Monarchy of Canada |
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Listed here are the monarchs who reigned over Canada, starting with the French colony of Canada, which subsequently became a British colony, followed by the British Dominion of Canada, and, finally, the present-day sovereign state of Canada. [11] The date of the first claim by a monarch over Canada varies, with most sources giving the year as 1497, when John Cabot made landfall somewhere on the North American coast (likely either modern-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia) and claimed the land for England on behalf of King Henry VII. [20] However, some sources, instead, put this date at 1535, when the word Canada was first used to refer to the French colony of Canada, [21] which was founded in the name of King Francis I. [22] [23] Monarchical governance subsequently evolved under a continuous succession of French, British, and eventually uniquely Canadian sovereigns. [28] Since the first claim by Henry VII, [29] there have been 33 sovereigns of Canada, including two sets of co-sovereigns. [37]
While Canada became a Dominion within the British Empire upon Confederation in 1867, [38] [39] [40] [41] the concept of a fully independent Canada sharing the person of the sovereign with the United Kingdom and other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, only emerged gradually over time through constitutional convention, [42] and was officially confirmed with the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. [43] Since then, [31] the Canadian Crown has been legally distinct from those of the other Commonwealth realms, with its own separate and distinct monarch. [N 1] Although the term king of Canada was used as early as the beginning of the reign of George VI, [45] it was not until 1953 that the monarch's title was made official, with Elizabeth II being the first monarch to be separately proclaimed as Queen of Canada, as per the Royal Style and Titles Act.
Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | Full name | Consort | |||
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House of Valois | |||||||
Francis I (1494–1547) | 24 July 1534 | 31 March 1547 | Francis | Eleanor of Austria | |||
Territorial claim:
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Henry II (1519–1559) | 31 March 1547 | 10 July 1559 | Henry | Catherine de' Medici | |||
Francis II (1544–1560) | 10 July 1559 | 5 December 1560 | Francis | Mary, Queen of Scots | |||
Charles IX (1550–1574) | 5 December 1560 | 30 May 1574 | Charles Maximilian | Elisabeth of Austria | |||
Henry III (1551–1589) | 30 May 1574 | 2 August 1589 | Alexandre Édouard | Louise of Lorraine | |||
House of Bourbon | |||||||
Henry IV (1553–1610) | 2 August 1589 | 14 May 1610 | Henri de Bourbon | Margaret of Valois, Marie de' Medici | |||
Louis XIII (1601–1643) | 14 May 1610 | 14 May 1643 | Louis | Anne of Austria | |||
Louis XIV (1638–1715) | 14 May 1643 | 1 September 1715 | Louis-Dieudonné | Maria Theresa of Spain, Françoise d'Aubigné | |||
Territorial changes:
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Louis XV (1710–1774) | 1 September 1715 | 10 February 1763 | Louis | Marie Leszczyńska | |||
Territorial changes:
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Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | Full name | Consort | |||
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House of Tudor | |||||||
Henry VII (1457–1509) | 24 June 1497 | 21 April 1509 | Henry | Elizabeth of York | |||
Territorial changes:
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Henry VIII (1491–1547) | 21 April 1509 | 28 January 1547 | Henry | Catherine of Aragon (1509), Anne Boleyn (1533), Jane Seymour (1536), Anne of Cleves (1540), Catherine Howard (1540), Catherine Parr (1543) | |||
Edward VI (1537–1553) | 28 January 1547 | 6 July 1553 | Edward | None | |||
| Mary I (1516–1558) & Philip II (1527–1598) as co-sovereigns | 19 July 1553 (Mary I) 25 July 1554 (Philip II) | 17 November 1558 | Mary Felipe | each other | ||
Elizabeth I (1533–1603) | 17 November 1558 | 24 March 1603 | Elizabeth | None | |||
Territorial changes:
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House of Stuart | |||||||
