915 | 20 | Portuguese | 429,850 | 20 | Norwegian | 463,275 |
Province/territory | South Asian | Chinese | Black | Filipino | Latin American | Arab | Southeast Asian | West Asian | Korean | Japanese | Visible minority, n.i.e. | Multiple visible minorities | Total visible minority population | Total population | Percent visible minority |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alberta [32] | 230,930 | 158,200 | 129,390 | 166,195 | 55,090 | 56,700 | 43,985 | 20,980 | 21,275 | 12,165 | 9,900 | 28,360 | 933,165 | 3,978,145 | 23.46% |
British Columbia [33] | 365,705 | 508,480 | 43,500 | 145,025 | 44,115 | 19,840 | 54,920 | 48,695 | 60,495 | 41,230 | 8,760 | 40,465 | 1,381,235 | 4,560,240 | 30.29% |
Manitoba [34] | 42,060 | 22,540 | 30,335 | 79,815 | 9,895 | 5,030 | 8,565 | 2,695 | 4,375 | 1,850 | 3,195 | 6,485 | 216,850 | 1,240,700 | 17.48% |
New Brunswick [35] | 2,535 | 3,925 | 7,000 | 1,980 | 1,285 | 2,960 | 1,230 | 730 | 1,685 | 230 | 305 | 675 | 24,535 | 730,710 | 3.36% |
Newfoundland and Labrador [36] | 2,645 | 2,325 | 2,355 | 1,390 | 635 | 1,375 | 340 | 220 | 80 | 60 | 150 | 255 | 11,810 | 512,250 | 2.31% |
Northwest Territories [37] | 615 | 300 | 760 | 1,300 | 135 | 100 | 255 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 95 | 90 | 3,960 | 41,135 | 9.63% |
Nova Scotia [38] | 7,910 | 8,640 | 21,915 | 3,400 | 1,685 | 8,110 | 1,195 | 1,540 | 1,540 | 695 | 630 | 1,395 | 58,650 | 908,340 | 6.46% |
Nunavut [39] | 115 | 75 | 330 | 230 | 40 | 40 | 30 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 905 | 35,580 | 2.54% |
Ontario [40] | 1,150,415 | 754,550 | 527,715 | 311,675 | 195,950 | 210,435 | 133,855 | 154,670 | 88,935 | 30,830 | 97,970 | 128,585 | 3,885,585 | 13,242,160 | 29.34% |
Prince Edward Island [41] | 920 | 2,570 | 825 | 670 | 255 | 585 | 145 | 215 | 210 | 110 | 55 | 85 | 6,640 | 139,685 | 4.75% |
Quebec [42] | 90,335 | 99,505 | 319,230 | 34,910 | 133,920 | 213,740 | 62,820 | 32,405 | 8,055 | 4,570 | 9,840 | 23,045 | 1,032,365 | 7,965,450 | 12.96% |
Saskatchewan [43] | 19,960 | 15,545 | 14,925 | 32,340 | 4,195 | 4,300 | 5,745 | 2,065 | 1,875 | 955 | 1,150 | 2,820 | 115,875 | 1,070,560 | 10.82% |
Yukon [44] | 500 | 415 | 270 | 1,190 | 130 | 10 | 180 | 30 | 70 | 65 | 15 | 120 | 3,000 | 35,115 | 8.54% |
Canada [45] | 1,924,635 | 1,577,060 | 1,198,540 | 780,125 | 447,325 | 523,325 | 313,260 | 264,305 | 188,710 | 92,920 | 132,090 | 232,375 | 7,674,580 | 34,460,065 | 22.27% |
City | Population | Visible minority | Black | East Asian | Latin American | South Asian | Southeast Asian | West Asian | Arab | Multiracial | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto | 2,731,571 | 51.5% | 8.9% | 13.2% | 2.9% | 12.6% | 7.2% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 1.8% | 1.4% |
Montreal | 1,704,694 | 34.2% | 10.3% | 3.7% | 4.1% | 3.3% | 3.5% | 0.9% | 7.3% | 0.7% | 0.3% |
Calgary | 1,239,220 | 36.2% | 4.2% | 8.5% | 2.1% | 9.5% | 7.3% | 1.0% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.4% |
Ottawa | 934,243 | 26.3% | 6.6% | 5.1% | 1.2% | 4.2% | 2.7% | 1.0% | 4.5% | 0.9% | 0.3% |
Edmonton | 932,546 | 37.1% | 5.9% | 7.3% | 1.9% | 9.5% | 7.7% | 0.7% | 2.6% | 1.1% | 0.4% |
Mississauga | 721,599 | 57.2% | 6.6% | 8.7% | 2.3% | 23.2% | 7.2% | 1.1% | 5.1% | 1.9% | 1.3% |
Winnipeg | 705,224 | 28.0% | 3.9% | 3.6% | 1.0% | 5.4% | 11.8% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.9% | 0.4% |
Vancouver | 631,486 | 51.6% | 1.0% | 30.2% | 1.8% | 6.0% | 8.7% | 1.4% | 0.5% | 1.8% | 0.2% |
