Manitoba Act, 1870

Last updated
Manitoba Act, 1870
Parliament-Ottawa.jpg
Parliament of Canada
  • An Act to amend and continue the Act 32-33 Victoria chapter 3; and to establish and provide for the Government of the Province of Manitoba, 1870, 33 Vict., c. 3 (Can.)
CitationS.C. 1870, c. 3
Passed1870
Assented toMay 12, 1870
Status: In force

The Manitoba Act, 1870 (French: Loi de 1870 sur le Manitoba) [1] is an act of the Parliament of Canada, and part of the Constitution of Canada, [2] that provided for the admission of Manitoba as the fifth province of Canada. [3] [4]

Contents

Receiving royal assent on May 12, 1870, the act also continued to enforce An Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territories when united with Canada [4] upon the absorption of the British territories of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada on July 15, 1870.

Hoping to decrease tension, the act marked the legal resolution of the fight for self-determination between the federal government and the people (particularly the Métis) of the Red River Colony, which began in 1870 with Canada's purchase of Rupert's Land. [3]

Many negotiations and uprisings came with this act, some of which are still not settled today. One area of contention was that the Métis people were not familiar with the enforcement of laws, and the concept of deeds and money - this resulted in many Métis people being cheated out of the land that was supposed to be theirs. While the act included protections for the region's Métis, these protections were not fully realized and resulted in many Métis leaving the province for the North-West Territories. [3]

Background

Territory transferred to Canada (July 15, 1870) Canada change 1870-07-15.png
Territory transferred to Canada (July 15, 1870)

The Province of Manitoba was previously the area settled by the people of the Red River Colony.

In 1884, Manitoba was organized in many different municipalities. The county of Selkirk, Manitoba happened to be one of the regions that had to be split up for the purpose of creating townships. [5] This area was originally a part of Rupert's Land, which was where the fur traders did the majority of their hunting and trapping. Rupert's Land was controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), the largest fur trading company of its time. In the late 1860s, the HBC surrendered the land to the British Crown, through the Rupert's Land Act 1868 . This caused severe controversy specifically in the area of the Red River Colony:. in the eyes of the British Crown and the Canadian government, the land was seen to be owned by the HBC, even though Indigenous and Métis people lived there. The Canadian government paid £300,000 for Rupert's Land, becoming the largest land purchase to date for the Canadian government. [6]

Once the Canadian government claimed the land from the HBC, they began to set up Members of Parliament. William McDougall was appointed to be the Lieutenant Governor of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory in 1869. [7] In September 1869, McDougall set out to Red River, accompanied by many administrative officers. [7] The Métis were not consulted upon these government actions, thus causing a great amount of uproar and distress.

Rise of the Métis

The Métis became aware of the new government attempting to control their territory. A popularly elected convention supported the creation of a provisional government. [3]

However, many of the Métis people did not have the ability to understand all the legal action due to a lack of education and experience. As result, Louis Riel was positioned leader for the Métis people, [8] due to his educational experience from his time spent at school training to be a priest and lawyer, even though he never finished his schooling. [8] As the Red River Colony was a bilingual area, Riel's ability to speak both French and English was also huge advantage. [8] Riel and his supporters thereby created a provisional government, which was considered illegal by the federal government; this time period is known as the Red River Resistance (or Red River Rebellion). [6]

Riel and the Métis prepared for the arrival of William McDougall and his accompanied administrative officers. Once they arrived at the border of the Red River Colony at the 49th Parallel, they encountered the armed party of the Métis, who denied them entry into the Colony by creating a barrier. McDougall did not give up his efforts at that point, instead staying in Pembina for approximately a month's time attempting to control the area. [6] The Métis actions separated the Canadian party due to their barriers, while some were captured and held in jail at Fort Garry. [9] On December 16, McDougall gave up his efforts for the time being. The Canadian government created a new expedition in attempts to establish sovereignty and establish a political solution. [9]

The Red River Resistance started out as a non-violent protest and uprising toward the Canadian government. Riel and his people had occupied Fort Garry. A group of Ontario settlers who were opposed to the Riel uprising set out to the fort. This caused 45 men to be incarcerated in the fort by Riel and his people. While these men were incarcerated a major historical event occurred. A man by the name of Thomas Scott was executed while being held captive at the fort on March 4, 1870. This event has been analysed by many historians because it is hotly disputed why Scott was executed. The execution of Thomas Scott had a great impact on how the Canadian government and its supporters viewed the Métis. People were so outraged that when Riel was to make appearances at Parliament he did not attend in fear of getting himself killed. [10] Despite the execution, the Canadian government was still working towards sovereignty.