James I (1566–1625) | 24 March 1603 | 27 March 1625 | Charles James | Anne of Denmark | |||
Charles I (1600–1649) | 27 March 1625 | 30 January 1649 | Charles | Henrietta Maria of France | |||
Interregnum | 30 January 1649 | 29 May 1660 | |||||
Charles II (1630–1685) | 29 May 1660 | 6 February 1685 | Charles | Catherine of Braganza | |||
Territorial changes:
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James II (1633–1701) | 6 February 1685 | 1 December 1688 | James | Mary of Modena | |||
Vacant | 1 December 1688 | 13 February 1689 | |||||
| Mary II (1662–1694) & William III (1650–1702) as co-sovereigns | 13 February 1689 | 28 December 1694 8 March 1702 | Mary William | each other | ||
Anne (1665–1714) | 8 March 1702 | 1 August 1714 | Anne | Prince George of Denmark | |||
Territorial changes:
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House of Hanover | |||||||
George I (1660–1727) | 1 August 1714 | 11 June 1727 | George Louis | Sophia Dorothea of Celle | |||
George II (1683–1760) | 11 June 1727 old calendar | 25 October 1760 new calendar | George Augustus | Caroline of Ansbach | |||
George III (1738–1820) | 25 October 1760 | 29 January 1820 | George William Frederick | Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | |||
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Dorchester, Robert Prescott, Robert Milnes, Thomas Dunn, James Henry Craig, George Prevost, Gordon Drummond, John Coape Sherbrooke, The Duke of Richmond | |||||||
Territorial changes:
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George IV (1762–1830) | 29 January 1820 | 26 June 1830 | George Augustus Frederick | Caroline of Brunswick | |||
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Dalhousie, James Kempt | |||||||
William IV (1765–1837) | 26 June 1830 | 20 June 1837 | William Henry | Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen | |||
Governors General of British North America: The Lord Aylmer, The Earl of Gosford | |||||||
Victoria (1819–1901) | 20 June 1837 | 22 January 1901 | Alexandrina Victoria | Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |||
Governors General of British North America: The Earl of Gosford, John Colborne, The Earl of Durham, The Lord Sydenham, Charles Bagot, The Lord Metcalfe, The Earl Cathcart, The Earl of Elgin, Edmund Walker Head, The Viscount Monck; Governors General of Canada: The Viscount Monck, the Lord Lisgar, the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lorne, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Lord Stanley of Preston, the Earl of Aberdeen, the Earl of Minto | |||||||
Prime Ministers of Canada: John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, John Abbott, John Thompson, Mackenzie Bowell, Charles Tupper, Wilfrid Laurier | |||||||
Territorial changes:
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House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | |||||||
Edward VII (1841–1910) | 22 January 1901 | 6 May 1910 | Albert Edward | Alexandra of Denmark | |||
Governors General of Canada: The Earl of Minto, the Earl Grey | |||||||
Prime Minister of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier | |||||||
Territorial changes:
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House of Windsor [lower-alpha 1] | |||||||
George V (1865–1936) | 6 May 1910 | 11 December 1931 | George Frederick Ernest Albert | Mary of Teck | |||
Governors General of Canada: The Earl Grey, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, the Duke of Devonshire, the Lord Byng of Vimy, the Marquess of Willingdon, the Earl of Bessborough | |||||||
Prime Ministers of Canada: Wilfrid Laurier, Robert Borden, Arthur Meighen, William Lyon Mackenzie King, Richard B. Bennett | |||||||
Territorial changes:
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In 1931 the Canadian Crown emerged as an independent entity from that of the British Crown due to the Statute of Westminster 1931.
The Dominion of Newfoundland had the same status as Canada in 1931. However, its parliament never adopted the statute to create a separate position of king of Newfoundland and would remain under the British Crown until it joined Canada in 1949.
