The City of London Swords are five two-handed ceremonial swords belonging to the Corporation of London, namely the Mourning (or Black) Sword, the Pearl Sword, the State (or Sunday) Sword, the Old Bailey Sword and the Mansion House Justice Room Sword. A sixth sword, the Travelling Sword of State, replaces the Sword of State for visits outside the City. They comprise part of the plate collection of Mansion House, the official residence of the Lord Mayor of London.
The Mourning Sword is used on occasions of ceremonial mourning and has also been known as the Black Sword and the Lenten Sword. Its history is somewhat uncertain—The Telegraph reports its to be of 16th-century origin and that there is a rumour that it was found in the River Thames, but there has been more than one Mourning Sword through time. [1]
Samuel Pepys describes in his diary entry for 2 September 1663 a conversation with then-Lord Mayor Anthony Bateman as follows:
After dinner into a withdrawing room; and there we talked, among other things, of the Lord Mayor's sword. They tell me this sword, they believe, is at least a hundred or two hundred years old; and another that he hath, which is called the Black Sword, which the Lord Mayor wears when he mournes, but properly is their Lenten Sword to wear upon Good Friday and other Lent days, is older than that.
In his footnote to that entry in his 1893 transcription, Henry Benjamin Wheatley quotes Sir William St John Hope, FSA [3] and Assistant Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, who read a paper on the history of the insignia of the City of London to the Society on 28 May 1891, [4] as saying "It has long been the custom in the City as in other places to have a sword painted black and devoid of ornament, which is carried before the Lord Mayor on occasions of mourning or special solemnity. ... The present Mourning Sword has an old blade, but the hilt and guard, which are of iron japanned-black, are of the most ordinary character and seemingly modern. The grip and sheath are covered with black velvet." [5]
In Ceremonial Swords of Britain: State and Civic Swords (2017), Edward Barrett dates the current Mourning Sword to 1615 or 1623. It has a blade 3 ft 2+3⁄8 in (0.975 m) long and 1+7⁄8 in (4.8 cm) wide, and a 12 in (30 cm) hilt. While the velvet on the scabbard looks black, it is actually very deep maroon. [6]
The Mourning Sword was carried by then-Lord Mayor Roger Gifford at the funeral of the Baroness Thatcher in 2013, leading the Queen and Prince Philip in and out of St Paul's Cathedral for the ceremony. It had not previously been used since the state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill in 1965. [1] In addition to its use at funerals, it is used on Good Friday, feast days and the anniversary of the Great Fire of London. [6]
According to tradition, the Pearl Sword was presented to the Corporation of London by Elizabeth I of England in 1571 [a] on the occasion of her opening of the Royal Exchange. There are approximately 2,500 pearls on the sword's scabbard, from which it gets its name. [8] In his footnote to the Diary of Samuel Pepys, Wheatley quotes Hope as saying that it is a "fine sword said to have been given to the City by Queen Elizabeth on the occasion of the opening of the Royal Exchange in 1570" [a] but continues: "There is, however, no mention of such a gift in the City records, neither do Stow nor other old writers notice it. The sword is certainly of sixteenth century date, and is very possibly that bought in 1554, if it be not that "verye goodly sworde" given by Sir Ralph Warren in 1545." [5]
Its blade is 3 ft (0.91 m) long and 1+3⁄4 in (4.4 cm) wide, and it has a 10+3⁄4 in (27 cm) hilt. It weighs 4 lb 6+3⁄4 oz (2.01 kg) without the scabbard. The first 20+1⁄2 in (52 cm) of the blade have been blued and etched with images of fruit, trophies of arms, a quiver of arrows, the City arms and a ship at sail. Its scabbard dates back to at least 1808. [9]
When the King visits the City in State, he is ceremonially welcomed at Temple Bar, its boundary with Westminster, by the Lord Mayor of London, who offers HM the hilt of the Pearl Sword to touch. [8] [10] [b] [11] Before 1641, the monarch would take the sword for the duration of their visit, but in 1641 Charles I was offered it and immediately returned it to the Lord Mayor, a practice that was then carried on. [12] The ceremony as a whole dates back to 1215 and the royal charter allowing direct election of the Mayor (now Lord Mayor). [13] A similar ceremonial surrendering of the local Sword of State (a sword granted by royal gift or authorised by royal charter) is performed on royal visits to certain other cities, including York. [14]