The Manitoba Act, 1870 made the Red River Colony a part of Canada and created the province of Manitoba. Even with the Manitoba Act, 1870 in place, much work was to be done with the settling of land rights. Before land rights were settled, Sir John A. Macdonald sent a military expedition to Manitoba, led by Colonel Garnet Wolseley. This Red River Expedition became known as the Wolseley expedition. The government portrayed this expedition as non-punitive; however, the militiamen wanted to avenge the death of Thomas Scott. The ensuing chaos and retribution against the Métis population was labelled "The Reign of Terror" by newspapers in eastern Canada and the United States. [11] [12] Many Métis fled to Saskatchewan, while Louis Riel fled to the United States at this time. [10]

Government

Manitoba entered Confederation as a province. English and French-language rights were safeguarded in the new legislature and the courts, as were Protestant and Roman Catholic educational rights. The right to education in either English or French, however, was not protected.

Ottawa agreed to pay subsidies to the provincial government. Roughly 1.4 million acres (5,700 km2) of land (Assiniboia district) were set aside specifically for the betterment of the Métis nation. The province received four seats in the federal Parliament, which was a strong representation considering the small population. [3] [13]

John A. Macdonald and George-Étienne Cartier were both leading figures in the establishment of the Province of Manitoba during 1870. These two men shared personal alliances which made their conjunction a strong one when it came to political movements. [14]

Métis list of rights

The Métis have traditionally been known to come from the Red River Colony. In areas such of the Red River Colony, the Métis came as result of many European trappers marrying and having children with the Indigenous women of the area. [15] Throughout the years, the definition of Métis have gone through many changes. [15] Due to this part-European heritage, often being labelled "half-blood" or "half-breeds", the Métis have struggled with recognition as a distinct Aboriginal people. Métis are not identified under the Indian Act of Canada causing a great amount of controversy. As they are not settlers nor are they fully Indigenous, Métis people are known to be "self-identified".

List of rights

In the 1990s, there was a separate definition for 'Red River Métis', a term created for individuals whose families' Métis ancestry came from Red River. [15] The Red River Métis were directly involved in many elements of consideration for the Manitoba Act, 1870 - some requests were essential to be guaranteed by the Government of Canada in this act, such as the prospect of fishing was deemed to be limited to Métis people only, and that any parties intending to communicate with Métis people must be fluent in French.

Four successive lists of rights were drafted by the provisional government. [3] In summary, the final list demanded that Manitoba be admitted into Confederation as a province, not a territory; that the lieutenant governor of the new province speak both French and English; and that members of the provisional government not face legal consequences for their actions in the Rebellion.

The following is the fourth and final iteration of the list of some of the Red River Métis' demands for the act. [16]

