| Centruroides noxius | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Scorpiones |
| Family: | Buthidae |
| Genus: | Centruroides |
| Species: | C. noxius |
| Binomial name | |
| Centruroides noxius Wood, 1863 | |
Centruroides noxius is a species of scorpion native to Mexico.
This species grows from 3.5 to 5 cm in length, its body is dark in color, usually black or brown, and its legs and pedipalps are generally light, this species does not have a specific color pattern since it can be found with other colors. [1] Since most scorpions are nocturnal, they usually hide in litter and debris, or in loose barks of trees and bushes, it is mostly terrestrial, but it has also been reported to rise on rough surfaces. [2]
This species is native to Mexico, in the states of Nayarit, but also in Jalisco and Sinaloa. [2] it is also found in other Latin American countries, such as Chile, but it is not known how it got there. [3] It is mainly found in dry arid places, areas of limited vegetation, in sandy and rocky soil and sometimes in human dwellings, it has been reported close to sea level, with 500 m elevation. [2]
Mating lasts about 10 minutes, with the male controlling the female with his tweezers to avoid being bitten by her, they reach sexual maturity between 8–11 months of age, reproduction is ovoviviparous, with a gestation period of 4–5 months, the female of the aluz between 30 and 60 pups. the puppies become independent at two or three weeks of age, as they can be eaten by the mother. [1]
It feeds mainly on small invertebrates, such as crickets, spiders and beetles. juveniles usually feed on micro-crickets and small flies. [1]
It is one of the most venomous scorpions in Mexico and one of the most dangerous in Latin America, it has highly lethal neurotoxins for mammals, which attacks the sodium and potassium channels, the venom changes the functioning of nerves and muscles, to the point of the respiratory system and the heart stop working. [1] This species has a median lethal dose of 5 micrograms for 20-gram mouse. [4] Two peptide toxins have been identified in the venom: noxiustoxin, which targets voltage-gated calcium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels, [5] [6] and Cn2 toxin, which targets the mammalian voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) Nav1.6. [7]
Centruroides exilicauda, the Baja California bark scorpion, is a species of bark scorpion found in Baja California. It is closely related to the Arizona bark scorpion, but is not considered dangerous. Previously only distinguished by geographic range, the two variants were classified in 1980 as the same species. Subsequently, differences in venom toxicity were recorded, and in 2004, DNA analysis showed them to be separate species. The Baja California bark scorpion is a slender, long-tailed scorpion, and although it is typically sand-colored it appears in darker colors.
Slotoxin is a peptide from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion venom. It belongs to the short scorpion toxin superfamily.
Cobatoxin is a toxin present in the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius. It blocks two potassium channel subtypes; voltage-gated and calcium-activated channels.
A scorpion sting is an injury caused by the stinger of a scorpion resulting in the medical condition known as scorpionism, which may vary in severity. The anatomical part of the scorpion that delivers the sting is called a "telson". In typical cases, scorpion stings usually result in pain, paresthesia, and variable swelling. In serious cases, scorpion stings may involve the envenomation of humans by toxic scorpions, which may result in extreme pain, serious illness, or even death depending on the toxicity of the venom.
Birtoxin is a neurotoxin from the venom of the South African Spitting scorpion. By changing sodium channel activation, the toxin promotes spontaneous and repetitive firing much like pyrethroid insecticides do
Bestoxin is a neurotoxin from the venom of the South African spitting scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus. Most likely, it targets sodium channel function, thus promoting spontaneous and repetitive neuronal firing. Following injection into mice, it causes non-lethal writhing behaviour.
Centruroides baergi is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae. They are commonly found in highlands and are almost exclusively found in the states of Oaxaca and southern Puebla, Mexico. C. baergi is the most abundant scorpion of the genus in the state of Oaxaca, making up a third of Centruroides reported between 2008 and 2014.
Anuroctoxin is a peptide from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Anuroctonus phaiodactylus. This neurotoxin belongs to the alpha family of potassium channel acting peptides. It is a high-affinity blocker of Kv1.3 channels.
Ergtoxin is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius. This toxin targets hERG potassium channels.
Tamulotoxin is a venomous neurotoxin from the Indian Red Scorpion.
Toxin Cll1 is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus, which changes the activation threshold of sodium channels by binding to neurotoxin binding site 4, resulting in increased excitability.
Centruroides suffusus suffusus toxin II (CssII) is a scorpion β-toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides suffusus suffusus. CssII primarily affects voltage-gated sodium channels by causing a hyperpolarizing shift of voltage dependence, a reduction in peak transient current, and the occurrence of resurgent currents.
Noxiustoxin (NTX) is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides noxius Hoffmann which block voltage-dependent potassium channels and calcium-activated potassium channels.
Beta-mammal toxin Cn2, also known as Cn2 toxin, is a single chain β-scorpion neurotoxic peptide and the primary toxin in the venom of the Centruroides noxius Hoffmann scorpion. The toxin specifically targets mammalian Nav1.6 voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC).
Beta-toxin Cll2, shortened to Cll2, is a toxin in the venom of the Mexican Scorpion species Centruroides limpidus limpidus. The toxin belongs to the β-class family of sodium channel-inhibiting scorpion toxins. It affects voltage-dependent activation, conductance and resurgent currents of voltage gated sodium channels by binding to site 4.
Intrepicalcin (ViCaTx1) is a short peptide toxin found in the venom of scorpion Vaejovis intrepidus. It is one of a group of short, basic peptides called calcins, which bind to ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and thereby trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
MeuKTX, which belongs to the α-KTx toxin subfamily, is a neurotoxin present in the venom of Mesobuthus eupeus. This short-chain peptide blocks potassium channels, such as Kv1.1, Kv1.2 and Kv1.3.
The CmERG1 toxin is a peptide composed of 42 amino acids, found in venom from the Colombian scorpion Centruroides margaritatus. It blocks human ether-a-go-go-Related gene (hERG) potassium channels, which are important for cardiac action potential repolarization.
Tb1 is a neurotoxin that is naturally found in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus bahiensis. Presumably by acting on voltage-gated sodium channels, it triggers excessive glutamate release, which can lead to both behavioral and electrographic epileptiform alterations, as well as neuronal injury.
κ-KTx2.5 is a toxin found in the venom of the scorpion, Opisthacanthuscayaporum. The toxin belongs to the κ-KTx family, a channel blocker family that targets voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) 1.1 and 1.4.