At the coronation of George III on 22 September 1761, the Royal Sword of State was mislaid and instead the Earl of Huntingdon carried the Lord Mayor's Pearl Sword for the ceremony. [15] [16]
In 1977, Queen Elizabeth II mused that should Idi Amin (as President of Uganda) attend her Silver Jubilee uninvited, she might hit him over the head with the Pearl Sword, according to Lord Mountbatten's diary. [17] [18] [19] In 2012, the ceremonial surrender of the Pearl Sword was carried out during her Diamond Jubilee. [20] In 2016, the Pearl Sword was carried by then-Lord Mayor Jeffrey Mountevans to lead the Queen into St Paul's Cathedral for a service in honour of her official 90th birthday. [21]
The State Sword forms one half of the Sword and Mace, symbols of authority for the Lord Mayor of London. At City ceremonial events it is carried by the Swordbearer, while the Mace is carried by the Serjeant-at-Arms. The City of London has had a Sword of State since before 1373 and the first known Swordbearer of the City was John Blytone, who resigned in 1395. [22] The current sword, which is from the mid-17th century, has a red velvet sheath and a pommel decorated with images representing Justice and Fame. [8] It is also called the Sunday Sword, and is one of a group of eight swords made around the same time, between 1669 and 1684, and to similar specifications. Of these it particularly resembles the Civic Swords of Shrewsbury and Appleby-in-Westmorland. It was made around 1670 and acquired by London around 1680. [23]
The blade is 3 ft 1+1⁄2 in (0.953 m) long and 1+5⁄8 in (4.1 cm) wide. The hilt is 12+3⁄4 in (32 cm) long and it weighs 5 lb 1+1⁄4 oz (2.30 kg) without the scabbard. Most of the blue and gold damascene pattern that the blade used to have has since worn off. [6]
Lord Mayor Micajah Perry was attended by the "Sunday Sword and Mace" when he laid the foundation stone of Mansion House on 25 October 1739, where the City of London swords now form part of the plate collection. [8] [24] [c] The Sword and Mace are also two of the symbols used when the new Lord Mayor is invested at the Lord Mayor's Show. [12]
The current City Swordbearer is Tim Rolph, [25] who succeeded James North (2003–17). [26]
Because the State Sword is so valuable, there is in addition a Travelling State Sword used on ceremonial occasions outside the City of London. It looks very similar to the State Sword itself, but weighs less at 4 lb 0 oz (1.8 kg) and has a slightly longer blade at 3 ft 2+5⁄8 in (0.981 m). It was made by Wilkinson Sword in 1962 and presented to the City by Lord Mayor Sir Ralph Perring. Rather than the Damascene pattern, its blade is finely etched. [27]
Perring himself took the Travelling State Sword on its first foreign excursion, together with the mace, on a visit to Canada in 1963, during which he opened Ottawa's Exhibition. [28]
The Old Bailey Sword is displayed behind the Senior Judge sitting at the Old Bailey, a Crown Court in London, [29] hanging above his chair when the Lord Mayor opens proceedings at the Old Bailey. [30] The Cutlers' Company records that this is the Sword made by Master Cutler Richard Mathew in 1562 [31] and presented to the City in 1563. [32] They quote Sir William St John Hope describing it as follows:
"Its blade is of no great antiquity, but the pommel and quillons, which are of copper-gilt and handsomely wrought, belong to the sixteenth century, and very possibly to the sword given to the City by Richard Matthew, citizen and cutler, in 1563. The scabbard is covered with purple velvet and retains its original six lockets and chape of copper-gilt with intermediate devices of recent date."
— Sir William St John Hope [32]
It has a blade 2 feet 11+3⁄4 inches (0.908 m) long and 1+5⁄8 in (4.1 cm) wide, and an 11+1⁄4 in (29 cm) hilt. It weighs 3 lb 6+3⁄4 oz (1.55 kg) without the scabbard. Five inches (13 cm) of the point have been damaged and repaired with electroplating. Like the Pearl Sword, the lower part of the blade is blued and decorated. Its scabbard is covered with crimson velvet and decorated with gold lace, copper-gilt and silver-gilt. [33]
The Justice Room of Mansion House was converted from the former Swordbearer's Room in 1849 to operate as a court, since the Lord Mayor is Chief Magistrate of the City. [34] Though the court has since moved, the Mansion House Justice Room Sword retains its name.