Brampton | 593,638 | 73.3% | 13.9% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 44.3% | 4.8% | 0.9% | 1.0% | 1.6% | 2.7% |
Hamilton | 536,917 | 19.0% | 3.8% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 0.9% | 2.0% | 0.7% | 0.5% |
Quebec City | 531,902 | 6.4% | 2.4% | 0.5% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 1.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Surrey | 517,887 | 58.5% | 1.8% | 7.8% | 1.4% | 32.8% | 8.8% | 0.7% | 1.1% | 1.2% | 0.4% |
Laval | 422,993 | 26.1% | 7.8% | 1.0% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 1.0% | 8.2% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Halifax | 403,131 | 11.4% | 3.8% | 2.2% | 0.3% | 1.6% | 0.9% | 0.3% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
London | 383,822 | 19.9% | 3.0% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 3.1% | 2.1% | 0.9% | 3.6% | 0.6% | 0.4% |
Markham | 328,966 | 77.9% | 2.9% | 46.8% | 0.5% | 17.8% | 3.8% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 2.1% | 0.9% |
Vaughan | 306,233 | 35.4% | 2.7% | 8.7% | 2.4% | 10.1% | 5.1% | 2.9% | 1.4% | 1.4% | 0.8% |
Gatineau | 276,245 | 13.5% | 6.1% | 1.0% | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 3.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Longueuil | 239,700 | 18.6% | 7.0% | 1.4% | 3.1% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 0.8% | 3.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Burnaby | 232,755 | 63.6% | 1.6% | 38.9% | 2.0% | 8.1% | 7.7% | 2.2% | 0.7% | 2.1% | 0.3% |
Saskatoon | 246,376 | 19.8% | 2.2% | 3.6% | 0.8% | 5.5% | 5.4% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.2% |
Kitchener | 233,222 | 21.8% | 4.1% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 5.0% | 2.9% | 1.2% | 1.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% |
Windsor | 217,188 | 26.9% | 5.0% | 3.6% | 1.2% | 4.5% | 3.0% | 0.6% | 7.5% | 0.9% | 0.6% |
Regina | 215,106 | 19.2% | 3.0% | 6.2% | 0.6% | 5.9% | 5.2% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Richmond | 198,309 | 76.3% | 0.6% | 55.6% | 0.8% | 7.3% | 7.9% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 2.4% | 0.2% |
Richmond Hill | 195,022 | 60.0% | 2.0% | 32.5% | 0.8% | 7.7% | 2.7% | 10.4% | 1.8% | 1.6% | 0.4% |
Oakville | 193,832 | 30.8% | 2.9% | 9.0% | 1.9% | 8.9% | 2.4% | 1.1% | 3.2% | 1.0% | 0.4% |
Burlington | 183,314 | 16.0% | 2.1% | 2.9% | 1.3% | 4.8% | 2.0% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% |
Greater Sudbury | 161,531 | 3.8% | 0.9% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Sherbrooke | 161,323 | 7.3% | 2.2% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 1.2% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Oshawa | 159,458 | 16.0% | 5.5% | 2.0% | 0.8% | 3.8% | 1.6% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.8% | 0.8% |
Saguenay | 145,949 | 1.4% | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Lévis | 143,414 | 2.2% | 0.7% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Barrie | 141,434 | 10.3% | 2.7% | 1.8% | 1.1% | 2.2% | 1.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Abbotsford | 141,397 | 33.7% | 1.0% | 3.0% | 0.8% | 25.5% | 2.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.2% |
St. Catharines | 133,113 | 12.7% | 2.9% | 2.7% | 1.7% | 1.4% | 1.8% | 0.3% | 1.1% | 0.7% | 0.2% |
Trois-Rivières | 134,413 | 3.5% | 1.4% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Cambridge | 129,920 | 15.6% | 2.5% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 6.2% | 2.1% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.6% |
