Terre-Neuve | |||||||||||
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1658–1713 [1] | |||||||||||
Flag | |||||||||||
Status | Colony of France within New France | ||||||||||
Capital | Placentia | ||||||||||
Common languages | French | ||||||||||
Religion | Catholic Church (state religion) | ||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||
King | |||||||||||
Governor | |||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• First Governor | 1658 | ||||||||||
• Founding of Placentia | 1662 [2] | ||||||||||
1713 [3] | |||||||||||
Currency | New France livre | ||||||||||
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Today part of | Canada, France |
Terre-Neuve ("Newfoundland") was a colony in New France that existed from 1655 to 1713, and which consisted of the southern portion of Newfoundland island (the northern portion being claimed by England). The most, and sometimes only, populated region was Placentia, called "Plaisance" in French. Because of Placentia's geographic position, its main economic activity was fishing, and the settlement could serve as a pit stop for ships traveling to and from France and other New France colonies like Canada or Acadia. Terre-Neuve ceased to exist in 1713, when France evacuated its settlers and transplanted them to Cape Breton. But, France regained the Saint Pierre and Miquelon islands of this colony in 1763, and still has possession over them today.
Starting from the 15th century, the Great Banks was fished in by Europeans of various nationalities, usually for Atlantic cod. [4] Therefore, the area was already well known to France in the 1600s.
As the French started to desire to compete more effectively with the English in Newfoundland, Placentia Bay was thought to be a good base. Unlike other areas in Newfoundland, the bay is free of ice by early spring, so fishing activity could start there earlier. It was also a convenient sheltering place for those going to or returning from Canada, Acadia, the English North American colonies or the West Indies. [5] So, in 1655, France formally formed Terre-Neuve, and in 1658, France named Nicolas Gargot as its first Governor. In 1662, France founded the Placentia settlement. [6]
The early period of 1662 to 1670 was a difficult beginning, but the colony grew from 1670 to 1702. This is because, from the start, costs of importing goods from France were high. Since importing from the New World was less expensive and more reliable, an illicit trade network came into existence by 1676, most likely preventing the colony's collapse during wartime. From about 1706 onward, Plaisance drew a large part of its annual supply from Quebec City and New England. [7]
Defending the colony against the English was paramount, so several forts were erected, including Fort Plaisance in 1662, Fort Royal in 1687, and Fort Saint-Louis in 1690.
Despite the small militias, the colony managed to hold its own against numerous English attacks during two major wars: the War of the League of Augsburg (1688–1697) and the War of Spanish Succession (1702–1712). During the War of the League of Augsburg, in 1690, Placentia was attacked by English filibusters. In 1691, the English attempted a new attack but failed as the counter-attack launched by the Governor, Francois de Brouillan, succeeded in ransacking St. John's. Following the signing of the Treaty of Ryswick, England would get dominion over most of Newfoundland, but France kept Placentia Bay. [8] [9]
After 1702, the colony found itself in a difficult period both economically and politically because of the War of Spanish Succession.
Following the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, at the end of the Spanish War of Succession, Terre-Neuve was established to be an English possession and France was contractually obligated to evacuate French settlers from the area. Buildings were abandoned and left to rot. French settlers from Terre-Neuve were transplanted to Cape Breton (called "Ile Royale" by the French) to found Louisbourg. [10] France kept the right to fish on the French Shore, however. [11] France would also regain the Saint Pierre and Miquelon islands in 1763, and has had dominion over them ever since. [12]
Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought in North America involving the colonial empires of Great Britain, France, and Spain; it took place during the reign of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. In the United States, it is regarded as a standalone conflict under this name. Elsewhere it is usually viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession. It is also known as the Third Indian War. In France it was known as the Second Intercolonial War.
Events from the 1630s in Canada.
Events from the year 1701 in Canada.
Events from the year 1702 in Canada.
Placentia is a town located in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It consists of the amalgamated communities of Placentia ("Townside"), Southeast Placentia, Freshwater, Dunville and Jerseyside and also includes the Argentia Industrial Park.
Île-Royale was a French colony in North America that existed from 1713 to 1763 as part of the wider colony of Acadia.
Philippe Pastour de Costebelle was a French naval officer and Governor of Newfoundland and then Louisbourg. He was born in Languedoc, France and died in Louisbourg, New France.
Bay d'Espoir is an arm of Hermitage Bay in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, located on the south coast of Newfoundland. Communities in Bay d'Espoir include: Milltown-Head of Bay d'Espoir, Morrisville, St. Alban's, St. Joseph's Cove, St. Veronica's and Miawpukek. The Miawpukek First Nation reserve of Samiajij Miawpukek is located in Bay d'Espoir.
Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan French military officer and Governor of Plaisance (Placentia), Newfoundland (1689-1701) and Acadia (1701-1705).
François-Gabriel d'Angeac, Knight of Saint-Louis, was an officer in the French colonial regular troops and the first French governor of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Castle Hill is an area containing the remains of both French and British fortifications, overlooking the town of Placentia in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The site was originally established in order to protect the French fishing interests in Terre-Neuve (Newfoundland) and the approaches to the French colony of Canada.
Franco-Newfoundlanders, also known as Franco-Terreneuvians in English or Franco-Terreneuviens in French, are francophone and/or French Canadian residents of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The name Franco-Terreneuvian derives from Terre-Neuve, the French name of Newfoundland.
The Battle of St. John's was the French capture of St. John's, the capital of the British colony of Newfoundland, on 1 January 1709 [O.S. 21 December 1708], during Queen Anne's War. A mixed and motley force of 164 men led by Joseph de Monbeton de Brouillan de Saint-Ovide, king's lieutenant to Philippe Pastour de Costebelle, the French governor of Plaisance, quickly overwhelmed the British garrison at St. John's, and took about 500 prisoners.
Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste was a French privateer famous for the success he had against New England merchant shipping and fishing interests during King William's War and Queen Anne's War. Baptiste's crew members were primarily Acadians.
The siege of St. John's was a failed attempt by French forces led by Daniel d'Auger de Subercase to take the fort at St. John's, Newfoundland during the winter months of 1705, in Queen Anne's War. Leading a mixed force of regulars, militia, and Indians, Subercase burned much of the town and laid an ineffectual siege against the fort for five weeks between late January and early March 1705. Subercase lifted the siege after running out of provisions and gunpowder.
Fort Royal is a French fort built in 1687 on the island of Newfoundland during the time of New France.
Newfoundland was an English and, later, British colony established in 1610 on the island of Newfoundland, now the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. That followed decades of sporadic English settlement on the island, which was at first seasonal, rather than permanent. It was made a Crown colony in 1824 and a Dominion in 1907. Its economy collapsed during the Great Depression and on 16 February 1934, the Newfoundland legislature agreed to the creation of a six-member Commission of Government to govern the country. In 1949, the country voted to join Canada as the province of Newfoundland.
Fort Saint Louis was a French fort built in the 17th century on Newfoundland at the time of the New France.
Fort Plaisance was a French fort built in the 17th century on the island of Newfoundland at the time of the New France.
The Battle of Placentia (1692) was fought between the English and the French at Fort St. Louis in Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador during King William's War. The battle lasted from 16 September until 21 September 1692.