May 9, 1870

  1. That this province be governed:
    1. By a Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General of Canada;
    2. By a Senate;
    3. By a Legislature chosen by the people with a responsible ministry.
  2. That, until such time as the increase of the population in this country entitle us to a greater number, we have two representatives in the Senate and four in the Commons of Canada.
  3. That in entering the Confederation the Province of the Northwest be completely free from the public debt of Canada; and if called upon to assume a part of the said debt of Canada, that it be only after having received from Canada the same amount for which the said Province of the Northwest should be held responsible.
  4. That the annual sum of $80,000 be allotted by the Dominion of Canada to the Legislature of the Province of the Northwest.
  5. That all properties, rights and privileges enjoyed by us up to this day be respected, and that the recognition and settlement of customs, usages and privileges be left exclusively to the decision of the Local Legislature.
  6. That this country be submitted to no direct taxation except such as may be imposed by the local legislature for municipal or other local purposes.
  7. That the schools be separate, and that the public money for schools be distributed among the different religious denominations in proportion to their respective populations according to the system of the Province of Quebec.
  8. That the determination of the qualifications of members for the parliament of the province or for the parliament of Canada be left to the local legislature.
  9. That in this province, with the exception of the Indians, who are neither civilized nor settled, every man having attained the age of 21 years, and every foreigner being a British subject, after having resided three years in this country, and being Possessed of a house, be entitled to vote at the elections for the members of the local legislature and of the Canadian Parliament, and that every foreigner other than a British subject, having resided here during the same period, and being proprietor of a house, be likewise entitled to vote on condition of taking the oath of allegiance. It is understood that this article is subject to amendment, by the local legislature exclusively.
  10. That the bargain of the Hudson's Bay Company with respect to the transfer of government of this country to the Dominion of Canada, never have in any case an effect prejudicial to the rights of Northwest.
  11. That the Local Legislature of this Province have full control over all the lands of the Northwest.
  12. That a commission of engineers appointed by Canada explore the various districts of the Northwest, and lay before the Local Legislature within the space of five years a report of the mineral wealth of the country.
  13. That treaties be concluded between Canada and the different Indian tribes of the Northwest, at the request and with the co-operation of the Local Legislature.
  14. That an uninterrupted steam communication from Lake Superior to Fort Garry be guaranteed to be completed within the space of five years, as well as the construction of a railroad connecting the American railway as soon as the latter reaches the international boundary.
  15. That all public buildings and constructions be at the cost of the Canadian Exchequer.
  16. That both the English and French languages be common in the Legislature and in the Courts; and that all public documents as well as the acts of the Legislature be published in both languages.
  17. That the Lieutenant-Governor to be appointed for the province of the Northwest be familiar with both the English and French languages.
  18. That the Judge of the Supreme Court speak the English and French languages.
  19. That all debts contracted by the Provisional government of the territory of the Northwest, now called Assiniboia, in consequence of the illegal and inconsiderate measures adopted by Canadian officials to bring about a civil war in our midst, be paid out of the Dominion treasury, and that none of the Provisional government, or any of those acting under them, be in any way held liable or responsible with regard to the movement or any of the actions which led to the present negotiations.

Guarantees of the act

Land

In the Métis' favour, the Manitoba Act, 1870 guaranteed that the Métis would receive the title for the land that they already farmed and in addition they would receive 1.4 million acres (5,700 km2) of farmland for the use of their children. [10] This land was to be divided up through an application process.

The act also set aside land for the Métis, with each family receiving a scrip (a certificate) saying they owned 96 hectares (960,000 m2), amounting to a total of about 5 600 km2.[ clarification needed ] The number of applications that the government was going to receive was greatly underestimated. The 1.4 million acres of land was not enough for the number of applications. The Canadian government began giving money for land, the equivalent value of $1 per acre, which was the current land value at that time.

Section 31 reads, in part: [17]

And whereas, it is expedient, towards the extinguishment of the Indian Title to the lands in the Province, to appropriate a portion of such ungranted lands, to the extent of one million four hundred thousand acres thereof, for the benefit of the families of the half-breed residents, it is hereby enacted, that, under regulations to be from time to time made by the Governor General in Council, the Lieutenant-Governor shall select such lots or tracts in such parts of the Province as he may deem expedient, to the extent aforesaid, and divide the same among the children of the half-breed heads of families residing in the Province at the time of the said transfer to Canada, and the same shall be granted to the said children respectively, in such mode and on such conditions as to settlement and otherwise. as the Governor General in Council may from time to time determine.

Religious and language rights

The act covered an array of topics. It contained religious and language rights. [10] It allowed the Métis to have rights to have denominational schools. The act stated that laws had to be written and enforced in both French and English, either English or French can be used in the Legislature of Manitoba and any courts established by either Canada or the Province must use both languages. These have led to political controversy such as the Manitoba Schools Question in the nineteenth century, as denominational school rights were curtailed.

Parliament of Canada

The act also provided for Manitoba to send four members to the House of Commons of Canada and two members to the Senate of Canada.

Controversies

Since the Manitoba Act, 1870 was put into action, it has been adjusted and under review multiple times. Historian D. N. Sprague notes that the land assigned to the Métis in the Manitoba Act, 1870 was later revised by government laws, which took land away from the Métis. [9] In order to receive scrip for children living or deceased, proof of birth in Manitoba prior to 1871 was required. Proof could be in the form of a baptismal or death certificate from the church, or a letter from an employer such as the HBC. [9] The legislature also enacted English-only laws, which were later found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in the case Reference re Manitoba Language Rights (1985). The Manitoba Act, 1870, and Section 31 in particular, was also used in the 2013 Supreme Court case Manitoba Métis Federation v. Canada and Manitoba. [18]