Coquitlam | 139,284 | 50.2% | 1.1% | 29.3% | 1.6% | 4.5% | 5.2% | 5.6% | 1.0% | 1.7% | 0.2% |
Kingston | 123,798 | 9.7% | 1.5% | 2.7% | 0.7% | 2.0% | 1.1% | 0.4% | 0.8% | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Whitby | 128,377 | 25.3% | 8.0% | 3.1% | 1.1% | 6.6% | 2.4% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 1.5% | 0.9% |
Guelph | 131,794 | 18.8% | 2.2% | 3.6% | 1.0% | 5.0% | 4.1% | 1.2% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.2% |
Kelowna | 127,380 | 9.5% | 0.8% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 2.6% | 1.6% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Saanich | 114,148 | 22.1% | 1.0% | 10.5% | 0.7% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.2% |
Ajax | 119,677 | 56.7% | 16.7% | 3.2% | 1.4% | 20.9% | 5.3% | 2.4% | 1.7% | 2.4% | 2.7% |
Thunder Bay | 107,909 | 4.5% | 0.6% | 1.1% | 0.3% | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.0% |
Terrebonne | 111,575 | 11.8% | 4.5% | 0.4% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 0.6% | 0.1% | 1.7% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
St. John's | 108,860 | 7.0% | 1.4% | 1.6% | 0.5% | 1.5% | 0.7% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Langley | 117,285 | 18.7% | 1.0% | 8.0% | 0.9% | 4.4% | 3.0% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.1% |
Chatham-Kent | 101,647 | 4.6% | 2.1% | 0.6% | 0.2% | 0.6% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.1% |
Milton | 110,128 | 42.8% | 4.8% | 3.1% | 2.4% | 21.0% | 4.7% | 0.9% | 3.5% | 1.4% | 0.9% |
Waterloo | 104,986 | 26.4% | 1.9% | 10.6% | 1.4% | 6.4% | 1.7% | 1.1% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 0.6% |
Delta | 102,238 | 36.0% | 0.8% | 9.2% | 0.8% | 20.3% | 3.2% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.8% | 0.3% |
Red Deer | 100,418 | 15.5% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.8% | 1.7% | 7.0% | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.4% | 0.1% |
Group | 1996 [47] | 2001 [48] | 2006 [49] | 2011 [50] | 2016 [51] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | % | Total | |
Total Aboriginal | 2.8% | 799,005 | 3.3% | 976,305 | 3.8% | 1,172,785 | 4.3% | 1,400,685 | 4.9% | 1,673,780 |
First Nations | 1.8% | 529,040 | 2.1% | 608,850 | 2.2% | 698,025 | 2.6% | 851,560 | 2.8% | 977,230 |
Métis | 0.7% | 204,115 | 1.0% | 292,305 | 1.2% | 389,780 | 1.4% | 451,795 | 1.7% | 587,545 |
Inuit | 0.14% | 40,220 | 0.16% | 50,485 | 0.2% | 59,445 | 0.2% | 65,025 |
Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal
Province/territory | Not Aboriginal | First Nations | Métis | Inuit | Aboriginal, n.i.e. | Multiple Aboriginal identities | Total Aboriginal population | Total population |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alberta [32] | 2,690,960 | 116,670 | 96,870 | 1,985 | 3,300 | 1,870 | 220,695 | 3,567,980 |
British Columbia [33] | 2,911,295 | 155,020 | 69,475 | 1,570 | 3,745 | 2,480 | 232,290 | 4,324,455 |
Manitoba [34] | 824,830 | 114,225 | 78,830 | 580 | 1,055 | 1,200 | 195,895 | 1,174,350 |
New Brunswick [35] | 696,080 | 16,120 | 4,850 | 485 | 1,020 | 150 | 22,620 | 735,835 |
Newfoundland and Labrador [36] | 464,540 | 19,315 | 7,660 | 6,265 | 2,300 | 260 | 35,800 | 507,270 |
Northwest Territories [37] | 16,920 | 13,350 | 3,250 | 4,335 | 185 | 45 | 21,160 | 40,800 |
Nova Scotia [38] | 825,055 | 21,895 | 10,050 | 695 | 980 | 225 | 33,850 | 906,175 |
Nunavut [39] | 3,825 | 125 | 130 | 27,070 | 15 | 20 | 27,365 | 31,700 |
Ontario [40] | 9,070,800 | 201,100 | 86,020 | 3,355 | 8,040 | 2,910 | 301,430 | 12,651,795 |