Portrait | Regnal name | Reign | Full name | Consort | |||
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House of Windsor [lower-alpha 2] | |||||||
George V (1865–1936) | 11 December 1931 | 20 January 1936 | George Frederick Ernest Albert | Mary of Teck | |||
Governors general: The Earl of Bessborough, the Lord Tweedsmuir | |||||||
Prime ministers: Richard B. Bennett, William Lyon Mackenzie King | |||||||
Edward VIII (1894–1972) | 20 January 1936 | 11 December 1936 | Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David | none | |||
Governor general: The Lord Tweedsmuir | |||||||
Prime minister: William Lyon Mackenzie King | |||||||
George VI (1895–1952) | 11 December 1936 | 6 February 1952 | Albert Frederick Arthur George | Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | |||
Governors general: The Lord Tweedsmuir, the Earl of Athlone, the Viscount Alexander of Tunis | |||||||
Prime ministers: William Lyon Mackenzie King, Louis St. Laurent | |||||||
Territorial change:
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Elizabeth II (1926–2022) | 6 February 1952 | 8 September 2022 | Elizabeth Alexandra Mary | Philip Mountbatten | |||
Governors general: Vincent Massey, Georges Vanier, Roland Michener, Jules Léger, Edward Schreyer, Jeanne Sauvé, Ray Hnatyshyn, Roméo LeBlanc, Adrienne Clarkson, Michaëlle Jean, David Johnston, Julie Payette, Mary Simon | |||||||
Prime ministers: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester B. Pearson, Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, Stephen Harper, Justin Trudeau | |||||||
Charles III (b. 1948) | 8 September 2022 | present | Charles Philip Arthur George | Camilla Shand | |||
Governor general: Mary Simon | |||||||
Prime minister: Justin Trudeau |
The Canadian monarch's consort—his or her spouse—has no constitutional status or power, but is a member of the Canadian royal family. In the United Kingdom, all female consorts have had the right to and have held the title of queen consort ; as Canada does not have laws or letters patent under the Great Seal of Canada laying out the styles of any royal family members besides the monarch, royal consorts are, as a courtesy, addressed in Canada using the style and title as they hold in the UK. After informal discussions among the various Commonwealth prime ministers between 1954 and 1957, it was decided that the Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Elizabeth II, would not be granted the title of prince consort . [48] [49]
Since Confederation, two sovereigns have reigned over Canada without a consort: Victoria, whose husband, Albert, died before Confederation, and Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson after his abdication.
The governor general of Canada is the federal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom. The monarch, on the advice of his or her Canadian prime minister, appoints a governor general to administer the government of Canada in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though, five years is the usual length of term. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is Mary Simon, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec, Simon is the first aboriginal person to hold the office.
The monarchy of Canada is Canada's form of government embodied by the Canadian sovereign and head of state. It is one of the key components of Canadian sovereignty and sits at the core of Canada's constitutional federal structure and Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive (King-in-Council), legislative (King-in-Parliament), and judicial (King-on-the-Bench) branches of both federal and provincial jurisdictions. The current monarch is King Charles III, who has reigned since 8 September 2022.
The coat of arms of Canada, also known as the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada or, formally, as the Arms of His Majesty The King in Right of Canada, is the arms of dominion of the Canadian monarch and, thus, also the official coat of arms of Canada. In use since 1921, it is closely modelled after the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version.
A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state within the Commonwealth that has Charles III as its monarch and head of state. All the realms are independent of each other, although one person, resident in the United Kingdom, acts as monarch of each. Except for the UK, in each of the realms the monarch is represented by a governor-general. The phrase Commonwealth realm is an informal description not used in any law.
The style and title of the Canadian sovereign is the formal mode of address of the monarch of Canada. The form is based on those that were inherited from the United Kingdom and France, used in the colonies to refer to the reigning monarch in Europe. As various Canadian territories changed ownership and then the country gradually gained independence, the style and title of the monarchs changed almost as often as the kings and queens themselves. The mode of address currently employed is a combination of a style that originates in the early 17th century and a title established by Canadian law in 2024.
The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand. The current monarch, King Charles III, acceded to the throne following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, on 8 September 2022 in the United Kingdom. The King's elder son, William, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent.
Canadian monarchism is a movement for raising awareness of Canada's constitutional monarchy among the Canadian public, and advocating for its retention, countering republican and anti-monarchical reform as being generally revisionist, idealistic, and ultimately impracticable. Generally, Canadian monarchism runs counter to anti-monarchist republicanism, but not necessarily to the classical form of republicanism itself, as most monarchists in Canada support the constitutional variety of monarchy, sometimes referred to as a crowned republic. These beliefs can be expressed either individually—generally in academic circles—or through what are known as loyal societies, which include the Monarchist League of Canada, legions, historical groups, ethnic organizations, and sometimes police and scout bodies. Though there may be overlap, this concept should not be confused with royalism, the support of a particular monarch or dynasty; Canadian monarchists may appreciate the monarchy without thinking highly of the monarch. There have also been, from time to time, suggestions in favour of a uniquely Canadian monarch, either one headed by a descendant of the present monarch and resident in Canada or one based on a First Nations royal house.
