Cellular beam

Last updated

Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional castellated beam. [1] The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight, making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load capacity in building construction. [2]

Contents

The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic. [3] A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process. [4] Cellular beams are usually made of structural steel, but can also be made of other materials. [5] The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel framed buildings. [6] The type of deflection is mainly done by bending.

Introduction

In 1987, Westok Structural Services Ltd of Wakefield invented and patented the structural steel cellular beam. [7]

In 2009, the Steel Construction Institute developed software to assist engineers evaluating the dynamic behaviour of composite floors supported by cellular beams. [8]

Since 1940, civil engineers have endeavoured to find solutions to reduce the cost and weight of steel frame construction. [9] Due to the restrictions with regard to the maximum permissible deflections, the high-strength properties of structural steel cannot always be optimally used. [10] As a result, several new steel mixtures have been identified to increase the stiffness of steel components without significantly increasing the required steel weight. [11] The use of steel girders with web openings (SBWOs) for structures such as industrial buildings has proven to be extensive. [12] Civil engineers came up with a solution to use a composite design of ultra-shallow floor joists together with concrete used on the Douala Grand Mall in Cameroon. [13] Since the 2010s, further investigations into steel construction and fire protection have been carried out, [14] [15] which led to innovations in the field of passive fire protection that could save lives and assets. [16]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reinforced concrete</span> Concrete with rebar

Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel bars (rebar) and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. However, post-tensioning is also employed as a technique to reinforce the concrete. In terms of volume used annually, it is one of the most common engineering materials. In corrosion engineering terms, when designed correctly, the alkalinity of the concrete protects the steel rebar from corrosion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumber</span> Wood that has been processed into beams and planks

Lumber is wood that has been processed into uniform and useful sizes, including beams and planks or boards. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing. Lumber has many uses beyond home building. Lumber is referred to as timber in the United Kingdom, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, while in other parts of the world the term timber refers specifically to unprocessed wood fiber, such as cut logs or standing trees that have yet to be cut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Engineered wood</span> Range of derivative wood products engineered for uniform and predictable structural performance

Engineered wood, also called mass timber, composite wood, human-made wood, or manufactured board, includes a range of derivative wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers or boards of wood, together with adhesives, or other methods of fixation to form composite material. The panels vary in size but can range upwards of 64 by 8 feet and in the case of cross-laminated timber (CLT) can be of any thickness from a few inches to 16 inches (410 mm) or more. These products are engineered to precise design specifications, which are tested to meet national or international standards and provide uniformity and predictability in their structural performance. Engineered wood products are used in a variety of applications, from home construction to commercial buildings to industrial products. The products can be used for joists and beams that replace steel in many building projects. The term mass timber describes a group of building materials that can replace concrete assemblies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Beam (structure)</span> Structural element capable of withstanding loads by resisting bending

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally across the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending, as loads produce reaction forces at the beam's support points and internal bending moments, shear, stresses, strains, and deflections. Beams are characterized by their manner of support, profile, equilibrium conditions, length, and material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seismic retrofit</span> Modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity

Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries and late 1970s for many other parts of the world, many structures were designed without adequate detailing and reinforcement for seismic protection. In view of the imminent problem, various research work has been carried out. State-of-the-art technical guidelines for seismic assessment, retrofit and rehabilitation have been published around the world – such as the ASCE-SEI 41 and the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering (NZSEE)'s guidelines. These codes must be regularly updated; the 1994 Northridge earthquake brought to light the brittleness of welded steel frames, for example.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joist</span> Horizontal framing structure

A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm. Joists are often doubled or tripled, placed side by side, where conditions warrant, such as where wall partitions require support.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glued laminated timber</span> Building material

Glued laminated timber, commonly referred to as glulam, is a type of structural engineered wood product constituted by layers of dimensional lumber bonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives so that all of the grain runs parallel to the longitudinal axis. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laminated veneer lumber</span> Engineered Wood Product used in wood frame construction

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is an engineered wood product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. It is typically used for headers, beams, rimboard, and edge-forming material. LVL offers several advantages over typical milled lumber: Made in a factory under controlled specifications, it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform. Due to its composite nature, it is much less likely than conventional lumber to warp, twist, bow, or shrink. LVL is a type of structural composite lumber, comparable to glued laminated timber (glulam) but with a higher allowable stress. A high performance more sustainable alternative to lumber, Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams, headers and columns are used in structural applications to carry heavy loads with minimum weight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I-beam</span> Construction element

An I-beam is any of various structural members with an I or H-shaped cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam, I-profile, universal column (UC), w-beam, universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T. I-beams are typically made of structural steel and serve a wide variety of construction uses.

A tie, strap, tie rod, eyebar, guy-wire, suspension cables, or wire ropes, are examples of linear structural components designed to resist tension. It is the opposite of a strut or column, which is designed to resist compression. Ties may be made of any tension resisting material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formwork</span> Molds for cast

Formwork is molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast or cast-in-place. In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering molds. In specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure, adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fireproofing</span> Rendering something (structures, materials, etc.) resistant to fire, or incombustible

Fireproofing is rendering something resistant to fire, or incombustible; or material for use in making anything fire-proof. It is a passive fire protection measure. "Fireproof" or "fireproofing" can be used as a noun, verb or adjective; it may be hyphenated ("fire-proof").

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Structural steel</span> Type of steel used in construction

Structural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a profile of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Steel building</span>

A steel building is a metal structure fabricated with steel for the internal support and for exterior cladding, as opposed to steel framed buildings which generally use other materials for floors, walls, and external envelope. Steel buildings are used for a variety of purposes including storage, work spaces and living accommodation. They are classified into specific types depending on how they are used.