Prince Edward Island [41] | 130,890 | 1,520 | 410 | 55 | 235 | 0 | 2,230 | 137,380 |
Quebec [42] | 6,740,375 | 82,425 | 40,960 | 12,570 | 4,415 | 1,545 | 141,915 | 7,732,525 |
Saskatchewan [43] | 787,745 | 103,205 | 52,450 | 290 | 1,120 | 675 | 157,740 | 1,008,760 |
Yukon [44] | 23,590 | 6,585 | 845 | 175 | 70 | 25 | 7,705 | 33,320 |
Canada [45] | 25,186,890 | 851,560 | 451,795 | 59,440 | 26,475 | 11,415 | 1,400,685 | 32,852,325 |
City | Population | Total Aboriginal | First Nations | Métis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Toronto | 2,576,025 | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.2% |
Montreal | 1,612,640 | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Calgary | 1,082,235 | 2.7% | 1.2% | 1.4% |
Ottawa | 867,090 | 2.1% | 1.2% | 0.7% |
Edmonton | 795,675 | 5.3% | 2.4% | 2.7% |
Mississauga | 708,725 | 0.5% | 0.3% | 0.1% |
Winnipeg | 649,995 | 11.7% | 5.9% | 6.3% |
Vancouver | 590,210 | 2.0% | 1.3% | 0.6% |
Brampton | 521,315 | 0.7% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Hamilton | 509,640 | 2.0% | 1.6% | 0.3% |
Quebec City | 502,595 | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.4% |
Surrey | 463,340 | 2.9% | 1.9% | 1.0% |
Laval | 392,725 | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Halifax | 384,330 | 2.5% | 1.5% | 0.8% |
London | 360,715 | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.4% |
Markham | 300,135 | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Vaughan | 286,305 | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Gatineau | 261,665 | 3.5% | 1.8% | 1.5% |
Longueuil | 227,970 | 1.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% |
Burnaby | 220,255 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.5% |
Saskatoon | 218,315 | 10.2% | 4.9% | 4.6% |
Kitchener | 215,950 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.5% |
Windsor | 208,015 | 2.3% | 1.3% | 0.9% |
Regina | 189,740 | 9.9% | 5.8% | 3.9% |
Richmond | 189,305 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.3% |
Richmond Hill | 184,370 | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
Oakville | 180,430 | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.2% |
Burlington | 173,495 | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.3% |
Greater Sudbury | 157,765 | 8.2% | 3.8% | 4.1% |
Sherbrooke | 150,255 | 0.9% | 0.5% | 0.3% |
Oshawa | 147,680 | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.8% |
Saguenay | 141,335 | 2.5% | 0.8% | 1.6% |
Lévis | 135,835 | 0.5% | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Barrie | 133,240 | 2.6% | 1.4% | 1.2% |
Abbotsford | 130,950 | 4.0% | 2.5% | 1.6% |
St. Catharines | 128,770 | 1.9% | 1.2% | 0.6% |
Trois-Rivières | 126,980 | 1.1% | 0.6% | 0.4% |
Cambridge | 125,060 | 2.0% | 1.2% | 0.6% |
Coquitlam | 125,015 | 2.1% | 1.1% | 0.9% |
Kingston | 118,930 | 2.9% | 2.0% | 0.8% |
Whitby | 120,285 | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.4% |
Guelph | 120,550 | 1.6% | 1.0% | 0.6% |
Kelowna | 114,570 | 4.5% | 2.1% | 2.3% |
Saanich | 107,855 | 2.7% | 1.5% | 1.1% |
Ajax | 109,220 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.3% |
Thunder Bay | 105,950 | 9.5% | 7.3% | 2.0% |
Terrebonne | 105,610 | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.1% |
St. John's | 103,905 | 2.6% | 1.2% | 0.8% |
Langley | 103,145 | 3.4% | 1.6% | 1.7% |
Chatham-Kent | 101,680 | 2.9% | 1.7% | 0.9% |
