Common blanket octopus

Common blanket octopus
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Octopoda
Family:	Tremoctopodidae
Genus:	Tremoctopus
Species:	T. violaceus
Binomial name
Tremoctopus violaceus Delle Chiaje, 1830
Distribution of Tremoctopus violaceus
Range of Tremoctopus violaceus [2]
Synonyms [3]
Octopus atlanticus D'Orbigny, 1834 in 1834–1847 Octopus gracilis Souleyet, 1852 Octopus koellikerii Verany, 1847 Octopus mycrostoma Reynaud, 1831 Octopus quoyanus D'Orbigny, 1834 in 1834–1847 Ocythoe velata Risso, 1854 Octopus velifer Ferussac, 1835 in 1834–1848 Tremoctopus joubini Hoyle, 1909 Tremoctopus lucifer Akimushkin, 1963 Tremoctopus microstomus (Reynaud, 1831)

The common blanket octopus or violet blanket octopus (Tremoctopus violaceus) ^[4] is a large octopus of the family Tremoctopodidae found worldwide in the epipelagic zone of warm seas^{[ citation needed ]}. The degree of sexual dimorphism in this species is very high, with females growing up to two meters in length, whereas males grow to about 2.4 cm. The first live specimen of a male was not seen until 2002 off the Great Barrier Reef. Individual weights of males and females differ by a factor of about 10,000 and potentially more. ^[5]

Recent studies on the mitochondrial genome of Tremoctopus violaceus have provided insights into the species' phylogenetic relationships within the octopus family. The analysis suggests that Tremoctopus violaceus is closely related to other members of the Tremoctopodidae family (Dae-Ju et al., 2022)^{[ citation needed ]}.Males and small females of less than 7 cm have been reported to carry with them the tentacles of the Portuguese man o' war. It is speculated that these tentacles serve both as a defensive mechanism and possibly as a method of capturing prey. This mechanism is no longer useful at larger sizes, which may be why males of this species are so small. The web between the arms of the mature female octopus serves as a defensive measure as well, making the animal appear larger, and being easily detached if bitten into by a predator. ^[6] The complete mitogenome of T. violaceus is a circular double-stranded DNA sequence that is 16,015 base-pairs long. ^[7]

• 
  Ventral view of large female
• 
  Dorsal view of large female
• 
  Dorsal view of female
• 
  Lateral view of adult male with hectocotylus

Mating behaviour

The third right arm in male blanket octopus is called the hectocotylus, which has a sperm-filled pouch between the arms. When the male is ready to mate, the pouch ruptures, and sperm is released into the arm. He then cuts this arm off and gives it to a female. It is likely that the male dies after mating. The female stores the arm in her mantle to be used when she is ready to fertilize her eggs. She may store several hectocotyli from different males at once. ^[5]

Sexual dimorphism

The common blanket octopus exhibits one of the highest degrees of sexual size-dimorphism found in large animals. ^[5] The blanket octopus exhibits remarkable sexual dimorphism, with females reaching up to 2 meters in length, while males typically remain about 2.4 cm. This size disparity is one of the most striking features of the species (Petrić et al., 2023)^{[ citation needed ]}.There are several theories as to why this developed. It is advantageous for females to be big; their large eggs take a lot of energy to maintain. The bigger a female is, the more eggs she can carry, and she can birth more offspring that could potentially survive to adulthood. Sperm does not require much energy or space to maintain, so males do not face the same pressure to be big. The use of the Portuguese man o' war tentacles is effective only in smaller animals. So selection may have favoured males to remain small in order to continue to utilize this defence mechanism. ^[5]

Defense mechanisms

Predators of the common blanket octopus include the blue shark, ^[8] tuna, and the billfish. ^[9]

When attacked, female blanket octopuses can roll up and unfurl their webbed blanket. ^[10] This makes them look bigger and may scare off predators. They can also sever the blanket to distract predators. ^[11]

Additionally, female blanket octopuses have been observed with parts of Portuguese man o' war tentacles attached to their dorsal arms. ^[12] It was suggested that these tentacles could serve both as defensive and offensive weapons. It is unknown how the blanket octopus obtains the tentacles or whether they are immune to the toxins in the stingers.

References

1. Allcock, L. (2014). "Tremoctopus violaceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2014: e.T174487A1415800. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T174487A1415800.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
2. Jiménez-Badillo, María de Lourdes; Meiners-Mandujano, César; Galindo-Cortes, Gabriela; Morillo-Velarde, Piedad S.; González-Gómez, Roberto; Barriga-Sosa, Irene de los Angeles; Pliego-Cárdenas, Ricardo (2021). "The first record of Tremoctopus violaceus sensu stricto Delle Chiaje, 1830 in southwestern Gulf of Mexico gives a hint of the taxonomic status of Tremoctopus gracilis". ZooKeys (1012): 55–69. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1012.55718 . PMC   7854555 . PMID   33584108.
3. Sweeney, M.J. & R.E. Young (2004). Taxa Associated with the Family Tremoctopodidae Tryon, 1879. Tree of Life Web Project.
4. "Common Blanket Octopus Tremoctopus violaceus". BioLib Biological Library. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
5. Norman, M. D.; Paul, D.; Finn, J.; Tregenza, T. (2002). "First encounter with a live male blanket octopus: The world's most sexually size‐dimorphic large animal". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 36 (4): 733–736. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2002.9517126 . ISSN   0028-8330.
6. Shapiro, Leo. "Facts about Common Blanket Octopus". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
7. Yuh-Wen Chiu; Chih-Wei Chang; Kang-Ning Shen; Yu-Min Ju; Hung-Du Lin (2018). "Complete mitochondrial genome and the phylogenetic position of the pelagic octopus Tremoctopus violaceus (Mollusca: Tremoctopodidae)". Mitochondrial DNA Part B. 3 (2): 1248–1249. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1532347 . PMC   7799641 . PMID   33474480.
8. Vaske Júnior, T.; Lessa, R. P.; Gadig, O. B. F. (2009). "Feeding habits of the blue shark (Prionace glauca) off the coast of Brazil". Biota Neotropica . 9 (3): 55–60. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032009000300004.
9. Tsuchiya, K.; Okamoto, H.; Uozumi, Y. (1998). "Cephalopods eaten by pelagic fishes in the tropical East Pacific, with special reference to the feeding habitat of pelegic fish" (PDF). La Mer . 36: 57–66.
10. "The Blanket Octopus and it's AMAZING Blanket!!". YouTube. 2019.
11. Thomas, Ronald F. (1977). "Systematics, distribution, and biology of cephalopods of the genus Tremoctopus (Octopoda: Tremoctopodidae)". Bulletin of Marine Science . 27 (3): 353–392.
12. Jones, E. C. (1963). "Tremoctopus violaceus uses Physalia tentacles as weapons". Science . 139 (3556): 764–766. doi:10.1126/science.139.3556.764.

Further reading

• Powell, A. W. B. (1979). New Zealand Mollusca. Auckland, New Zealand: William Collins Publishers Ltd. ISBN   0-00-216906-1.