Callyspongia truncata

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Callyspongia truncata
Callyspongia.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Haplosclerida
Family: Callyspongiidae
Genus: Callyspongia
Species:
C. truncata
Binomial name
Callyspongia truncata
(Lendenfeld, 1887)
Synonyms
List
  • Chalinopora truncataLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina axialisLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina elasticaLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina extensaLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina laxaLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina paucispinaLendenfeld, 1887
  • Siphonochalina typicaLendenfeld, 1887

Callyspongia truncata is a species of marine sea sponge. Like all marine sponges, C. truncata is a member of phylum Porifera and is defined by its filter-feeding lifestyle and flagellated choanocytes, or collar cells, that allow for water movement and feeding. [1] It is a species of demosponge and a member of Demospongiae, the largest class of sponges [2] as well as the family Callyspongiidae. C. truncata is most well known for being the organism from which the polyketide Callystatin A was identified. [3] Callystatin A is a polyketide natural product from the leptomycin family of antibiotics. It was first isolated in 1997 from this organism, which was collected from the Goto Islands in the Nagasaki Prefecture of Japan by the Kobayashi group. [3] Recent studies have revealed numerous other bioactive compounds that have been found in this species.

Contents

Description

C. truncata, like all sponges, has a relatively simple body plan. They lack true tissues [4] and are asymmetrical, [5] meaning that the species has no distinct shape. Shape varies due to a number of factors such as environment. They are most commonly found to be a tube-like shape. [6] Color is environmentally dependent as well. Internally, the body is designed to pump water. The outer body is covered in many pores. These are known as ostia, and are a characteristic of all poriferans. [7] These ostia allow water to enter the sponge from the outside. The inside of the sponge consists of internal water canals leading to one central cavity. The body is lined with numerous specialized cells known as choanocytes, which are used in feeding. [8] The top of the sponge is an opening called the osculum, through which water is expelled during feeding. [9]

Distribution

C. truncata is limited to marine environments. Members of the genus Callyspongia are found primarily in tropical environments, notably the Central and Western Pacific. [10] They have also been found in the Indian, West Atlantic, and East Pacific oceans. C. truncata is known to inhabit the Western Central Pacific Ocean, and it has also been found around Vietnam and Japan. Like all sponges, they are sessile organisms, meaning that they are incapable of locomotion and remain attached to the substrate they settle on. [11] They are benthic, or bottom dwelling, and are generally found living attached to rocks or other substrates. [12]

Life History

Reproduction

C. truncata are hermaphroditic, meaning they are capable of producing both male and female gametes. Zygotes fuse to form parenchymal, or free-swimming larvae. [10] The larva settles onto a hard substrate and begins to undergo metamorphosis, or the process of growing into an adult sponge. After the larva attaches to a substrate, it begins to spread across the substrate with a centralized mass in the middle. A type of cells known as amoebocytes form a membrane apart from the central part of the larva, which starts to flatten as the membrane pulls away from the center. Spongin, the compound that makes up the skeleton of a sponge, is formed between the larva and the substrate. Next, the flattened cells move into the internal part of the larval mass, while the amoebocytes move to the outside of the body to form an outer layer. The movements of these two groups of cells are seen in all parenchymal larvae. Collar cells are formed from the original mass of larval cells. The internal water canal system is formed, followed by the outer pore and the osculum, which signifies the final stage of metamorphosis. [13]

Feeding

C. truncata is a filter feeder that feeds primarily on detritus and plankton. [10] They are active filter feeders, meaning they are capable of pumping water and filtering particles from it. [14] [15] This is opposed to passive filter feeders, which feed by capturing food that passes over their feeding appendages via the water current. [14] Sponges are capable of creating their own current that allows them to bring food directly to them. Their bodies are lined with numerous pores called ostia. Water enters the body through these pores. As the water passes through the sponge's body, the collar cells filter out food particles and plankton, which are then utilized by the sponge. The remaining water passes back into the water column through the osculum. [16]

Additional

Many types of bioactive compounds have been found in C. truncata. Some of these compounds include polyacetylenes, steroids, polyketides, and alkaloids. Callystatin A, a polyketide used in medicine and antibiotics, was first discovered in C. truncata. [3] [17] The compounds found in the animal are also shown to affect certain species of animals. Two polyacetylene sulfate compounds known as Callyspongin a and b were isolated from C. truncata. These two compounds were found to have an effect on the fertilization of sea star gametes. It was observed that the high enough concentrations of the compounds were capable of interfering with the formation of the embryos. Certain concentrations of the compound impacted sperm mobility and prevented the sperm from reaching the egg for fertilization. Further investigation revealed that the compound prevented fertilized eggs from being able to form a fertilization envelope. [18]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sponge</span> Animals of the phylum Porifera

Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera, are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Venus' flower basket</span> Species of sponge

The Venus' flower basket is a glass sponge in the phylum Porifera. It is a marine sponge found in the deep waters of the Pacific ocean, usually at depths below 500 m (1,600 ft). Like other sponges, they feed by filtering sea water to capture plankton and marine snow. Similar to other glass sponges, they build their skeletons out of silica, which forms a unique lattice structure of spicules. The sponges are usually between 10 cm (3.9 in) and 30 cm (12 in) tall, and their bodies act as refuge for their mutualist shrimp partners. This body structure is of great interest in materials science as the optical and mechanical properties are in some ways superior to man-made materials. Little is known regarding their reproduction habits, however fluid dynamics of their body structure likely influence reproduction and it is hypothesized that they may be hermaphroditic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Filter feeder</span> Animals that feed by straining food from water

Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feeding are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales, and many fish. Some birds, such as flamingos and certain species of duck, are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can play an important role in clarifying water, and are therefore considered ecosystem engineers. They are also important in bioaccumulation and, as a result, as indicator organisms.

A spongocoel, also called paragaster, is the large, central cavity of sponges. Water enters the spongocoel through hundreds of tiny pores (ostia) and exits through the larger opening (osculum). Depending on the body plan of the sponge, the spongocoel could be a simple interior space of the sponge or a complexly branched inner structure. Regardless of body plan or class, the spongocoel is lined with choanocytes, which have flagella that push water through the spongocoel, creating a current.

Porocytes are tubular cells which make up the pores of a sponge known as ostia.

Arturia canariensis, commonly known as the yellow calcareous sponge, is a species of sponge in the family Clathrinidae. It is found in shallow seas in the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, the Adriatic Sea and the Caribbean Sea. The specific epithet "canariensis" was given to this species because it was first described from Lanzarote in the Canary Islands.

<i>Clathrina coriacea</i> Species of sponge

Clathrina coriacea is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the class Calcarea and family Clathrinidae. Species in the genus Clathrina are composed of calcium carbonate tube-like skeletons containing spicules. The sponge can be located in shallow waters widely distributed along North Atlantic coasts, as well as on other coasts.

<i>Spongilla lacustris</i> Species of sponge

Spongilla lacustris is a species of freshwater sponge from the family Spongillidae. It inhabits freshwater rivers and lakes, often growing under logs or rocks. Lacustris is a Latin word meaning "related to or associated with lakes". The species ranges from North America to Europe and Asia. It is the most common freshwater sponge in central Europe. It is the most widespread sponge in Northern Britain, and is one of the most common species of sponges in lakes and canals. Spongilla lacustris have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. They become dormant during winter. The growth form ranges from encrusting, to digitate, to branched, depending upon the quality of the habitat.

<i>Spongia officinalis</i> Species of sponge

Spongia officinalis, better known as a variety of bath sponge, is a commercially used sea sponge. Individuals grow in large lobes with small openings and are formed by a mesh of primary and secondary fibers. It is light grey to black in color. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea up to 100 meters deep on rocky or sandy surfaces.

<i>Callyspongia aculeata</i> Species of sponge

Callyspongia (Cladochalina) aculeata, commonly known as the branching vase sponge is a species of sea sponge in the family Callyspongiidae. Poriferans are typically characterized by ostia, pores that filter out plankton, with an osculum as the opening which water leaves through, and choanocytes trap food particles.

<i>Tectitethya crypta</i> Species of sponge

Tectitethya crypta is a species of demosponge belonging to the family Tethyidae. Its classified family is characterized by fourteen different known genera, one of them being Tectitethya. It is a massive, shallow-water sponge found in the Caribbean Sea. This sponge was first discovered by Werner Bergmann in 1945 and later classified by de Laubenfels in 1949. It is located in reef areas situated on softer substrates such as sand or mud. Oftentimes, it is covered in sand and algae. This results in an appearance that is cream colored/ gray colored; however, when the animal is washed free of its sediment coverings, its body plan appears more green and gray. It's characterized with ostia peaking out of its body cavity, with the ability to abruptly open or close, changing its desired water flow rate through its mesohyl.

Agelas schmidti, commonly known as the brown tubular sponge, is a species of demosponge. It occurs at moderate depths in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea and often has a colonial coral growing over the surface. The type locality is Puerto Rico.