Statistics Canada conducts a country-wide census that collects demographic data every five years on the first and sixth year of each decade. The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. It is estimated that Canada's population surpassed 40 million in 2023 and 41 million in 2024. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 percent overall growth. The main driver of population growth is immigration, with 6.2% of the country's population being made up of temporary residents as of 2023, or about 2.5 million people. Between 2011 and May 2016, Canada's population grew by 1.7 million people, with immigrants accounting for two-thirds of the increase.
The demographics of Toronto, Ontario, Canada make Toronto one of the most multicultural and multiracial cities in the world. In 2021, 57.0 percent of the residents of the metropolitan area belonged to a visible minority group, compared with 51.4 percent in 2016, and 13.6 percent in 1981. Toronto also has established ethnic neighbourhoods such as the multiple Chinatowns, Corso Italia, Little Italy, Little India, Greektown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Little Jamaica, Little Portugal, Little Malta, Roncesvalles (Polish), and Bloor West Village (Ukrainian), all of which celebrate the city's multiculturalism. Data from the suburban municipalities are also included for some metrics as most of these municipalities are part of the Toronto CMA.
Danish Canadians are Canadian citizens of Danish ancestry. According to the 2006 Census, there were 200,035 Canadians with Danish background, 17,650 of whom were born in Denmark.
The demographics of Metro Vancouver indicate a multicultural and multiracial region. Metro Vancouver is a metropolitan area, with its major urban centre being Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Vancouver census metropolitan area, as defined by Statistics Canada, encompasses roughly the same territory as the Metro Vancouver Regional District, a regional district in British Columbia. The regional district includes 23 local authorities. Figures provided here are for the Vancouver census metropolitan area and not for the City of Vancouver.
British Columbia is a Canadian province with a population of about 5.6 million people. The province represents about 13.2% of the population of the Canadian population. Most of the population is between the ages of 15 and 49. About 60 percent of British Columbians have European descent with significant Asian and Aboriginal minorities. Just under 30% of British Columbians are immigrants. Over half of the population is irreligious, with Christianity and Sikhism being the most followed religions.
Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.
Alberta has experienced a relatively high rate of growth in recent years, due in large part to its economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province saw high birthrates, relatively high immigration, and a high rate of interprovincial migration when compared to other provinces. Approximately 81% of the population live in urban areas and only about 19% live in rural areas. The Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized area in Alberta and is one of Canada's four most urban regions. Many of Alberta's cities and towns have also experienced high rates of growth in recent history. From a population of 73,022 in 1901, Alberta has grown to 4,262,635 in 2021 and in the process has gone from less than 1.5% of Canada's population to 11.5%. It is the fourth most populated province in Canada. Between the 2016 and 2021 censuses, the Alberta population grew by 4.8%.
