Former colonies and territories in Canada

Last updated

A number of states and polities formerly claimed colonies and territories in Canada prior to the evolution of the current provinces and territories under the federal system. [1] North America prior to colonization was occupied by a variety of indigenous groups consisting of band societies typical of the sparsely populated North, to loose confederacies made up of numerous hunting bands from a variety of ethnic groups (Plains region), to more structured confederacies of sedentary farming villages (Great Lakes region), to stratified hereditary structures centred on a fishing economy (Plateau and Pacific Coast regions). [2] The colonization of Canada by Europeans began in the 10th century, when Norsemen explored and, ultimately unsuccessfully, attempted to settle areas of the northeastern fringes of North America. [3] Early permanent European settlements in what is now Canada included the late 16th and 17th century French colonies of Acadia and Canada (New France), [4] the English colonies of Newfoundland (island) and Rupert's Land, [5] the Scottish colonies of Nova Scotia and Port Royal. [6]

Contents

France lost nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War to the British Empire. [7] Britain's imperial government over a century later then ceded the land to Canadian control in 1867 after confederation. [8] Since then, Canada's external borders have changed several times, and had grown from four initial provinces to ten provinces and three territories by 1999. [9]

Indigenous societies

Pre-Columbian distribution of North American language families Langs N.Amer.png
Pre-Columbian distribution of North American language families

Indigenous peoples in what is now Canada did not form state societies and, in the absence of state structures, academics usually classify indigenous people by their traditional "lifeway" (or primary economic activity) and ecological/climatic region into "culture areas", or by their language families. [10]

The Mi'kmaq in today's Maritimes were governed as seven separate "districts" with their own district chiefs and councils coordinated by the Grand Council meeting yearly on Cape Breton Island. Following their first conflict with the British invaders (King Philip's War) in 1677, the Mi'kmaq joined the wider Wabanaki Confederacy, an alliance with four other Algonquian-language nations: the Abenaki, Penobscot, Passamaquoddy, and Maliseet. [note 1] [11] To the west around the Great Lakes, the Council of Three Fires was formed in 796 AD between the Ojibwa, Odawa and the Potawatomi, according to oral history. [12] The five (later six) tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy were united in 1142 AD, according to their oral traditions. [13] [14] There were also the four or possibly five tribes of the Huron Confederacy, [15] both in the Great Lakes region.

The Blackfoot Confederacy in present-day Alberta and neighbouring Montana originally consisted of three dialect groups of the same language (Peigan, Kainai, and Siksika) [note 2] but they were later joined the completely unrelated Sarcee people. The Iron Confederacy of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan consisted of numerous bands of mixed Plains Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people.

The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast and peoples of the Northwest Plateau developed highly structured cultures from relatively dense populations. Some cultures in this region were very similar and share certain elements, such as the importance of fishing to their communities. [16]

European colonization

Former European colonies and territories in Canada range from areas that were once under French and British control to territories that were formally part of the British Empire. The French controlled New France, a region around the Great Lakes Waterway, Mississippi River System and parts of the Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, until the Treaty of Paris in 1763 when it was ceded to the British. Modern day Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta were part of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, which were controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company before becoming part of the Canadian Confederation in 1870. Newfoundland and Labrador was once a British colony before joining the Canadian Confederation in 1949. After the Oregon boundary dispute between the UK and US government was resolved in 1846, the colonies of Vancouver Island and colony of British Columbia were established; the former in 1849 and the latter in 1858. The two colonies were merged to form a single colony in 1866, which later joined the Canadian Confederation on 20 July 1871. [17]

Norse settlement

While the Norse colonies in Greenland lasted for almost 500 years, the continental North American settlements were small and did not develop into permanent colonies. [18] Vinland, Markland and Helluland are the names given to three lands, possibly in Canada, discovered by Norsemen as described in the Eiríks saga rauða [19] and Grœnlendinga saga . [20]

