Carl Hart

Last updated

Carl Hart
Carl Hart (18210024296).jpg
Born (1966-10-30) October 30, 1966 (age 57)
Miami, Florida, U.S.
Education University of Maryland, College Park (BS)
University of Wyoming (MS, PhD)
Known forResearch about recreational drug use, drug abuse/substance use, and addiction
SpouseRobin Hart
Scientific career
Fields Neuroscience, psychology
Institutions Columbia University
New York State Psychiatric Institute
Thesis Role of the L-type calcium channel in nicotine-induced locomotion in rats  (1996)
Doctoral advisor Charlie Ksir
Website drcarlhart.com

Carl L. Hart (born October 30, 1966) is an American psychologist and neuroscientist, working as the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) at Columbia University. [1] Hart is known for his research on drug abuse and drug addiction, his advocacy for the legalization of recreational drugs, and his recreational use of drugs. [2] Hart became the first tenured African-American professor of sciences at Columbia University. [2] [3] He is the author of two books for the general public, High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society (2013) and Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear (2021).

Contents

Early life and education

Hart grew up in the Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens, a suburb of Miami considered one of the most dangerous in the US. [2] [4] As a youth, he engaged in petty crime and the use and sale of drugs, and at times carried a gun. He was also a proficient athlete involved in high school sports. [2] [5] [6] He was raised by a single mother, who separated from an abusive father when Hart was six. [7] [8] After high school, he served in the United States Air Force (1984–1988), which became his path to higher education. [9] [10]

Hart earned a Bachelor of Science degree in psychology from the University of Maryland, and a Master of Science (1994) and PhD (1996), both in psychology/neuroscience, from the University of Wyoming. [11] When he received his doctorate, he was the only black PhD in neuroscience in the US. [12] Hart attended University of North Carolina Wilmington, where he worked with his undergraduate neuroscience professor, Robert Hakan, before attending the University of Wyoming. He pursued postdoctoral research at the University of California, San Francisco and Yale University, [5] [7] and completed an Intramural Training Award fellowship at the National Institutes of Health. [13]

Career and research

Hart is the Mamie Phipps Clark Professor of Psychology (in Psychiatry) and former chair of the psychology department at Columbia University. [14] Hart arrived at Columbia in 1998; in 2009, he became the university's first tenured African-American professor of sciences. [2] [3] His area of expertise is neuropsychopharmacology, [15] with a research focus on the behavioral and neuropharmacological effects of psychoactive drugs in humans. [1] [15] He has a particular interest in the social and psychological factors that influence self-administration of drugs. [10] He is the Principal Investigator at Columbia University's Neuropsychopharmacology Lab. [16]

In 1999, Hart began investigating the effects of crack cocaine on behavior. [2] Through 2009, he received research grants totaling over $6 million from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. [5]

Hart's research is centered around human subject experiments conducted in his research lab at the New York State Psychiatric Institute (a hospital located in the Columbia University Irving Medical Center). The facility, informally called the ResLab (residential laboratory), accommodated subjects for extended periods; a typical experiment ran for two weeks. The subjects, habitual drug users, were given precisely metered doses of drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine, while being continuously monitored and tested. [13]

Hart opposes the brain disease model of addiction dominant in the field, which holds that addiction is a brain disorder. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, states that visible differences in the brains of addicts helps explain the nature of compulsive drug usage. Hart states that most studies show that drug users' cognitive abilities and functions are within the normal range. Commenting on Hart's argument, Anna Lembke, head of the Stanford Addiction Medicine Dual Diagnosis Clinic, said that "intelligent, informed people can disagree on the disease model of addiction", and noted that there is evidence that long-term drug use can alter the brain in a different way than learning a new language or a musical instrument. [17] Hart indicates that the absence of positive outlets and activities is one reason drug use can occur in communities. He argues that drug laws intended to make a society safer should be based on empirical evidence. [18] [19]

Hart is also a Research Fellow and former co-director at Columbia's Institute for Research in African-American Studies. [20]

Books

Hart has written two books for the general public, High Price and Drug Use for Grown-Ups, and co-authored, with Charles Ksir, recent editions of the introductory textbook, Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. [21]

