The use of markings on British military vehicles expanded and became more sophisticated following the mass production and mechanization of armies in World War II.
Unit marks were sometimes amended at the front to make them less visible when in view of the enemy. Certain other marks were however made more visible in front line areas, such as aerial recognition signs to avoid friendly fire.
There are practical purposes behind most signs such as: allied identification, bridge weight, gas detection, tactical signs, vehicle War Department number and convoy marks. Attempts were made to standardise the size, colour and location of marks, with varying degrees of success.
Covenanter tank with Guards armoured insignia on locker, 3rd senior AoS 53 (on wrong side) in white on red, tactical HQ diamond sign with 2 in centre, bridge plate with 16 modified to outlined in yellow, tank name ULSTER, WD number on side below turret
History
British AEC Matador lorry with allied star on side, aerial recognition on cab roof with H on cab door meaning artillery tractor followed by vehicle census number 4950450
The marking on military vehicles to identify the country or unit pre-dates the development of mechanical vehicles. The broad arrow used by the British Board of Ordnance to mark government property dates back from the 16th century.
Arm of service marks began with the use of service initials, such as S. & M. (Sappers and Miners), which pre-dated the RE (Royal Engineers).
During World War I, the system of identification developed as a result of necessity; formation signs were created before being abandoned after the war ended.
Army, Corps, Independent Brigade and Divisional marks generally use symbols. Regimental, Battalion and parts of a battalion marks tend to use numbers with symbols.
Vehicle registration numbers were used to identify vehicle type and the specific vehicle number. Armoured Fighting Vehicles (AFVs) sometimes adopted personal names. Other marks are used for information, such as weight or maximum speed, to identify friendly vehicles, or to identify the purpose, such as bomb disposal.
Markings usually used stencils. Accordingly, wartime markings are not generally as neat as a hand-painted pre-war mark; those being done in the field are sometimes in mirror image and often in the wrong location on the vehicle.
National identification
Bren gun carriers and Light Tank Mk VIs of 4/7th Royal Dragoon Guards with white squares during an exercise at Bucquoy, 12 January 1940
Prior to 1943, there was no formal British identification. However, BEF vehicles carried a white vertical rectangle patch, 12 inches by 15 inches, on the front of AFVs, on the front left mudguard of softskins and on the sides of carriers.[1]:ch11 Between 1939 and 1945, some vehicles featured a roundel on the bonnet, front wing, around the windscreen, doors, and on the rear of the vehicle. This was used in the European theatre prior to Dunkirk and after D-Day, in the western desert, and in Italy. In late 1941, an 18 inch square patch with three vertical stripes (white, red, white) was added to AFVs in the western desert. There were between one and six per vehicle in assorted places. In the spring of 1942, most UK AFV's were painted with a horizontal rectangular patch 18 inches by 10 inches with the same striping pattern as the desert design. Some had the RAC mailed fist flash instead, in a rectangle.
From mid-1943 the Allied star was used on the sides of softskin vehicles and AFVs. A painted Union flag was rarely seen in late war.[2]:8
Formation signs
21st Army Group8th ArmyX CorpsXXX Corps23rd Independent Armoured Brigade
Each vehicle had to carry a formation sign, normally the formation they were permanently attached to. Thus, if temporarily attached to another unit, the vehicle would retain its normal sign unless instructed to adopt the temporary unit sign.
The sign was affixed to the front nearside (left) bumper, or close to it, such as a forward facing wing, and in a prominent position at the rear, also on the nearside. It was of similar size to the Arm of Service (AoS) 9 inch square sign, and was not supposed to be carried on motorbikes, but was sometimes painted on the sides of their fuel tank.[2]:10–22
Only vehicles attached to the headquarters of an Army and Corps would carry an insignia in place of regimental markings. This would include Army and Corps troops that were lent to sub units on an as-needed basis.[2]:11
The Army and Corps vehicles carried normal Arm of Service markings, but with a white top bar.[3]
Independent Brigades could be allocated a special formation sign, used by vehicles not within a division. The same sign was worn by soldiers on their sleeves.[2]:11 Some units stenciled the independent brigade sign on their vehicles whilst keeping their own divisional sign.