Portuguese claims

Based on the Treaty of Tordesillas the Portuguese Crown claimed it had territorial rights in the Atlantic waters visited by explorer John Cabot in 1497 and 1498. [22] In 1498 to 1500, the Portuguese mariner João Fernandes Lavrador visited the north Atlantic coast, accounting for the appearance of the name "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period. [23] In 1501 and 1502, Miguel and Gaspar Corte-Real explored present day Newfoundland, claiming the land in the name of Portuguese Empire. [24] The extent and nature of Portuguese activity on the Canadian mainland during the 16th century remains unclear and controversial, but it is generally accepted that explorer Joao Álvarez Fagundes attempted to establish a seasonal fishing colony. It is not known exactly where and for how long the fishing post existed, [24] [25] Nevertheless both the Portuguese and Spanish fishing industry in the area was destroyed in 1585 by an English expedition led by Bernard Drake, and never recovered. [26]

New France

Map of North America in 1750, before the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763), showing possessions of Britain (pink and purple), France (blue), and Spain (orange). Nouvelle-France map-en.svg
Map of North America in 1750, before the French and Indian War, the North American theatre of the worldwide conflict known as the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763), showing possessions of Britain (pink and purple), France (blue), and Spain (orange).

In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of Francis I of France. [27] In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac, but only five of the sixteen settlers survived the winter and returned home that summer. [27] In 1604, the first year-round permanent settlement was founded by Samuel de Champlain at Île-Saint-Croix on Baie Française (Bay of Fundy), which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. [28] In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Québec with 28 men of whom 20 died from lack of food and from scurvy the first winter. [28] [29]

British North America

British colonization of the Americas (including colonization sponsored by both the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland before the 1707 Acts of Union which created the Kingdom of Great Britain) began in the late 16th century and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada, New France. [32]

The United Kingdom also claimed the west coast of North America: indirectly via (from 1804) the North West Company and (after 1821) Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains, the Columbia and New Caledonia fur districts, most of which were jointly claimed by the United States, which called it the Oregon Country, from 1818 until the 49th parallel as the international boundary was extended west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. [32] The Colony of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849, and the Colony of British Columbia, founded in 1858, were combined in 1866 with the name Colony of British Columbia until joining Confederation in 1871. [32] British Columbia also was expanded with the addition what had been the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands and also most of the Stikine Territory in 1863 and, upon joining Confederation, with the addition of the Peace River Country, formerly part of the Northwest Territories. [32]

Animated map of North America's territorial evolution from 1750 to 2008 -- in the interactive SVG version on a compatible browser, hover over the timeline to step through time Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750-2008.gif
Animated map of North America's territorial evolution from 1750 to 2008 — in the interactive SVG version on a compatible browser, hover over the timeline to step through time

List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts

New Spain

Spanish colonizers had originally taken the lead in the Pacific Northwest coast, with the voyages of Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774 and 1775. [33] This was in response to intelligence that the Russians had begun to explore the Pacific Coast of North America, which the Spanish considered part of New Spain. [34]

Russian America

In 1799, Tsar Paul I proclaimed Russian title and established the Russian American Company's trade monopoly and rule in the North Pacific through the creation of Russian America. [36] The stated southward limit of Russian claims was 51 degrees north latitude, roughly that of Cape Scott at the northern tip of Vancouver Island. [37] Though no Russian settlements were established in what is now British Columbia, Russian trade and scientific expeditions frequented the North Coast. Intense tripartite negotiation led to treaties between Russia with the U.S. and Britain in 1824 and 1825, respectively, setting the new southward limit of Russian territories at 54 degrees, 40 minutes north latitude, corresponding with Cape Muzon at the southern tip of Dall Island, at the extreme southwest of what is today the Alaska Panhandle. [38] [39]

Dutch claims

Established in 1614 by the Dutch West India Company, the colony of New Netherland covered most of what is now New York State. It was created to give the Dutch access to the North American fur trade, and was governed from New Amsterdam (now New York City). The territory officially claimed by the Dutch extended as far north as the St. Lawrence River, placing much of their territory in modern-day Quebec. Despite the fact that no settlements were established in the area of Quebec, it was still officially part of New Netherland and thus a part of the Dutch Empire. In addition to that, during the Franco-Dutch wars of the 1670s, the Dutch captured several forts in Acadia, proclaiming the territory New Holland. There was no extensive settlement in the area, but the Dutch claims persisted for a few years at the least.