In Canada, a lieutenant governor is the representative of the king of Canada in the government of each province. The governor general of Canada appoints the lieutenant governors on the advice of the prime minister of Canada to carry out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties for an unfixed period of time—known as serving "His Excellency’s pleasure"—though five years is the normal convention. Similar positions in Canada's three territories are termed "commissioners" and are representatives of the federal government, not the monarch directly.
Canadian royal symbols are the visual and auditory identifiers of the Canadian monarchy, including the viceroys, in the country's federal and provincial jurisdictions. These may specifically distinguish organizations that derive their authority from the Crown, establishments with royal associations, or merely be ways of expressing loyal or patriotic sentiment.
The history of monarchy in Canada stretches from pre-colonial times through to the present day. The date monarchy was established in Canada varies; some sources say it was when the French colony of New France was founded in the name of King Francis I in 1534, while others state it was in 1497, when John Cabot made landfall in what is thought to be modern day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia, making a claim in the name of King Henry VII. Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries often considered the territories belonging to different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms. Nevertheless, the present Canadian monarchy can trace itself back to the Anglo-Saxon period and ultimately to the kings of the Angles and the early Scottish kings; monarchs reigning over Canada have included those of France, those of the United Kingdom, and those of Canada. Canadian historian Father Jacques Monet said of Canada's Crown, "[it is] one of an approximate half-dozen that have survived through uninterrupted inheritance from beginnings that are older than our Canadian institution itself."
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in Quebec as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy and constitution. As such, the Crown within Quebec's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Quebec, His Majesty in Right of Quebec, or the King in Right of Quebec. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in the province specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Quebec, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Newfoundland and Labrador as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Newfoundland and Labrador's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador, His Majesty in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador, or the King in Right of Newfoundland and Labrador. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in the province specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in British Columbia as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within British Columbia's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of British Columbia, His Majesty in Right of British Columbia, or the King in Right of British Columbia. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in British Columbia specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Nova Scotia as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Nova Scotia's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Nova Scotia, His Majesty in Right of Nova Scotia, or the King in Right of Nova Scotia. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in the province specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in Alberta as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Alberta's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Alberta, His Majesty in Right of Alberta, or The King in Right of Alberta. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Alberta specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, the Canadian monarchy operates in Prince Edward Island as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Prince Edward Island's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Prince Edward Island, His Majesty in Right of Prince Edward Island, or the King in Right of Prince Edward Island. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Prince Edward Island specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Prince Edward Island, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.
The monarchy of Canada forms the core of each Canadian provincial jurisdiction's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy, being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government in each province. The monarchy has been headed since September 8, 2022 by King Charles III who as sovereign is shared equally with both the Commonwealth realms and the Canadian federal entity. He, his consort, and other members of the Canadian royal family undertake various public and private functions across the country. He is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role.
The relationship between the Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces is both constitutional and ceremonial, with the King of Canada being the commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces and he and other members of the Canadian royal family holding honorary positions in various branches and regiments, embodying the historical relationship of the Crown with its armed forces. This construct stems from Canada's system of constitutional monarchy and through its 500 years of monarchical history, the relationship symbolically represented through royal symbols, such as crowns on military badges and insignia, coats of arms, royal portraits, and the grant of the royal prefix to various military units and institutions. The role of the Canadian sovereign within the Canadian Armed Forces is established within the Canadian constitution, the National Defence Act, and the King's Regulations and Orders (KR&Os) for the Canadian Forces.
The 1939 royal tour of Canada by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth was undertaken in the build-up of world political tensions to the imminent Second World War (1939-1945), as a way to shore up sympathy for the United Kingdom among her dominions and allies, should war break out in Europe. The tour lasted a month, from 17 May to 15 June, covering every province in Canada, along with the then separate Dominion of Newfoundland, and a few days south in the adjacent United States. It demonstrated and cemented Canada's allegiance to the Crown and its status as the senior Dominion of the then British Empire. There had been previous royal family tours in Canada, but, the 1939 tour was unprecedented, both due to the fact that it was the first visit to North America by the reigning monarch, as well as in its wide scope and public / media attention. The tour was an enormous event of the time, attracting huge crowds at each new city.
The Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, gave Canada's assent to the United Kingdom's 2013 changes to the rules of succession to the British throne. It was passed by the Parliament of Canada as Bill C-53, and received royal assent on 27 March 2013. The act was brought into force by the Governor-General-in-Council on 26 March 2015.
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