Each division had its own insignia, carried by all vehicles. The same sign was worn by soldiers on their sleeves.[2]:12
It was painted using a stencil, but occasionally hand-painted giving rise to variations. Stencils were on occasion reversed. A few vehicles, such as RASC companies carried both a Corps or Division sign and their company sign. The 21st Army Tank Brigade in North Africa painted the Infantry Division sign (4th) they were supporting, alongside their own.
Guards Armoured Division
1st Armoured Div
6th Armoured Division
7th Armoured Division
8th Armoured Division
11th Armoured Division
79th Armoured Division
2nd Infantry Division
3rd Infantry Division
British WWII 6th Infantry Division
43rd Infantry Division
50th Infantry Division
British Airborne Units
Non formation signs
Arm of Service
Discussed in detail from May 1939, the system was summarised in a War Office letter of 12 April 1940[4] updated in 1941, 1942 and 1943.
All vehicles carried Arm of Service (AoS) markings comprising a 9in (23cm) square with a white two or three digit number (both one and four digits were occasionally used). Where the background colour is pale, the number may be coloured.[2]:23 The background colour explained the AoS, the number differentiated the AoS HQ, and the individual battalions or companies within that AoS.
Painted on the offside front bumper or nearby, dependent upon the vehicle, so may be on the front of the wing, glacis or with a jeep, below the windscreen. The sign is repeated on the offside rear. The size is adapted to suit the vehicle and space available.[2]:23
A brigade HQ was the first number, then each battalion within the division, going from senior to junior, having a number increasing by one or more number. Service units, postal, provost, ambulance etc. would not have an HQ unit.
Troop-carrying vehicles may use removable plates with the AoS sign as they were regularly moved between divisions. They may also have signs that were twice the size, with a black square over the RASC sign, the unit information of the troop being transported being chalked on the black square.[6]
Headquarters, provost, medical, training & postal units in a division used a black panel with white numbers.[5]
War department census number
A letter designating the type of vehicle followed by a number painted white with 3½ inch high, 2 inch wide stencil on the sides of the bonnet and on the tailboard of softskins; if no bonnet, then on cab door. AFV's painted theirs on the sides, sometimes on glacis in early war. Light blue was used on airborne vehicles and black on vehicles with desert camouflage. Motorcycles used half-sized numbers on either side of the fuel tank or on plates front and back.[2]:29
Each War Department allocated a sequence of numbers to paint onto the vehicles as they were built and left the factory.[7]
In the 1930s census numbers began with the year.. 37... 38... etc. . By 1942 the system had changed with blocks of numbers of four to seven digits being issued.[2]:30 Canadian army vehicles used the same census number as British vehicles, with the addition of a prefix C.[7]
Truck (15cwt and smaller), White scout car, halftrack
E, P and S were introduced later during the war until 1941. Then, in the middle east vehicles used WD instead of a prefix letter and often had the numbers repeated in Arabic. Pre-war civilian number plates on military vehicles continued during 1940 in the UK and in the BEF.
Aerial recognition symbols
There were no formal instructions before the war, but experiments included:
1941 (1) A 2in white border around the turret top of AFVs
1941 (2) A yellow fabric triangle to indicate an AFV radio vehicle
1941/2 A white St Andrews cross on lorries in North Africa
In January 1942, an RAF style roundel was introduced. It was 31 inches wide, to be placed on the cab roof or bonnet of lorries and the turret or engine deck of armoured vehicles. The roundel comprised a 6-inch yellow surround, a 10-inch blue band, a 10-inch white band, and a 5-inch red centre. It was used in the UK, the Middle East and Italy.[2]:9
From 1943, an allied white five-pointed star within a white circle was adopted, painted on a horizontal surface of a size suitable for the surface area, standard diameter being 15 to 60 inches. The circle was sometimes complete, sometimes broken at the star points. Not to be placed where the star would be covered by equipment, canvas, fuel cans etc. On a horizontal surface, a point faced the front of the vehicle, on a glacis a point faced upwards.[2]:9
Around 1944, a coloured plastic panel supplemented the star on some vehicles in pink, yellow or white, or with a colour of the day chosen randomly.