Canadian territorial evolution

Animation of the evolution of the borders and names of Canada's provinces and territories Canada provinces evolution 2.gif
Animation of the evolution of the borders and names of Canada's provinces and territories

Canada became a semi-independent federated grouping of provinces and a dominion after the Constitution Act of 1867 (formerly called the British North America Act, 1867). [9] Originally three provinces of British North America, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which would become Ontario and Quebec) united to form the new nation. [9] Full independence came with the Statute of Westminster in 1931 and the Canada Act in 1982. Since 1867, Canada's external borders have changed several times, and had grown from four initial provinces to ten provinces and three territories by 1999. [9] Territorial evolution included the use of Numbered Treaties.

Alaska boundary dispute

The Alaska boundary dispute, simmering since the Alaska purchase of 1867, became critical when gold was discovered in Yukon during the late 1890s and Canada wanted its own Pacific port connected to the gold fields. [40] Canada argued its historic boundary with Russian America included the Lynn Canal and the port of Skagway, both occupied by the U.S., [40] while the U.S. claimed the Atlin District and the lower Stikine and even Whitehorse. The dispute went to arbitration in 1903, with the American claims largely upheld as the British delegate sided with the Americans to preserve the British interest in a close relationship with the U.S. [41]

Norwegian claim

Otto Sverdrup, a Norwegian explorer, claimed the Sverdrup Islands for Norway in 1902 but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928. [42] On 11 November 1930 (Remembrance Day) after formal Canadian intervention, Norway recognized Canada's sovereignty over the islands. [43]

Danish claim

Map showing the 1973 agreed delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada as defined by the Canadian Hydrographic Service Nares strait border (Kennedy channel).png
Map showing the 1973 agreed delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada as defined by the Canadian Hydrographic Service

Hans Island is the smallest of three islands located in Kennedy Channel; the others are Franklin Island and Crozier Island. [44] The island is the traditional hunting grounds of the Inuit and is claimed by both Canada and Denmark. [44] In 2007, updates of satellite photos led Canada to recognize the international border as crossing through the middle of Hans Island, not to the east of the island as previously claimed. [45]

Northwest Passage

The Canadian government considers the Northwestern Passages part of Canadian Internal Waters, [46] but the United States and various European countries maintain they are an international strait or transit passage, allowing free and unencumbered passage. [47]

Areas disputed by the United States

Although Canada and the United States share the longest non-militarized border between two countries, there is a long history of disputes about the border's demarcation. [48]

Proposed provinces and territories

Since Confederation in 1867, there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories. The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province [49] but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament; [50] therefore, it is easier legislatively to create a territory than a province.

See also

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

  1. The allied tribes occupied the territory which the French named Acadia. The tribes ranged from present-day northern and eastern New England in the United States to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. At the time of contact with the French (late 16th century), they were expanding from their maritime base westward along the Gaspé Peninsula/St. Lawrence River at the expense of Iroquoian-speaking tribes. The Míkmaq name for this peninsula was Kespek (meaning "last-acquired").
  2. They can each be called "tribes" but the Blackfoot as a whole are also referred to as a "tribe" reflecting the inconsistent usage of that term.