High Price

In 2013, Hart published High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society, described as "combining memoir, popular science, and public policy." [22] In it, Hart discusses misconceptions about illegal drugs, speaking from the combined perspectives of growing up in a poor, crime-ridden African-American neighborhood, and his career as a research neuroscientist. [7] [23] He describes his upbringing, time in the military, years in college and grad school, and his journey to a PhD and tenured professorship at Columbia. He discusses the challenge of learning white cultural norms and language as an aspect of succeeding in academia, and then returning to his family and feeling alienated and unable to connect. Using drug crime statistics and details from his lab research, he argues that drugs are a symptom, not the cause, of crime and poverty, and that they mask issues of lack of education, racism, unemployment, and despair. [7] [23] He ends the book with an argument for the decriminalization of drugs, stating that his research has shown that the dangers associated with drugs are largely misunderstood, and that a decrease in stigma and increase in conversation would likely decrease the number of drug related deaths. He advocates for a move to drug policies based on scientific evidence and human rights, not irrational fear and sensationalism. [23] [24]

Drug Use for Grown-Ups

In 2021, Hart published Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear. [25] In it, he writes that, in his over 25-year research career, he found that "most drug-use scenarios cause little or no harm and that some responsible drug-use scenarios are actually beneficial for human health and functioning." [26] In the book (and in media interviews around its publication), Hart revealed that he is a recreational heroin user, and indicated that he uses a number of other drugs. He argued that he is not an addict, but that he uses drugs responsibly in the "pursuit of happiness". [14] [27] Hart further argued that for the majority of individuals, recreational use of drugs has a positive effect, and that journalists and researchers overstate the harms of such drug use. [27] [15]

Public debate

Hart argues that drug policy in the US and most of the rest of the world "is based on assumption and anecdote, but rarely on scientific evidence". [5] He advocates decriminalizing drug use through policies that are scientifically based rather than heavily influenced by social determinants such as race and class. [23] [28] As an example, he discusses the criminalization of crack cocaine (typically associated with poor communities) and lack of similar criminalization of powder cocaine (traditionally associated with wealthier communities) as an indication of the way drug criminalization has been based on social problems rather than scientific fact, considering both contain the same active chemical. [18] [29]

Hart states that the poor, crime-ridden environment he grew up in influenced his world view, and he believed that drugs were the reason for poverty and crime in most neighborhoods. [2] Only later, through his research, did he come to believe that "crime and poverty were mostly independent of drug use". [15] [18]

Hart has lectured and testified around the world as an expert on psychoactive drugs. [30] He testified before the United States Congress' Committee On Oversight and Government Reform. [31] He has testified, on the stand and in written submissions, in family courts in New York City, advocating for children to stay with parents who have tested positive for marijuana use, arguing that there is no scientific basis for casual marijuana use having an effect on parenting. In one case, a mother had tested positive while giving birth at a city hospital, and been charged with negligence (the case was later dropped). [12]

In a 2013 New York Times editorial, he commented on the toxicology report presented in the case of Trayvon Martin, where the indication of marijuana in Martin's blood was used as evidence that he might have been paranoid the night of his fatal shooting, causing him to attack the person who shot him. [32] Hart stated that the assertion subscribed to outdated notions of marijuana use, such as those implied in Reefer Madness , and failed to recognize the seven decades of research on marijuana that show the levels of marijuana present in Martin's blood were insufficient to cause the aforementioned side effects, and that the side effects mentioned are extremely uncommon in marijuana users. [33]

In May 2017, speaking at a drug policy conference at the University of the Philippines Diliman, Hart addressed the misconceptions about methamphetamine in the Philippines amidst President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs. Citing lab tests on animals, Hart refuted Duterte's claim that methamphetamine shrinks people's brains and causes them to become violent. In the aftermath of his speech, Hart began to receive online death threats which forced him to leave the Philippines shortly thereafter. [34] [35] [36] Duterte commented on Hart's claims, saying: "That's all bullshit to me", and called Hart a "son of a bitch who has gone crazy". [37] In an interview with Public Radio International, Hart described Duterte as "a president making such ignorant comments about drugs — like he's a pharmacologist" and added that Duterte was "out of his league when he talks about drugs". [35] [36]

Media appearances

Hart has been a speaker at Talks at Google, [38] The Reason Foundation, [39] and The Nobel Conference. [40] He has been interviewed or otherwise featured on CNN, Stossel [41] and "The Independents" on Fox Business, "All In with Chris Hayes" on MSNBC, Reason TV, [42] "The O'Reilly Factor" on Fox News, "Democracy Now!", and The Joe Rogan Experience . [43] He spoke at TEDMED 2014, discussing his evidence-based view of drug addiction, and how that should impact public policy. [18] Hart is featured in the 2012 documentary, The House I Live In , and in the 2021 Netflix documentary, Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy, where he discusses what was missing from the sensationalized portrayal of crack in the 1980s. [44]

Personal life

Hart is married to Robin Hart and has three children. [10] He lives in New York City. [45]