Allied star
A five-pointed star, painted white, was used to identify Allied vehicles from 1944. British tanks rarely had stars on the front or sides, normally just one on the rear of the turret. AFV's often carried stars on the sides and rear. Softskins normally carried stars on their sides. The star was normally 8-12 inches and was stencilled with a point upwards.[5]
Bridge rating
All vehicles had a bridge rating, displayed on a yellow circle, with black writing. The circle was for most vehicles on an attached plate, 7½ inches to 9 inches diameter. Tanks and many other AFVs had the marking painted on their hull. The location is normally offside front, sometimes attached to radiators.[2]:30
The number equated to the bridge category, very roughly based on weight with adjustments for axle loading and impact factors, rounded up. Where the vehicle normally has a trailer, the writing showed two numbers, the upper being the loaded vehicle with the loaded trailer, the lower just the loaded vehicle.[6]
A Jeep, if it had a trailer, would have 3/2. A 15cwt truck with a trailer could have 5/4, 6/4 or 6/5 or 7/5, dependent upon the vehicle load and trailer size and load. A Diamond T transporter tractor with a trailer with a Sherman should carry 70/18 on its plate.[2]:31
Motorbikes and sidecars did not have bridge plates. They fell into category 1.
In the field, the bright yellow sign facing forward was considered too visible so was often toned down, repainted as a yellow hollow circle, or discarded.[5]
Tactical signs
Tactical signs used on AFV's, HQ Squadron – hollow diamond, A Squadron – hollow triangle, B squadron – hollow square, C squadron – hollow circle and D squadron – solid vertical bar, indicated the squadron within a regiment. Divisional troops and unbrigaded units such as armoured car and armoured recce regiments used white tac signs. Within an armoured brigade, each regiment used a different colour which indicated their seniority (Red for the senior regiment, yellow for the 2nd regiment, blue for the junior regiment, and green for the motorised infantry battalion).[5][2]:27
They were 8-12 inches high, depending on the size of the vehicle, and were usually located on the sides or rear of the turret, or on the sides of the hull. They sometimes included a number identifying the individual vehicle.
Gas detection
Gas detection panels were painted as an 18-inch square patch on AFV's and on the rear of headlamps of softskins until October 1943, thereafter as a patch on bonnets of softskins, close to the windscreen and not on AFV's. The gas detection paint was a khaki yellow colour.[2]:32
Other markings
Convoy marking
A number, written in chalk, to mark convoy position, written on front of vehicle. The lead vehicle flew a blue flag, the rear vehicle a green flag.[2]:32
A small light shining on the rear axle, the centre of which was painted white, assisted night time convoys. Some vehicles used a circular disc painted white.[6]
Left hand drive
Vehicles that were left-hand drive had CAUTION LEFT HAND DRIVE in 2-inch white letters on the rear. If the vehicle does not have indicators, the words NO SIGNALS were added.[2]:33
Civilian vehicles
Requisitioned vehicles, before receiving their full markings, displayed WD in 6 inch letters on the nearside front and back.[2]:33
Speed limit
Maximum permitted speed limited was painted in red on the rear tailboard of softskins. The speed 4 inch high above MPH in 2 inch letters (not put on Bomb disposal vehicles or motorbikes).[2]:33
Shipping and rail loading marks
Temporary 5 or 6 digit number chalked or roughly painted prior to shipping overseas. There may also be the landing craft number marked on the vehicle, such as "LST 368". Two or three colour horizontal stripes in a rectangle were sometimes painted next to the number, being specific to a vehicle movement order. Vehicle size and weight were chalked on a square painted black panel with a white edge.