Citations

  1. "Eras". Canada History. 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011.
  2. "First Nations in Canada". Aadnc-aandc.gc.ca.
  3. Reeves, Arthur Middleton (2009). The Norse Discovery of America. Bibliophileċċ. p. 191.
  4. "French Colonies". Ashley Araiza, Cevera Clark, & Donielle Wolfe. Harlingen School District. 2009. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  5. "List of Former British Dominions Colonies, Protectorates Protected and Associated States Mandated and Trust Territories". Flags of the World. 2009. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  6. "Scots". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 May 2004. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
  7. "The Seven Years' War in Canada". The Quebec History Encyclopedia (Marianopolis College). 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  8. "Canadian Confederation". Library and Archives Canada. 2005. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Territorial Evolution, 1867 to 1999". Natural Resources Canada. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  10. William C. Sturtevant (1978). Handbook of North American Indians . Government Printing Office. pp.  1–. GGKEY:0GTLW81WTLJ.
  11. "Wabanaki". Wabanaki. 2014. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  12. "Background 1: Ojibwa history". Department of Science and Technology Studies · The Center for Cultural Design. 2003. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  13. Johansen, Bruce (1995). "Dating the Iroquois Confederacy". Akwesasne Notes. New Series. 1 (3): 62–63. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  14. Bruce Elliott Johansen; Mann, Barbara A. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN   978-0-313-30880-2.
  15. Trigger, Bruce G (1987). The children of Aataentsic: a history of the Huron People to 1660. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 156. ISBN   0-7735-0626-8 . Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  16. Bobbie Kalman (2007). A Visual Dictionary of Native Communities. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 26. ISBN   978-0-7787-3505-2.
  17. "Colonialism in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. 6 June 1944. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  18. Magnus Magnusson; Hermann Palsson (1965). Graenlendinga saga. Penguin Books Limited. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-14-044154-3.
  19. J. Sephton, (English, translation) (1880). "The Saga of Erik the Red". Icelandic Saga Database. Retrieved 11 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. "Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga". National Museum of Natural History, Arctic Studies Center- (Smithsonian Institution). 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  21. Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner (2008). Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–. ISBN   978-0-313-02189-3.
  22. Prowse D. W. (Daniel Woodley) (2009). The Discovery of Newfoundland by John Cabot in 1497. BiblioLife. p. 3. ISBN   978-1-113-54841-2.
  23. Bailey Bailey Wallys Diffie (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415 - 1580. U of Minnesota Press. p. 464. ISBN   978-0-8166-0782-2.
  24. 1 2 "The Portuguese Explorers". Memorial University of Newfoundland. 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
  25. Bill Rompkey (2005). Story of Labrador. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-7735-7121-1.
  26. Pringler, Heather. "Cabot, cod and the colonists" (PDF). Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
  27. 1 2 Roger E. Riendeau (2007). A Brief History of Canada. Infobase Publishing. p. 36. ISBN   978-1-4381-0822-3.
  28. 1 2 James D. Kornwolf (2002). Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 14. ISBN   978-0-8018-5986-1.
  29. Ruben C. Bellan (2003). Canada's Cities: A History. Whitefield Press. p.  2. ISBN   978-0-9699686-1-0.
  30. André Magord (2009). The Quest for Autonomy in Acadia. Peter Lang. p. 31. ISBN   978-90-5201-476-0.
  31. Allan Greer (1997). The People of New France. University of Toronto Press. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-8020-7816-2.
  32. 1 2 3 4 "Territorial Evolution of Canada, 1667 to 1873". Natural Resources Canada. 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  33. Jean Barman (1996). The West beyond the West: a history of British Columbia. University of Toronto Press. pp. 20–26. ISBN   978-0-8020-7185-9.
  34. María Luisa Rodríguez-Sala (2006). De San Blas hasta la Alta California: los viajes y diarios de Juan Joseph Pérez Hernández. UNAM. p. 35. ISBN   978-970-32-3474-5.
  35. John Eric Vining (2010). The Trans-Appalachian Wars, 1790-1818: Pathways to America's First Empire. Trafford Publishing. p. 143. ISBN   978-1-4269-7964-4.
  36. A. Aleksei I. Miller; Alfred J. Reiber (2004). Imperial rule. Central European University Press. pp. 161–164. ISBN   978-963-9241-98-5.
  37. "British North America circa 1823". Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  38. Robert Greenhow; United States. Dept. of State; United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on the Oregon Territory (1840). Memoir, historical and political, on the northwest coast of North America, and the adjacent territories: illustrated by a map and a geographical view of those countries. Blair and Rives, printers. p. 189.
  39. "The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". The European Association for American Studies. 2010. p. s-20. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  40. 1 2 D.M.L. FARR (2009). "Alaska Boundary Dispute". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 3 May 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  41. Haglund, David G; Onea, Tudor (2008). "Victory without Triumph: Theodore Roosevelt, Honour, and the Alaska Panhandle Boundary Dispute". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 19 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1080/09592290801913692. S2CID   154102493.
  42. William J. Mills (2003). Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 129. ISBN   978-1-57607-422-0.
  43. Pierre Berton (2001). The Arctic Grail: The Quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole, 1818-1909. Doubleday Canada. p. 629. ISBN   978-0-385-65845-4.
  44. 1 2 Rongxing Guo (2006). Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook. Nova Publishers. p. 134. ISBN   978-1-60021-445-5.
  45. "Arctic Sovereignty Policy Review" (PDF). Carleton University School of Journalism & Communication. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  46. "Canadian Jurisdiction – Transport Publication TP14202E". Transport Canada. 2009.Sections 1–9
  47. Carnaghan, Matthew; Goody, Allison (2006). "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty". Library of Parliament (Political and Social Affairs Division). Archived from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  48. Donald Malcolm McRae; Gordon Ross Munro (1989). Canadian Oceans Policy : National Strategies and the New Law of the Sea. UBC Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-0-7748-0346-5.
  49. "Amendment by general procedure". Constitution Act, 1982. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2010. An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38(1)...notwithstanding any other law or practice, the establishment of new provinces.
  50. Norman L. Nicholson (1979). The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 174–175. ISBN   978-0-7705-1742-7.