The Manitoba School Crisis

Most clauses in the Manitoba Act, 1870 were agreed upon apart from one. Topics such as language and religion were safeguarded by the government and recognized by the Canadian court system. The clause on the right to English and French in educational systems was not safeguarded and was instead disputed amongst political figures. Notable people such as Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau and Liberal leader Alexander Mackenzie had opposing views on the clause that would affect the right to education in French or English. [14]

Section 31

Section 31 required the government to provide a tract of land to each Métis child upon reaching the age of 21 years, from a notional pool of 1.4 million acres of land appropriated for this purpose. Métis families were promised a large amount of land through the Manitoba Act, 1870. The government, however, did not grant the land until the land had been surveyed. [19] The act, therefore, ensured this process. However, the Canadian government later realized that the amount of land that was promised fell short compared to the number of Métis children entitled. This issue is what changed the process of receiving land by lottery draw through the Land Titles Office to money scrips. The government decided to allot money scrips in place of land, which could only be provided for the purchase of lands in government-owned parts of the Northwest Territories. [20] In subsequent legal case regarding Section 31, the Court claimed that "there was no request for, expectation of or consideration by Canada to create a Métis homeland or land base." [21]

Validity of the Manitoba Act, 1870

Following the enactment of the Manitoba Act, 1870, questions arose whether the federal Parliament had the constitutional authority to create new provinces by ordinary federal statute. To eliminate any uncertainty on this point, the Imperial Parliament enacted the Constitution Act, 1871 , which confirmed that the federal Parliament had the power to establish new provinces and provide for their constitutions. [22]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Riel</span> Métis leader in Canada (1844–1885)

Louis Riel was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and a political leader of the Métis people. He led two resistance movements against the Government of Canada and its first prime minister John A. Macdonald. Riel sought to defend Métis rights and identity as the Northwest Territories came progressively under the Canadian sphere of influence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rupert's Land</span> Territory of British North America (1670–1870)

Rupert's Land, or Prince Rupert's Land, was a territory in British North America which comprised the Hudson Bay drainage basin. The right to "sole trade and commerce" over Rupert's Land was granted to the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), based at York Factory, effectively giving that company a commercial monopoly over the area. The territory operated for 200 years from 1670 to 1870. Its namesake was Prince Rupert of the Rhine, who was a nephew of King Charles I and the first governor of HBC. In December 1821, the HBC monopoly was extended from Rupert's Land to the Pacific coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red River Colony</span> 1811–1870 British colony in modern Canada

The Red River Colony, also known as Assiniboia, was a colonization project set up in 1811 by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, on 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of land in British North America. This land was granted to Douglas by the Hudson's Bay Company in the Selkirk Concession. It included portions of Rupert's Land, or the watershed of Hudson Bay, bounded on the north by the line of 52° N latitude roughly from the Assiniboine River east to Lake Winnipegosis. It then formed a line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to Lake Winnipeg, and by the Winnipeg River, Lake of the Woods and Rainy River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red River Rebellion</span> 1869 events establishing Manitoba, Canada

The Red River Rebellion, also known as the Red River Resistance, Red River uprising, or First Riel Rebellion, was the sequence of events that led up to the 1869 establishment of a provisional government by Métis leader Louis Riel and his followers at the Red River Colony, in the early stages of establishing today's Canadian province of Manitoba. It had earlier been a territory called Rupert's Land and been under control of the Hudson's Bay Company before it was sold.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1870 in Canada</span> Canada-related events during the year of 1870

Events from the year 1870 in Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franco-Manitoban</span> Ethnic and/or linguistic group in Manitoba, Canada

Franco-Manitobans are French Canadians or Canadian francophones living in the province of Manitoba. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, 40,975 residents of the province stated that French was their mother tongue. In the same census, 148,810 Manitobans claimed to have either full or partial French ancestry. There are several Franco-Manitoban communities throughout Manitoba, although the majority are based in either the Winnipeg Capital Region or the Eastman Region.