Vehicles and trailers shipped on aircraft had a vertical yellow 6 inch line, ¾ inch wide, showing the centre of gravity, ½ inch wide on motorbikes.[2]:31
Personalised markings
Austin K2/Y ambulance with red cross on side and roof top, with small cross on front windscreen disc. WD census number A1736444 on bonnet side, RASC red over green with 64 and Corps white top bar. Bridge classification 4. XXX Corps black boar on white background formation sign (modern number plate).
AFVs, mainly tanks, sometimes had names painted on their exterior to aid identification to other tankers. Troop B, using names that were often themed, such as flowers, villages, or girls names beginning with B.[2]:29
Slogans and graffiti were on occasions added, sometimes inspiring – Berlin or Bust, wishful thinking – Home by Christmas, mottos – Death or Glory, poetry, a person's or place name, crude slang, comic etc. Using paint or chalk these unofficial markings were discouraged but existed.
Specialist vehicles
Royal Artillery quad, towing 25-pounder and limber, displaying 42 red over blue AoS sign on wrong wing, bridge plate 9/5, WD number H4310981 on cab door, central square plate with red square top right on blue background, meaning 1st battery and A2 being vehicle/gun number.
Bomb disposal
Bomb disposal vehicles had bright red painted wheel arches. The words BOMB DISPOSAL or B.D.S. in 4 inch red letters on the front of vehicle. Near side lights to have blue filter. Vehicle may show a red flag.
Ambulance
Conforming with international recognition, a white square of maximum size for vehicle on roof and both sides with a red cross. At rear on each door a white 18 inch circle with red cross.[2]:32
RAF vehicles
The RAF roundel instead of formation sign on right front and right rear bumper or mudguard. They also wore a code consisting of a letter indicating the Command and a number indicating the group, in white. e.g. B/3 Indicating 3 Group, Bomber Command. Vehicles in Europe after D-Day would wear 'TAF' followed by the group number ( 2, 83, 84, 85)[5] Vehicle numbers were RAF – followed by up to six digit number, usually on the front and rear, but sometimes following army practice. From 1943 a 4 digit type number would be painted on the door, or side of the cab. After Jan 1945, mobile units wore a the unit number and a three letter code indicating the type of unit, in a hollow white rectangle, e.g. 2679 MSU. The official air recognition symbol for RAF vehicles was the roundel, which was normally placed on the sides of the body.
Artillery and anti-tank guns
Guns rarely carried any normal marking on the gun shield. No tactical signs were used. The Royal Artillery had a system of red and blue flashes to indicate sub units,[5][2]:28 with a red square moving clockwise over a blue background to indicate 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th battery.[2]:28
An armoured fighting vehicle or armored fighting vehicle (AFV) is an armed combat vehicle protected by armour, generally combining operational mobility with offensive and defensive capabilities. AFVs can be wheeled or tracked. Examples of AFVs are tanks, armoured cars, assault guns, self-propelled artilleries, infantry fighting vehicles (IFV), and armoured personnel carriers (APC).
The Sd.Kfz. 6 was a half-track military vehicle used by the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War. It was designed to be used as the main towing vehicle for the 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer.
The Universal Carrier, also known as the Bren Gun Carrier and sometimes simply the Bren Carrier from the light machine gun armament, is a common name describing a family of light armoured tracked vehicles built by Vickers-Armstrongs and other companies.
The FV432 is the armoured personnel carrier variant in the British Army's FV430 series of armoured fighting vehicles. Since its introduction in the 1960s, it has been the most common variant, being used for transporting infantry on the battlefield. At its peak in the 1980s, almost 2,500 vehicles were in use.