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Canada</span>

The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada. It outlines Canada's system of government and the civil and human rights of those who are citizens of Canada and non-citizens in Canada. Its contents are an amalgamation of various codified acts, treaties between the Crown and Indigenous Peoples, uncodified traditions and conventions. Canada is one of the oldest constitutional monarchies in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">French and Indian War</span> North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years War

The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. The outnumbered French particularly depended on their native allies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Canada</span>

The history of Canada covers the period from the arrival of the Paleo-Indians to North America thousands of years ago to the present day. The lands encompassing present-day Canada have been inhabited for millennia by Indigenous peoples, with distinct trade networks, spiritual beliefs, and styles of social organization. Some of these older civilizations had long faded by the time of the first European arrivals and have been discovered through archeological investigations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British colonization of the Americas</span>

The British colonization of the Americas is the history of establishment of control, settlement, and colonization of the continents of the Americas by England, Scotland, and, after 1707, Great Britain. Colonization efforts began in the late 16th century with failed attempts by England to establish permanent colonies in the North. The first of the permanent English colonies in the Americas was established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Colonies were established in North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Though most British colonies in the Americas eventually gained independence, some colonies have remained under Britain's jurisdiction as British Overseas Territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provinces and territories of Canada</span> Top-level subdivisions of Canada

Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada —united to form a federation, becoming a fully independent country over the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times as it has added territories and provinces, making it the world's second-largest country by area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Confederation</span> 1867 unification of Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick

Canadian Confederation was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick—were united into one federation, called the Dominion of Canada, on July 1, 1867. This process occurred in accordance with the rising tide of Canadian nationalism that was then beginning to swell within these provinces and others. Upon Confederation, Canada consisted of four provinces: Ontario and Quebec, which had been split out from the Province of Canada, and the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The province of Prince Edward Island, which had hosted the first meeting to consider Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, did not join Confederation until 1873. Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current number of ten provinces and three territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New France</span> Area colonized by France in North America