Prince Edward Island is a Canadian province. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish descent (39.2%), followed by English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%), German (5.2%), and Dutch (3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island is mostly a white community and there are few visible minorities. Chinese people are the largest visible minority group of Prince Edward Island, comprising 1.3% of the province's population. Almost half of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian." Prince Edward Island is by a strong margin the most Celtic and specifically the most Scottish province in Canada and perhaps the most Scottish place (ethnically) in the world, outside Scotland. 38% of islanders claim Scottish ancestry, but this is an underestimate and it is thought that almost 50% of islanders have Scottish roots. When combined with Irish and Welsh, almost 80% of islanders are of some Celtic stock, albeit most families have resided in PEI for at least two centuries. Few places outside Europe can claim such a homogeneous Celtic ethnic background. The only other jurisdiction in North America with such a high percentage of British Isles heritage is Newfoundland.
Saskatchewan is the middle province of Canada's three Prairie provinces. It has an area of 651,900 km2 (251,700 mi2) and a population of 1,132,505 (Saskatchewanians) as of 2021. Saskatchewan's population is made of 50.3% women and 49.7% men. Most of its population lives in the Southern half of the province.
Manitoba is one of Canada's 10 provinces. It is the easternmost of the three Prairie provinces.
Newfoundland and Labrador is a province of Canada on the country's Atlantic coast in northeastern North America. The province has an area of 405,212 square kilometres and a population in 2024 of 541,391, with approximately 95% of the provincial population residing on the Island of Newfoundland, with more than half of the population residing on the Avalon Peninsula. People from Newfoundland and Labrador are called "Newfoundlanders," "Labradorians", or "Newfoundlanders and Labradorians".
Nova Scotia is a Canadian province located on the country's southeastern coast. It is the most populous province in Atlantic Canada, and its capital, Halifax, is a major economic centre of the region. Geographically, Nova Scotia is the second smallest province in Canada, with an area of 52,824.71 km2 (20,395.73 sq mi). As of 2021, it has a population of 969,383 people.
New Brunswick is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and the only officially bilingual province in the country. The provincial Department of Finance estimates that the province's population in 2006 was 729,997 of which the majority is English-speaking but with a substantial French-speaking minority of mostly Acadian origin.
The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. It has an area of 1,171,918 square kilometres and a population of 41,786 as of the 2016 Canadian census.
Yukon is the westernmost of Canada's three northern territories. Its capital is Whitehorse. People from Yukon are known as Yukoners. Unlike in other Canadian provinces and territories, Statistics Canada uses the entire territory as a single at-large census division.
Nunavut is a territory of Canada. It has a land area of 1,877,787.62 km2 (725,017.85 sq mi). It has a population of 36,858 in the 2021 Census. In the 2016 census the population was 35,944, up 12.7% from the 2011 census figure of 31,906. In 2016, 30,135 people identified themselves as Inuit, 190 as North American Indian (0.5%), 165 Métis (0.5%) and 5,025 as non-aboriginal (14.0%).
According to the 2021 census, the City of Edmonton had a population of 1,010,899 residents, compared to 4,262,635 for all of Alberta, Canada. The total population of the Edmonton census metropolitan area (CMA) was 1,418,118, making it the sixth-largest CMA in Canada.
The demographics of Winnipeg reveal the city to be a typically Canadian one: multicultural and multilingual. Winnipeg is also prominent in the size and ratio of its First Nations population, which plays an important part in the city's makeup. About 12.4% of Winnipeggers are of Indigenous descent, which vastly exceeds the national average of 5.0%.
South African Canadians are Canadians of South African descent. Most South African Canadians are White South Africans, mostly of British and Afrikaner ancestry. According to the 2021 Canada census there were 51,590 South African-born immigrants in Canada. It includes those who hold or have ever held permanent resident status in Canada, including naturalized citizens. 12,270 people considered Afrikaans their mother tongue.
Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports in Canada have compiled detailed immigration statistics. During this period, the highest annual immigration rate in Canada occurred in 1913, when 400,900 new immigrants accounted for 5.3 percent of the total population, while the greatest number of immigrants admitted to Canada in single year occurred in 2023, with 471,550 persons accounting for 1.2 percent of the total population.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The people of Canada.