The Humber Armoured Car was one of the most widely produced British armoured cars of the Second World War. It supplemented the Humber Light Reconnaissance Car and remained in service until the end of the war.
The Daimler Scout Car, known in service as the Daimler Dingo, is a British light, fast four-wheel drive reconnaissance vehicle also used for liaison during the Second World War.
The Loyd Carrier was one of a number of small tracked vehicles used by the British and Commonwealth forces in the Second World War to transport equipment and men about the battlefield. Alongside the Bren, Scout and Machine Gun Carriers, they also moved infantry support weapons.
The Marmon-Herrington Armoured Car was a series of armoured vehicles that were produced in South Africa and adopted by the British Army during the Second World War. RAF Armoured Car companies possessed them, but seem never to have used them in action, making greater use of Rolls-Royce Armoured Cars and other types.
The Lorraine 37L or Tracteur de ravitaillement pour chars 1937 L, is a light tracked armoured vehicle developed by the Lorraine company during the interwar period or interbellum, before the Second World War, to an April 1936 French Army requirement for a fully armoured munition and fuel supply carrier to be used by tank units for front line resupply. A prototype was built in 1937 and production started in 1939. In this period, two armoured personnel carriers and a tank destroyer project were also based on its chassis. Mainly equipping the larger mechanised units of the French Infantry arm, the type was extensively employed during the Battle of France in 1940. After the defeat of France, clandestine manufacture was continued in Vichy France, culminating in a small AFV production after the liberation and bringing the total production to about 630 in 1945. Germany used captured vehicles in their original role of carrier and later, finding the suspension system to be particularly reliable, rebuilt many into tank destroyers of the Marder I type or into self-propelled artillery.
The Austin Armoured Car was a British armoured car produced during the First World War. The vehicle is best known for its employment by the Imperial Russian Army in the First World War and by different forces in the Russian Civil War.
USAAF unit identification aircraft markings, commonly called "tail markings" after their most frequent location, were numbers, letters, geometric symbols, and colors painted onto the tails, wings, or fuselages of the aircraft of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) during the Second World War.
United States Army vehicles must be marked with a unit designation to foster accountability and promote attention to detail during maintenance operations. The term "bumper number" refers the combination of numbers and letters on the front and rear of a vehicle that uniquely identify that vehicle.
The air forces of the United Kingdom – the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, the Army's Army Air Corps and the Royal Air Force use a roundel, a circular identification mark, painted on aircraft to identify them to other aircraft and ground forces. In one form or another, it has been used on British military aircraft from 1915 to the present.
Invasion stripes were alternating black and white bands painted on the fuselages and wings of Allied aircraft during World War II to reduce the chance that they would be attacked by friendly forces during and after the Normandy Landings. Three white and two black bands were wrapped around the rear of a fuselage just in front of the empennage (tail) and from front to back around the upper and lower wing surfaces.
Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers (AVRE), also known as Assault Vehicle Royal Engineers, is the title given to a series of armoured military engineering vehicles operated by the Royal Engineers (RE) for the purpose of protecting engineers during frontline battlefield operations.
A tank transporter is a combination of a heavy tractor unit or a ballast tractor and a mating full trailer, hydraulic modular trailer or semi-trailer, used for transporting tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles. Some also function as tank recovery vehicles, the tractors of which may be armoured for protection in combat conditions.
The Cypriot National Guard employs several armoured vehicles in its operations.
This is a listing of the nationality markings used by military aircraft of the United States, including those of the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army and their predecessors. The Civil Air Patrol is also included for the World War II period because it engaged in combat operations which its July 1946 charter has since explicitly forbidden.
Military markings on United States army vehicles were upgraded in August 1942 when specific new rules were adopted. New marks, from the national identification symbol downwards were ordered to be put on "all motor vehicles assigned to tactical units".
References
↑ Forty, George. Companion to the British Army 1939–45. The History Press, 2009. ISBN9780750951395.
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