New France was the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British North America</span> Former British imperial territories

British North America comprised the colonial territories of the British Empire in North America from 1783 onwards. English colonisation of North America began in the 16th century in Newfoundland, then further south at Roanoke and Jamestown, Virginia, and more substantially with the founding of the Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Population of Canada</span>

Canada ranks 36th by population among countries of the world, comprising about 0.5% of the world's total, with more than 40 million Canadians as of 2024. Despite being the second-largest country by total area, the vast majority of the country is sparsely inhabited, with most of its population south of the 55th parallel north. Just over 60 percent of Canadians live in just two provinces: Ontario and Quebec. Though Canada's overall population density is low, many regions in the south, such as the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, have population densities higher than several European countries. Canada has six population centres with more than one million people: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada (New France)</span> French colony in North America from 1535 to 1763

Canada was a French colony within the larger territory of New France. It was claimed by France in 1535 during the second voyage of Jacques Cartier, in the name of the French king, Francis I. The colony remained a French territory until 1763, when it became a British colony known as the Province of Quebec.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Name of Canada</span>

While a variety of theories have been postulated for the name of Canada, its origin is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning 'village' or 'settlement'. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona. Cartier later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona ; by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)</span> British possession in North America between 1866–1871

The Colony of British Columbia was a British Crown Colony that resulted from the 1866 merger of two British colonies, the Colony of Vancouver Island and the mainland Colony of British Columbia. The united colony existed until its incorporation into Canadian Confederation in 1871 as the Province of British Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British America</span> Former British territories in North America

British America, known as English America before 1707, comprised the colonial territories of the Kingdom of England (and Kingdom of Scotland) of the overseas English Empire, and the successor British Empire, in the Americas from the founding of Jamestown in the new Virginia colony in 1607 to 1783. These colonies were formally known as British America and the British West Indies immediately prior to thirteen of the colonies rebelling in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and forming the newly-independent United States of America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Canada (1763–1867)</span>

Starting with the 1763 Treaty of Paris, New France, of which the colony of Canada was a part, formally became a part of the British Empire. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 enlarged the colony of Canada under the name of the Province of Quebec, which with the Constitutional Act 1791 became known as the Canadas. With the Act of Union 1840, Upper and Lower Canada were joined to become the United Province of Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)</span>

Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914) is history of Canada from the formation of the Dominion to the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Canada had a population of 3.5 million, residing in the large expanse from Cape Breton to just beyond the Great Lakes, usually within a hundred miles or so of the Canada–United States border. One in three Canadians were French, and about 100,000 were aboriginal. It was a rural country composed of small farms. With a population of 115,000, Montreal was the largest city, followed by Toronto and Quebec at about 60,000. Pigs roamed the muddy streets of Ottawa, the small new national capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Territorial evolution of Canada</span>

The history of post-confederation Canada began on July 1, 1867, when the British North American colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united to form a single Dominion within the British Empire. Upon Confederation, the United Province of Canada was immediately split into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined shortly after, and Canada acquired the vast expanse of the continent controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company, which was eventually divided into new territories and provinces. Canada evolved into a fully sovereign state by 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of New Brunswick</span>

The history of New Brunswick covers the period from the arrival of the Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands encompassing present-day New Brunswick were inhabited for millennia by the several First Nations groups, most notably the Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, and the Passamaquoddy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Canada</span> Overview of and topical guide to Canada

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Canada:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Territorial evolution of North America since 1763</span>

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years' War / Guerre de Sept Ans, or by French-Canadians, La Guerre de la Conquête. It was signed by Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. Preferring to keep Guadeloupe, France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Section 146 of the Constitution Act, 1867</span> Provision of the Constitution of Canada

Section 146 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is a provision of the Constitution of Canada authorising the expansion of Canada by admitting British Columbia, Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Rupert's Land, and the North-Western Territory into Canada.