Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents

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To date, the nuclear accidents at the Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima Daiichi (2011) nuclear power plants, are the only INES level 7 nuclear accidents. [1] [2]

Contents

Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents

The following table compares the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents.

Plant Name Chernobyl Fukushima Daiichi
Fukushima I by Digital Globe crop.jpg
Location Soviet Union (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) 51°23′22″N30°05′57″E / 51.38946°N 30.09914°E / 51.38946; 30.09914 Japan 37°25′32″N141°01′18″E / 37.4255°N 141.0216°E / 37.4255; 141.0216
Date of the accidentApril 26, 1986March 11, 2011
INES Level77
Plant commissioning date19771971
Years of operation before the accident9 years (plant)
  • 2 years (Unit 4) [3]
40 years (plant)
  • 40 years (Unit 1)
  • 37 years (Unit 2)
  • 35 years (Unit 3)
  • 33 years (Unit 4)
Electrical outputplant (net): 3700 MWe (4 reactors)
reactors (net): 925 MWe (Units 1–4)		plant (net): 4546 MWe (6 reactors)
reactors (net): 439 MWe (Unit 1), 760 MWe (Units 2–5), 1067 MWe (Unit 6)
Type of reactor RBMK-1000 graphite moderated, 2nd generation reactor without containment BWR-3 and BWR-4 reactors with Mark I containment vessels
Number of reactors4 on site; 1 involved in accident6 on site; 4 (and spent fuel pools) involved in accident; one of the four reactors was empty of fuel at the time of the accident.
Amount of nuclear fuel in affected reactors1 reactor—190 tonnes (t, metric tons = 210 U.S. short tons): spent fuel pools not involved in incident [4] 4 reactors—854 tonnes (t, metric tons): 81 t in Unit 1 reactor, 111 t in Unit 2 reactor, 111 t in Unit 3 reactor, 0 t in Unit 4 reactor (defueled), 59 t in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 119 t in Unit 2 SFP, 104 t in Unit 3 SFP, and 269 t in Unit 4 SFP [lower-alpha 1]
Cause of the accidentProximate cause was human error and violation of procedures. The unsafe reactor design caused instability at low power due to a positive void coefficient and steam formation. When an improper test was conducted at 1:00 am at low power, the reactor became prompt critical. This was followed by a steam explosion that exposed the fuel, a raging fire, and a core meltdown. The fire lasted for days to weeks, and there is controversy over whether it was the fuel burning, nuclear decay heating or whether the graphite moderator that made up most of the core was involved. See Chernobyl Disaster, Note 1, for more discussion.The plants were not designed with consideration of such a large tsunami concurrently occurring with the ground sinking. Subsequent review did not lead to mitigation. A major earthquake and tsunami caused the destruction of power lines and backup generators. Once the plants were without external power and the generators were flooded, a catastrophic decay heat casualty ensued, leading to major reactor plant damage including meltdowns and explosive loss of reactor containment.[ citation needed ]
Maximum level of radiation detected300 Sv/h shortly after the explosion in vicinity of the reactor core. [8] 530 Sv/h inside Unit 2 containment vessel in 2017 according to Japan Times. [9]
Radioactivity releasedAccording to IAEA, total release was 14 EBq (14,000 PBq). [10] 5.2 EBq (5,200 PBq) in iodine-131 equivalent [11] [12] As of 2014, a peer reviewed estimate of the total was 340–780 PBq, with 80% falling into the Pacific Ocean. [13] Radiation continues to be released into the Pacific via groundwater.
Area affected[ clarification needed ]An area up to 500 kilometres (310 mi) away contaminated, according to the United Nations. [14] [15] [16] Radiation levels exceeding annual limits seen over 60 kilometres (37 mi) to northwest and 40 kilometres (25 mi) to south-southwest, according to officials.[ citation needed ]
Exclusion Zone Area30 km20 km (30 km voluntary) extending north-west to 45 km in the downwind direction to Iitate, Fukushima [17]
Population relocated335,000 (About 115,000 from areas surrounding the reactor in 1986; about 220,000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine after 1986)154,000 [18]
Population returnedNone122,000 [19]
Direct fatalities from the accidentTwo immediate trauma deaths; 28 deaths from Acute Radiation Syndrome out of 134 showing symptoms; four from an industrial accident (helicopter crash); 15 deaths from radiation-genic thyroid cancers (as of 2005); [20] as many as 4000 to 90000 cancer related deaths. [21] 1 confirmed cancer death attributed to radiation exposure by the government for the purpose of compensation following opinions from a panel of radiologists and other experts, medical sources pending for long-term fatalities due to the radiation.
Current statusAll reactors were shut down by 2000. The damaged reactor was covered by a hastily built steel and concrete structure called the sarcophagus . A New Safe Confinement structure was installed in November 2016, from which the plant will be cleaned up and decommissioned. Cold shutdown declared on 16 December 2011, but decommissioning is likely to take 30 to 40 years. [22] [23] All fuel rods in reactor 4 pool removed. Fukushima disaster cleanup is ongoing.

Radioactive contamination discharge

Report datePlacePeriod Iodine-131
(TBq)		 Caesium-137
(TBq)		Source
fromtofromto
2002Chernobyl25 April – June 19861,600,0001,940,00059,000111,000 NEA [24]
22 March 2011Fukushima12 – 15 March 2011400,0003,00030,000 ZAMG [25]
2 April 2011Fukushima12 – 19 March 201110,000700,0011,00070,000 ZAMG [26]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April [27] 150,00012,000NSC [28]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011130,0006,100NISA [28]
7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011160,00015,000NISA [29]
24 Aug. 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April130,00011,000NSC [30]
15 Sept. 2011FukushimaMarch – September100,000200,00010,00020,000Kantei [31]
Report datePlacePeriodAmount
(TBq)		Source
12 April 2011Chernobyl25 April – June 19865,200,000NISA [28]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 March – 5 April 2011630,000NSC [27] [28]
12 April 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011370,000NISA [28]
April 2011Fukushima4 April 2011154NSC [27]
25 April 2011Fukushima24 April 201124NSC [27]
6–7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011770,000NISA [32] > [29]
7 June 2011Fukushima11 – 17 March 2011840,000NISA, [33] press printing [32]
17 August 2011Fukushima3–16 August 20110.07Government [34]
23 August 2011Fukushima12 March - 5 April 2011630,000NISA [35]
Report datePeriodInto the sea
(TBq)		Source
directindirect
21 May 20111 – 6 April 20114,700Tepco [36]
End of August 2011March – August 20113,50016,000 JMA [37]
8 September 2011March – April 201115,000Scientist Group [38]
29 October 201121 March – 15 July 201127,100 IRSN [39]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 183.3 kg/assembly; [5] 400 assemblies in reactor 1, 548 assemblies in reactors 2&3, 0 assemblies in reactor 4, total of 1496 assemblies in reactors 1-4; [5] [6] 292 assemblies in Unit 1 spent fuel pool (SFP), 587 assemblies in Unit 2 SFP, 514 assemblies in Unit 3 SFP, 1331 assemblies in Unit 4 SFP, total of 2724 assemblies in spent fuel pools 1-4. [7]

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References

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  5. 1 2 Fukushima: Background on Reactors. February 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2014. - 183.3 kg / assembly
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