Awards and honors

Bibliography

Selected articles, essays and research papers:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recreational drug use</span> Use of drugs with the primary intention to alter the state of consciousness

Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. Recreational drugs are commonly divided into three categories: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Club drug</span> Category of recreational drugs

Club drugs, also called rave drugs or party drugs, are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music (EDM) parties, and raves in the 1980s to today. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates and benzodiazepines, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drug rehabilitation</span> Processes of treatment for drug dependency

Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence, if present, and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and medical consequences that can be caused.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War on drugs</span> Global anti-drug campaign led by the United States

The war on drugs is the policy of a global campaign, led by the United States federal government, of drug prohibition, military aid, and military intervention, with the aim of reducing the illegal drug trade in the United States. The initiative includes a set of drug policies that are intended to discourage the production, distribution, and consumption of psychoactive drugs that the participating governments, through United Nations treaties, have made illegal.

Commonly-cited arguments for and against the prohibition of drugs include the following:

Rat Park was a series of studies into drug addiction conducted in the late 1970s and published between 1978 and 1981 by Canadian psychologist Bruce K. Alexander and his colleagues at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada.

The gateway drug effect is a comprehensive catchphrase for the often observed effect that the use of a psychoactive substance is coupled to an increased probability of the use of further substances. Possible reasons for the connection include environmental influence, impulsive people seeking both soft and hard drugs, alterations in the brain due to earlier substance exposure, as well as similar attitudes of people who use different substances, and therefore experience a "common liability to addiction". In 2020, the National Institute on Drug Abuse released a research report which supported allegations that marijuana is a "gateway" to more dangerous substance use; one of the peer-reviewed papers cited in the report claims that while "some studies have found that use of legal drugs or cannabis are not a requirement for the progression to other illicit drugs [...] most studies have supported the "gateway sequence"." However, a 2018 literature review conducted by the National Institute of Justice, which analyzed 23 peer-reviewed research studies, concluded "that existing statistical research and analysis relevant to the "gateway" hypothesis has produced mixed results", and that "no causal link between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs can be claimed at this time."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cannabis (drug)</span> Psychoactive drug from the cannabis plant

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant. Native to Central or South Asia, the cannabis plant has been used as a drug for both recreational and entheogenic purposes and in various traditional medicines for centuries. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component of cannabis, which is one of the 483 known compounds in the plant, including at least 65 other cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporizing, within food, or as an extract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States</span>

In the United States, the non-medical use of cannabis is legalized in 24 states and decriminalized in 7 states, as of November 2023. Decriminalization refers to a policy of reduced penalties for cannabis offenses, typically involving a civil penalty for possessing small amounts, instead of criminal prosecution or the threat of arrest. In jurisdictions without penalty the policy is referred to as legalization, although the term decriminalization is sometimes used for this purpose as well.

Drug addiction recovery groups are voluntary associations of people who share a common desire to overcome their drug addiction. Different groups use different methods, ranging from completely secular to explicitly spiritual. Some programs may advocate a reduction in the use of drugs rather than outright abstention. One survey of members found active involvement in any addiction recovery group correlates with higher chances of maintaining sobriety. Although there is not a difference in whether group or individual therapy is better for the patient, studies show that any therapy increases positive outcomes for patients with substance use disorders. The survey found group participation increased when the individual members' beliefs matched those of their primary support group. Analysis of the survey results found a significant positive correlation between the religiosity of members and their participation in twelve-step programs and to a lesser level in non-religious SMART Recovery groups, the correlation factor being three times smaller for SMART Recovery than for twelve-step addiction recovery groups. Religiosity was inversely related to participation in Secular Organizations for Sobriety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Drug liberalization</span> Process of reducing drug prohibition laws

Drug liberalization is a drug policy process of decriminalizing, legalizing, or repealing laws that prohibit the production, possession, sale, or use of prohibited drugs. Variations of drug liberalization include drug legalization, drug relegalization, and drug decriminalization. Proponents of drug liberalization may favor a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for alcohol, caffeine and tobacco.

Cocaine dependence is a neurological disorder that is characterized by withdrawal symptoms upon cessation from cocaine use. It also often coincides with cocaine addiction which is a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of cocaine and/or crack despite substantial harm and adverse consequences. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, classifies problematic cocaine use as a stimulant use disorder. The International Classification of Diseases, includes "Cocaine dependence" as a classification (diagnosis) under "Disorders due to use of cocaine".

Herbert David Kleber was an American psychiatrist and substance abuse researcher. His career, centered on the evidence-based treatment of addiction, focused on scientific approaches in place of punishment and moralisms. His career focused on pathology of addiction to help patients reduce the severe discomforts of withdrawal, avoid relapse and stay in recovery.