Composite construction is a generic term to describe any building construction involving multiple dissimilar materials. Composite construction is often used in building aircraft, watercraft, and building construction. There are several reasons to use composite materials including increased strength, aesthetics, and environmental sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open web steel joist</span> Lightweight steel truss

In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">I-joist</span>

An engineered wood joist, more commonly known as an I-joist, is a product designed to eliminate problems that occur with conventional wood joists. Invented in 1969, the I-joist is an engineered wood product that has great strength in relation to its size and weight. The biggest notable difference from dimensional lumber is that the I-joist carries heavy loads with less lumber than a dimensional solid wood joist. As of 2005, approximately 50% of all wood light framed floors used I-joists. I-joists were designed to help eliminate typical problems that come with using solid lumber as joists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ironworker</span> Tradesman who works in the ironworking industry

An ironworker is a tradesman who works in the iron-working industry. Ironworkers assemble the structural framework in accordance with engineered drawings and install the metal support pieces for new buildings. They also repair and renovate old structures using reinforced concrete and steel. Ironworkers may work on factories, steel mills, and utility plants.

This glossary of structural engineering terms pertains specifically to structural engineering and its sub-disciplines. Please see glossary of engineering for a broad overview of the major concepts of engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Konstantinos Tsavdaridis</span> Professor at the University of Leeds

Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis is a professor at the School of Civil Engineering of the University of Leeds, known for his work on lightweight steel and steel-concrete composite structures and particularly for the design of novel perforated beams and tall buildings.

References

  1. ↑ Davison, Buick; Owens, Graham W., eds. (2003) [1st ed. published 1955]. "Multi-storey buildings". Steel Designers' Manual (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell (published 2005). p. 62. ISBN   978-14051-3412-5. OL   8405874M. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  2. ↑ Ponsorn, Phattaraphong; Phuvoravan, Kitjapat (8 May 2020). "Efficiency of Castellated and Cellular Beam Utilization Based on Design Guidelines". Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 25 (3). American Society of Civil Engineers. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000497. S2CID   218968589. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "Framing schematics". SteelConstruction.info. BCSA, Steel for life, SCI. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Lawson, Mark; Trebilcock, Peter (2004). Architectural Design in Steel (1st ed.). London, England and New York, NY, USA: Spon Press of Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN   0-203-64165-5. OL   34581663M. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  5. ↑ Mesquita, Luís; Gonçalves, João; Gonçalves, Gustavo; Piloto, Paulo (2015). Intumescent Fire Protection of Cellular Beams. X Congress on Steel and Composite Structures. Coimbra, Portugal. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021– via ResearchGate.
  6. ↑ d'Aniello, Mario; Landolfo, Raffaele; Piluso, Vincenzo; Rizzano, Gianvittorio (6 November 2012). "Ultimate behavior of steel beams under non-uniform bending". Journal of Constructional Steel Research. 78: 144–158. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.07.003. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  7. ↑ Lee, P.K.K., ed. (1997). Written at Hong Kong. Structures in the new millennium: proceedings of the fourth International Kerensky Conference on structures in the new millennium. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: A.A. Balkema Publishers. p. 303. ISBN   9054108983. OCLC   39016527. OL   12809130M. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  8. ↑ Smith, A.L.; Hicks, S.J.; Devine, P.J. (February 2009) [1st ed. published 2007]. Design of Floors for Vibration: A New Approach (PDF) (2nd ed.). Ascot, Berkshire, England: The Steel Construction Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  9. ↑ Barone, Adam (7 October 2022). "Value Engineering". Investopedia . reviewed by Margret James, fact checked by Suzanne Kvilhaug. New York City, NY, USA. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  10. ↑ Nicole, Schillo; Feldmann, Markus; Björk, Timo; Schaffrath, Simon; Tuominen, Niko Petteri; Virdi, Kuldeep; Heinisuo, Markku; Mela, Kristo; Veljkovic, Milan; Pavlović, Marko; Manoleas, Panagiotis; Valkonen, Ilkka; Minkinen, Jussi; Juha, Erkkilä; Petursson, Eva; Clarin, Matthias; Sayer, Alfred; Horvath, Lazlo; Kövesdi, B.; Turan, Pal; Somodi, Balázs (12 January 2016). Rules on high strength steel (RUOSTE) (Technical report). doi:10.2777/908095 . Retrieved 5 May 2021– via ResearchGate.
  11. ↑ Laister, David (8 December 2020). "First new British Steel product in Jingye Group era unveiled for high rise construction market". Business Live. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  12. ↑ Morkhade, Samadhan G.; Gupta, Laxmikant M. (21 July 2015). "An experimental and parametric study on steel beams with web openings". International Journal of Advanced Structural Engineering. 7 (3): 249–260. Bibcode:2015IJASE...7..249M. doi: 10.1007/s40091-015-0095-4 . S2CID   108692833.
  13. ↑ "Innovation through composite construction". Engineering News. Creamer Media. South Africa. 16 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  14. ↑ Vassart, O.; Hawes, M.; Simms, I.; Zhao, B.; Franssen, J.-M.; Nadjai, A. (2012). Fire resistance of long span cellular beam made of rolled steel (PDF) (Technical report). Brussels, Belgium: European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. doi: 10.2777/38158 . ISBN   978-92-79-22428-7. ISSN   1831-9424. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  15. ↑ "CPD 3 2018: Steel and fire protection". Building UK. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  16. ↑ "Breakthrough solution in passive fire protection saving lives and assets". Sherwin-Williams Protective & Marine. 28 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021– via Architecture & Design.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.