Assiniboia District refers to two historical districts of Canada's Northwest Territories. The name is taken from the Assiniboine First Nation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Métis</span> Mixed Indigenous ethnic group of Canada and the US

The Métis are an Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces, as well as parts of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, Northwest Ontario and the northern United States. They have a shared history and culture, deriving from specific mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, which became distinct through ethnogenesis by the mid-18th century, during the early years of the North American fur trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wolseley expedition</span> 1870 Canadian military operation

The Wolseley expedition was a military force authorized by Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald to confront Louis Riel and the Métis in 1870, during the Red River Rebellion, at the Red River Colony in what is now the province of Manitoba. The expedition was also intended to counter American expansionist sentiments in northern border states. Leaving Toronto in May, the expedition arrived, after a three-month journey in arduous conditions, at Fort Garry on August 24. This extinguished Riel's provisional government and eradicated the threat of the American expansion into western Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Norbert, Winnipeg</span> Suburb of Winnipeg

St. Norbert is a bilingual neighbourhood and the southernmost suburb of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. While outside the Perimeter Highway, it is still part of the city. As of the 2016 Census, the population of St. Norbert is 5,850.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Selkirk Concession</span> 1812 land grant issued by the Hudsons Bay Company

The Selkirk Concession was a land grant issued by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) to Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, in 1812. The Hudson's Bay Company held a commercial monopoly in Rupert's Land, consisting of the entire Hudson Bay drainage basin. The Selkirk Concession, also known as Selkirk's Grant, included a large section of the southwest area of Rupert's Land, bounded: on the north by the line of 52° N latitude roughly from the Assiniboine River east to Lake Winnipegosis, then by the line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to Lake Winnipeg; on the east by the Winnipeg River, Lake of the Woods and Rainy River; on the west roughly by the current boundary between modern Saskatchewan and Manitoba; and on the south by the rise of land marking the extent of the Hudson Bay watershed. This covered portions of present-day southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota and eastern North Dakota, in addition to small parts of eastern Saskatchewan, northwestern Ontario and northeastern South Dakota.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monarchy in Manitoba</span> Function of the Canadian monarchy in Manitoba

By the arrangements of the Canadian federation, Canada's monarchy operates in Manitoba as the core of the province's Westminster-style parliamentary democracy. As such, the Crown within Manitoba's jurisdiction is referred to as the Crown in Right of Manitoba, His Majesty in Right of Manitoba, or the King in Right of Manitoba. The Constitution Act, 1867, however, leaves many royal duties in Manitoba specifically assigned to the sovereign's viceroy, the lieutenant governor of Manitoba, whose direct participation in governance is limited by the conventional stipulations of constitutional monarchy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Manitoba</span>

The history of Manitoba covers the period from the arrival of Paleo-Indians thousands of years ago to the present day. When European fur traders first travelled to the area present-day Manitoba, they developed trade networks with several First Nations. European fur traders in the area during the late-17th century, with the French under Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye set up several trading post forts. In 1670, Britain declared sovereignty over the watershed of Hudson's Bay, known as Rupert's Land; with the Hudson's Bay Company granted a commercial monopoly over the territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Manitoba</span> Political system of Manitoba

The Province of Manitoba, similar to other Canadian provinces and territories, is governed through a Westminster-based parliamentary system. The Manitoba government's authority to conduct provincial affairs is derived from the Constitution of Canada, which divides legislative powers among the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures. Manitoba operates through three branches of government: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive branch—the Government of Manitoba—consists of the Executive Council and the Premier, who is the head of government and the President of the Executive Council. The legislative branch—the Manitoba Legislature—is composed of the Lieutenant Governor and the Legislative Assembly, which is composed of the 57 members (MLAs) elected to represent the people of Manitoba, as well as the Speaker, the Clerk, the Officers of the Legislative Assembly, and the employees of the legislative service.

Elzéar Goulet was a Métis leader in the Red River Colony, which later became the province of Manitoba, Canada. He was a supporter of Louis Riel's provisional government and was murdered by Canadian troops under the command of Col. Garnet Wolseley, after the suppression of the Red River Resistance.

Maxime Lépine was a Métis businessman and political figure from Canada. Lépine joined Louis Riel's provisional government in Red River in 1869. A founding member of the Union Saint-Alexandre, Lépine sought to bring together Métis of French-Canadian and Catholic origins. Later, Lépine represented St. Francois Xavier East in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1874 to 1878.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ambroise-Dydime Lépine</span> Métis military leader, 1840–1923

Ambroise-Dydime Lépine was a Métis politician, farmer, and military leader under the command of Louis Riel during the Red River Rebellion of 1869–1870. He was tried and sentenced to death for his role in the execution of Thomas Scott, but his sentence was commuted to five years exile by the Governor General of Canada.