<i>Callyspongia crassa</i> Species of sponge

Callyspongia crassa, commonly known as prickly tube-sponge, is a species of sponge found from the Red Sea to the Seychelles. Its wide flexible brown tube with exterior protuberances can appear as a single tube or as clusters of tubes and can reach up to 50 centimeters in size. Like many other sea sponges, it is primarily used for marine drugs as they have many bioactive components and properties. They also play an important role in marine reef and benthic communities, as they constantly filter water and act as habitats for smaller organisms. As sea sponges, they have the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Cliona orientalis is a species of demosponge in the family Clionaidae. It occurs in the Indo-Pacific region and is a bioeroding species, with various specialisations for living on and inside calcareous substrates such as massive corals and molluscs.

Corticium candelabrum is a species of sponge in the order Homosclerophorida. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea where it inhabits the shallow sublittoral zone. The type locality is the Adriatic Sea.

<i>Bolosoma</i> Genus of sponges

Bolosoma is a genus of pedunculated siliceous sponges belonging to the family Euplectellidae. This genus lives in deep-sea environments and provides a habitat for a plethora of other benthic species, giving Bolosoma an incredibly important ecological role in the ecosystems it is a part of.

Calcifibrospongiidae is a family of sponges belonging to the order Haplosclerida. The order Haplosclerida is distinguished by isodictyal skeleton. In general, Porifera are basal animals with bodies full of pores and channels. Calcifibrospongiidae includes the species Calcifibrospongia actinostromarioides. There have only been ten recorded occurrences of this species: in Hogsty Reef and San Salvador, as well as in the subtropics of the Bahamas.

Oscarella tuberculata is a species of sponge in the order Homosclerophorida. It is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it forms encrusting colonies on rocks and other hard surfaces.

References

  1. ↑ Ruetzler, K (1986). "Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda" (PDF).
  2. ↑ Borchiellini, Carole; Chombard, Catherine; Manuel, Michaël; Alivon, Eliane; Vacelet, Jean; Boury-Esnault, Nicole (2004-09-01). "Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (3): 823–837. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.021. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   15288059.
  3. 1 2 3 Kobayashi, Motomasa; Higuchi, Kouichi; Murakami, Nobutoshi; Tajima, Hisashi; Aoki, Shunji (1997-04-21). "Callystatin A, a potent cytotoxic polyketide from the marine sponge, Callyspongia truncata". Tetrahedron Letters. 38 (16): 2859–2862. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00482-6. ISSN   0040-4039.
  4. ↑ "Porifera - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  5. ↑ "Phylum Porifera - Advanced". www.shapeoflife.org. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  6. ↑ "Morphology of Sponges | Biology for Majors II". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  7. ↑ "The Wonders of the Seas: Sponges". www.oceanicresearch.org. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  8. ↑ Asadzadeh, Seyed Saeed; Kiørboe, Thomas; Larsen, Poul Scheel; Leys, Sally P; Yahel, Gitai; Walther, Jens H (2020-11-30). Goldstein, Raymond E; Walczak, Aleksandra M (eds.). "Hydrodynamics of sponge pumps and evolution of the sponge body plan". eLife. 9: e61012. doi: 10.7554/eLife.61012 . ISSN   2050-084X. PMC   7755389 . PMID   33252039.
  9. ↑ "Sponges and Cnidarians – Concepts of Biology". opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  10. 1 2 3 "Callyspongia truncata". www.sealifebase.ca. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  11. ↑ "Sponge (Porifera) - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  12. ↑ Coppari, Martina; Gori, Andrea; Viladrich, Núria; Saponari, Luca; Canepa, Antonio; Grinyó, Jordi; Olariaga, Alejandro; Rossi, Sergio (2016-04-01). "The role of Mediterranean sponges in benthic–pelagic coupling processes: Aplysina aerophoba and Axinella polypoides case studies". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 477: 57–68. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2016.01.004. ISSN   0022-0981.
  13. ↑ "Callyspongia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  14. 1 2 Doty, Lewis (2022-04-03). "Suspension Feeders - Population Dynamics". Ecology Center. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  15. ↑ "Filter Feeder - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  16. ↑ "Porifera". www.mesa.edu.au. Retrieved 2022-04-25.
  17. ↑ de Sousa, L.H.N.; de Araújo, R.D.; Sousa-Fontoura, D.; Menezes, F.G.; Araújo, R.M. Metabolities from Marine Sponges of the Genus Callyspongia: Occurrence, Biological Activity, and NMR Data. Mar. Drugs 2021, 19, 663. doi : 10.3390/md19120663
  18. ↑ Uno, Mihoko; Ohta, Shinji; Ohta, Emi; Ikegami, Susumu (1996-01-01). "Callyspongins A and B: Novel Polyacetylene Sulfates from the Marine Sponge Callyspongia truncata That Inhibit Fertilization of Starfish Gametes". Journal of Natural Products. 59 (12): 1146–1148. doi:10.1021/np960516p. ISSN   0163-3864.
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