Its blade is 2 ft 9+5⁄8 in (85.4 cm) long and 1+1⁄2 in (3.8 cm) wide. It has an 11+3⁄4 in (30 cm) hilt and weighs 4 lb 13 oz (2.2 kg) without the scabbard. It is from around 1830 and believed to be Portuguese. [35]
Where the City of London has six ceremonial swords (including the Travelling Sword of State), Bristol, Lincoln and Exeter each have four, though two of Exeter's are not carried before the Mayor. A further 13 places in Britain have two swords each, as does Dublin. [36]
The swords of the Lord Mayor of Bristol are:
Lincoln's four are a Sword of State from before 1367, a Mourning or Lent Sword circa 1486, the Charles I Sword circa 1642, which is missing its hilt, and the George II Sword, put together in 1902 from a hilt made in 1734 and an older blade. [42] Exeter's bearing-swords are a Sword of State, circa 1497, and a Mourning Sword, circa 1577. [43]
A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can be straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed tip. A slashing sword is more likely to be curved and to have a sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade. Many swords are designed for both thrusting and slashing. The precise definition of a sword varies by historical epoch and geographic region.
The Lord Mayor of London is the mayor of the City of London, England, and the leader of the City of London Corporation. Within the City, the Lord Mayor is accorded precedence over all individuals except the sovereign and retains various traditional powers, rights, and privileges, including the title and style The Right Honourable Lord Mayor of London.
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The English language terminology used in the classification of swords is imprecise and has varied widely over time. There is no historical dictionary for the universal names, classification, or terminology of swords; a sword was simply a single-edged or double-edged knife.
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Typical of British heraldry, a cap of maintenance, known in heraldic language as a chapeau gules turned up ermine, is a ceremonial cap of crimson velvet lined with ermine, which is worn or carried by certain persons as a sign of nobility or special honour. It is worn with the high part to the fore, and the tapering tail behind. It may substitute for the torse in the heraldic achievement of a person of special honour granted the privilege by the monarch. It thus appears in such cases on top of the helm and below the crest. It does not, however, feature in the present royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, which shows the royal crest upon the royal crown, itself upon the royal helmet.
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The Pattern 1796 heavy cavalry sword was the sword used by the British heavy cavalry, and King's German Legion Dragoons, through most of the period of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It played an especially notable role, in the hands of British cavalrymen, at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. The pattern was adopted by Sweden and was used by some Portuguese cavalry.
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Ceremonial maces in the United Kingdom began as lethal weapons of medieval knights in England, Scotland, and Wales, evolving into ceremonial objects carried by sergeants-at-arms.
The Pattern 1831 sabre for General Officers is a British army pattern sword prescribed for the use of officers of the rank of major-general and above. It has been in continuous use from 1831 to the present. It is an example of a type of sword described as a mameluke sabre.
Ratings of the Royal Navy have used cutlasses, short, wide bladed swords, since the early 18th century. These were originally of non-uniform design but the 1804 Pattern, the first Navy-issue standard cutlass, was introduced at the start of the 19th century. This was a bluntish weapon that was perhaps intended for cutting away canvas and ropes rather than as a thrusting combat weapon. The 1845 Pattern cutlass introduced a bowl-style hand guard which provided greater protection, with a longer and more curved blade. Its sharper point made it more useful for thrusting attacks, which were now emphasised in the drill manual. The 1845 Pattern was modified several times including shortening and straightening the blades, which weakened them. The 1889 Pattern had a straight, spear-pointed blade with a hilt that curved outwards to catch and redirect an opponent's sword point. The 1900 Pattern, the last navy-issue cutlass, was similar to its predecessor with the introduction of a fuller and a hilt insert that cushioned the user's little finger. The cutlass was withdrawn from service in 1936 but remains in use for ceremonial purposes. It is thought that it was last used in combat in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion.