About 1 in 7 Americans suffer from active addiction to a particular substance. Addiction can cause physical, psychological, and emotional harm to those who are affected by it. The American Society of Addiction Medicine defines addiction as "a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual's life experiences. People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences." In the world of psychology and medicine, there are two models that are commonly used in understanding the psychology behind addiction itself. One model is referred to as the disease model of addiction. The disease model suggests that addiction is a diagnosable disease similar to cancer or diabetes. This model attributes addiction to a chemical imbalance in an individual's brain that could be caused by genetics or environmental factors. The second model is the choice model of addiction, which holds that addiction is a result of voluntary actions rather than some dysfunction of the brain. Through this model, addiction is viewed as a choice and is studied through components of the brain such as reward, stress, and memory. Substance addictions relate to drugs, alcohol, and smoking. Process addictions relate to non-substance-related behaviors such as gambling, spending money, sexual activity, gaming, spending time on the internet, and eating.

<i>Tell Your Children: The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness and Violence</i> 2019 book by Alex Berenson

Tell Your Children: The Truth About Marijuana, Mental Illness and Violence is a 2019 book by Alex Berenson. In it, Berenson makes claims that cannabis use directly causes psychosis and violence, claims denounced as alarmist and inaccurate by many in the scientific and medical communities. The scientists state that Berenson is drawing inappropriate conclusions from the research he cites, primarily by inferring causation from correlation, as well as cherry picking data that fits his narrative, and falling victim to selection bias via his use of anecdotes to back up his assertions.

Marian Rita Weinbaum Fischman was an American psychologist who researched narcotics and addiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. David Jentsch</span> American neuroscientist

James David Jentsch is an American neuroscientist. He is the Empire Innovation Professor of Psychology at Binghamton University. His research considers the neurobiological origins of psychoses and addiction. Jentsch was awarded the 2011 AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility.

<i>Drug Use for Grown-Ups</i> 2021 book by Carl Hart

Drug Use for Grown-Ups: Chasing Liberty in the Land of Fear is a 2021 book by Columbia University professor Carl Hart. In part a memoir that discusses Hart's own experiences as a heroin user, the book analyzes the science of addiction and advocates recreational drug use as part of the "pursuit of happiness".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michele Ross</span> Author, reality tv star, cannabis advocate

Michele Noonan Ross, also known as Michele Ann Noonan, Michele Osztrogonacz, and Michele Osztrogonacz Ross, is an American neuroscientist, author, and media personality. She is a noted drug policy reform activist, promoting cannabis, magic mushroom, and kratom legalization.

High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society is a 2013 book by psychologist and neuroscientist Carl Hart, combining memoir, scientific assessment, and policy recommendation. Hart recounts his own experiences growing up in a poor African-American neighborhood in Miami, surrounded by violence and drug use, and views it through his research as a neuroscientist investigating the effects of drugs. He argues for an end to the punitive war on drugs that he finds to be based on race, class and misconceptions, in favor of evidence-based policies.