The Hon. Thomas Bunn was a Métis legislator, lawyer, negotiator, landowner, farmer, clerk of the court, and politician in Manitoba. He represented St. Clements from 1870 to 1874 in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. He helped usher in the Manitoba Act. He was Secretary of State in the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia until it was overthrown by the John A. Macdonald government and dissolved eight months after it began. Thomas Bunn was English-Metis to Louis Riel's French, and the two men didn't always agree but were staunch in their resolve to protect the rights of the Metis people. Thomas Bunn made the first motion in the Assembly of Assiniboia.

Most of the following timelines for Manitoba's history is taken from either the Manitoba Historical Society, or from the Heritage Manitoba and the Gimli Municipal Heritage Advisory Committee, as adapted from a three-volume history of Manitoba published in 1993 titled Manitoba: 125.

References

  1. ↑ Originally entitled (until renamed in 1982) An Act to amend and continue the Act 32 and 33 Victoria, chapter 3; and to establish and provide for the Government of the Province of Manitoba.
  2. ↑ Constitution Act, 1871, 34–35 Vict., c. 28 (U.K.), ss. 5–6. See also Sections 52–53 of and Item 2 of the Schedule to The Constitution Act, 1982 , being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rea, J.E., Jeff Scott, and Andrew McIntosh. February 7, 2006. "Manitoba Act." Canadian Encyclopedia (last updated January 7, 2021).
  4. 1 2 An Act for the Temporary Government of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territories when united with Canada , S.C. 1869, c. 3
  5. ↑ The Manitoba Municipal Act, 1884 and an act to amend "the Judicial Districts Act, 1883" : being 47 Vic., cap. 11 and cap. 12, assented to 29th April, 1884. CIHM/ICMH microfiche series ; no. 62086. Winnepeg: Winnipeg : G. Bourdeau, 1884. 1884. pp. 18–30.
  6. 1 2 3 Galbraith, John S. (1949). "The Hudson's Bay Land Controversy, 1863-1869". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 36 (3): 457–478. doi:10.2307/1893017. JSTOR   1893017.
  7. 1 2 Daugherty, Wayne (1983). "Treaty Research Report Treaty One and Treaty Two (1871)". Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.
  8. 1 2 3 "Louis Riel". library.usask.ca. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 St-onge, Nicole J.M (1985). "The Dissolution of a Metis Community". Studies in Political Economy. 18: 149–172. doi:10.1080/19187033.1985.11675607. S2CID   38667200.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Richtik, James M. (1975). "The Policy Framework for Settling the Canadian West 1870-1880". Agricultural History. 49 (4): 613–628. JSTOR   3741487.
  11. ↑ Barkwell, Lawrence. "The reign of Terror Against the Métis of Red River" (PDF). Louis Riel Institute.
  12. ↑ "Red River Expedition | the Canadian Encyclopedia".
  13. ↑ "6. The Resistance of the Red River Métis, 1869-1871", Manitoba, University of Toronto Press, December 31, 1967, pp. 121–150, doi:10.3138/9781487578039-009, ISBN   978-1-4875-7803-9
  14. 1 2 Cappon (1904). The Manitoba Act. Kingston, Ontario: Queens Quarterly. pp. 1–4.
  15. 1 2 3 Sawchuk, Joe (2001). "Negotiating an Identity: Métis Political Organizations, the Canadian Government, and Competing Concepts of Aboriginality". The American Indian Quarterly. 25 (1): 73–92. doi:10.1353/aiq.2001.0012. ISSN   1534-1828. S2CID   155081003.
  16. ↑ Lawrence Barkwell, “Metis Lists of Rights: The Evolution of the List from the First to Fourth Iteration” (Louis Riel Institute).
  17. ↑ "Manitoba Commissions: Claims Under Section 31". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  18. ↑ Constitution Act, 1982, s. 52 and Schedule, Item 2.
  19. ↑ McCullough, A.B (1884). The confrontations at Riviere aux Ilets-de-Bois. Manitoba History. Winnipeg : G. Bourdeau. p. 67.
  20. ↑ O’Toole, D. (2014). "Section 31 of the Manitoba Act, 1870: A Land Claim Agreement". Manitoba Law Journal. 38 (1): 73–117.
  21. ↑ Manitoba Métis Federation v. Canada (Attorney General) et al., 2010 MBCA 71 at 238.
  22. ↑ Constitution Act, 1871 [ dead link ], 34–35 Vict., c. 28 (U.K.), s. 2.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.