References

  1. 1 2 "Carl Hart". Columbia University Department of Psychology. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leland, John (April 10, 2021). "This Heroin-Using Professor Wants to Change How We Think About Drugs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Swm016: A Free-wheeling Discussion of Race-related Topics, with Carl Hart And Courtney Cogburn". Columbia School of Social Work (Columbia University). June 26, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  4. ↑ Miami Staff (April 15, 2014). "Miami Beach, Miami Gardens among nation's most dangerous suburbs". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Shetty, Priya (May 10, 2014). "Carl Hart: advocate for rational drug policy". Lancet. 383 (9929). London: 1627. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60778-9. PMID   24814448. S2CID   205972993 . Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  6. ↑ Satel, Sally (September 30, 2013). "The Science of Choice in Addiction". The Atlantic . Archived from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Hart, Carl (2013). High Price. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN   978-0062015884.
  8. ↑ Winerman, Lea (March 2014). "Paying a high price for the war on drugs". Monitor on Psychology. 45 (3): 32.
  9. ↑ "Carl Hart: Drugs don't turn people into criminals". Salon . June 17, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 Tonti, Alexis (Winter 2012–13). "The Truth Teller". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Carl L. Hart". University of Wyoming . Archived from the original on June 17, 2017.
  12. 1 2 Harris, Mary (June 11, 2013). "One Neuroscientist Rethinks Addiction". WNYC. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  13. 1 2 Juskalian, Russ (February 2010). "Carl Hart: The drug data pusher". Wired . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  14. 1 2 Bartlett, Tom (February 26, 2021). "Why a Columbia Neuroscientist Acknowledged Using Heroin". Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Anthony, Andrew (February 6, 2021). "Meet Carl Hart: parent, Columbia professor – and heroin user". The Guardian . Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  16. ↑ "Neuropsychopharmacology Lab: People". Columbia University . Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  17. ↑ Brueck, Hilary (February 19, 2021). "A Columbia professor who uses heroin says the drug helps him maintain a work-life balance and should be legal for everyone". Insider . Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Let's quit abusing drug users". TEDMED . 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  19. ↑ Donaldson, Jesse (May 6, 2019). "Carl Hart's Radically Different Approach to Drug Policy". The Tyee . Retrieved April 3, 2023.
  20. ↑ "The Institute for Research in African American Studies: About". Institute for Research in African American Studies (Columbia University). Archived from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  21. ↑ Hart, Carl; Ksir, Charles (2021). Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN   978-1260711059.
  22. ↑ "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery that Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society". Publishers Weekly . April 22, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Seiffert, Rachel (August 5, 2013). "High Price: Drugs, Neuroscience, and Discovering Myself by Carl Hart – review". The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
  24. ↑ OPaungsawad, Gamjad; Hart, Carl (October 1, 2016). "Bangkok 2016: From overly punitive to deeply humane drug policies". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 167: 223–234. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.004.
  25. ↑ Sally Satel (January 13, 2021). "'Drug Use for Grown-Ups' Review: A Dose of Dissent". The Wall Street Journal (book review).
  26. ↑ Skipper, Clay (February 16, 2021). "What If Drugs Aren't as Bad as We've Been Told?". GQ . Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  27. 1 2 Casey Schwartz (January 12, 2021). "When Getting High Is a Hobby, Not a Habit". The New York Times (book review).
  28. ↑ "Race and the Drug War". We are the Drug Policy Alliance: Issues. Drug Policy Alliance. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  29. ↑ Hesson, Ted (June 4, 2013). "4 Ways You've Been Totally Misinformed About Drugs". ABC News . Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Carl L. Hart, PhD". American Psychological Association. January 2017. Archived from the original on February 12, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Mixed Signals: the Administration's Policy on Marijuana, Part Four – the Health Effects and Science". Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  32. ↑ Sloane, Amanda; Winch, Graham (July 9, 2013). "Judge allow evidence of Trayvon Martin's marijuana use". CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  33. ↑ Hart, Carl L. (July 11, 2013). "Reefer Madness, an Unfortunate Redux". The New York Times . Retrieved December 8, 2016.
  34. ↑ Cupin, Bea (May 6, 2017). "Shabu shrinks brains? Drug abuse expert debunks 'myth'". Rappler . Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  35. 1 2 Winn, Patrick (June 6, 2017). "Neuroscientist Carl Hart says 'infant thinking' drives Philippines meth war". GlobalPost. Public Radio International. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  36. 1 2 Dimacali, TJ (June 8, 2017). "Duterte 'ignorant' about drugs, says neuroscientist". GMA News. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  37. ↑ Romero, Alexis (May 10, 2017). "Duterte defends claim shabu shrinks brains with tirade". The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  38. ↑ Carl Hart, "High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That ..." | Talks at Google Google, July 22, 2013
  39. ↑ "ReasonNYC – Carl Hart, author of High Price". Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  40. ↑ "Carl Hart, PhD – Nobel Conference 51 | Nobel Conference". gustavus.edu.
  41. ↑ "War on...(Airs Sunday at 10PM ET on FNC)". Fox Business . Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  42. ↑ Neuroscientist Carl Hart: Science Says We Should Decriminalize Drugs Reason TV, July 15, 2013
  43. ↑ "#1593 – Dr. Carl Hart". JREPodcast.com. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  44. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (January 8, 2021). "'Crack: Cocaine, Corruption & Conspiracy' Review: An Eye-Opening Look at the Crack Epidemic, a Tragedy That Was Hyped and Exploited". Variety . Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  45. ↑ High Price by Dr. Carl Hart: Author. Archived July 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  46. ↑ "Faculty Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching Winners, 1996–2020". Columbia University. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  47. ↑ Martin, Annie (July 3, 2020). "Professor uninvited to UCF in 2017 after comments about police brutality, former students say". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  48. ↑ Strickland, Joy (January 23, 2014). "President Obama Affirms MATV's Message". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  49. ↑ Ron Charles (July 30, 2014). "Winners of the 2014 PEN Literary Awards". The Washington Post . Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  50. ↑ "2014 PEN/E. O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award". pen.org. April 16, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
  51. ↑ "City of Miami". Columbia University . 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.