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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The central tenets of conservatism include tradition, organic society, hierarchy, authority, and property rights. Conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as religion, parliamentary government, and property rights, with the aim of emphasizing social stability and continuity. The more traditional elements—reactionaries—oppose modernism and seek a return to "the way things were".
State terrorism refers to acts of terrorism conducted by a state, whether against foreign targets or against its own citizens. There is some disagreement about how to exactly define what is and what is not state terrorism, see "Definition" section below for details.
Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence, generally against civilians, for political purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in context of war against non-combatants. The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s in news reports and books covering the conflicts in Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Palestine. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C. in 2001.
Right-wing politics holds that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law, economics, or tradition. Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to "the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system".
The Free Democratic Party or Radical Democratic Party was a liberal political party in Switzerland. Formerly one of the major parties in Switzerland, on 1 January 2009 it merged with the Liberal Party of Switzerland to form FDP.The Liberals.
Samuel Todd Francis, known as Sam Francis, was an American paleoconservative, writer, and syndicated columnist in the United States.
The Independence Party is a liberal-conservative, Eurosceptic political party in Iceland. It is currently the largest party in the Alþingi, with 16 seats. The chairman of the party is Bjarni Benediktsson. The secretary of the party is Áslaug Arna Sigurbjörnsdóttir.
Islamic terrorism, Islamist terrorism or radical Islamic terrorism are terrorist acts against civilians committed by violent Islamists who claim a religious motivation.
James Bovard is an American libertarian author and lecturer whose political commentary targets examples of waste, failures, corruption, cronyism and abuses of power in government. He is a USA Today columnist and is a frequent contributor to The Hill. He is the author of Attention Deficit Democracy and nine other books. He has written for the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, New Republic, Reader's Digest, The American Conservative, and many other publications. His books have been translated into Spanish, Arabic, Japanese, and Korean.
The Posse Comitatus was a loosely organized, far-right populist social movement in the United States starting in the late 1960s, whose members spread a conspiracy-minded, anti-government and anti-Semitic message in the name of white Christians to counter what they believe is an attack on their social and political rights.
The Thule-Seminar is an extreme-right nationalist organization with strong Neopaganist roots based in Kassel, Germany. It was founded in 1980 by Pierre Krebs, essentially as the German branch of GRECE. Sometimes described as a think tank or "party of the mind", its name alludes to the Thule Society, in an ominous analogy with the organization that facilitated the rise of the Nazis and provided some of the intellectual cadre for the latter.
Communist terrorism describes terrorism carried out in the advancement of, or by groups who adhere to, communism or related ideologies, such as Tortskyism, Leninism, Maoism, or Marxism–Leninism. In history communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union, China, North Korea and Cambodia. In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism. These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and begin a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems. This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left terrorism.
Brigitte Kuhlmann (1947–1976) was a founding member of the West German left-wing terrorist group Revolutionäre Zellen (RZ, or Revolutionary Cells in English. She was killed by the Israel Defense Forces in Entebbe, Uganda, during Operation Entebbe.
Hagop Hagopian was an Armenian activist and guerrilla fighter and one of the founders and the main leader of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA).
Several scholars have accused the United States of conducting state terrorism. They have written about the liberal democracies' use of state terrorism, particularly in relation to the Cold War. According to them, state terrorism is used to protect the interest of capitalist elites, and the U.S. organized a neo-colonial system of client states, co-operating with regional elites to rule through terror. This work has proved controversial with mainstream scholars of both state and non-state terrorism, which is often omitted from their work, along with any mention that Western liberal democracies, as former imperial powers, frequently used terrorism in the invasions and occupations of their colonies.
A suicide attack is any violent attack in which the attacker accepts their own death as a direct result of the method used to harm, damage, or destroy the target. Suicide attacks have occurred throughout history, often as part of a military campaign such as the Japanese kamikaze pilots of World War II, and more recently as part of terrorist campaigns, such as the September 11 attacks.
Maxwell "Max" Taylor is a Forensic and Legal psychologist. His early work specialised in the study of terrorism but he also became involved in the study of sex offenders, and in the development of capacity building activities for disadvantaged children in conflict zones, returning later to the study of terrorism.
Germany has experienced significant terrorism in its history, particularly during the Weimar Republic and during the Cold War, carried out by far-left and far-right German groups as well as by foreign terrorist organisations.
There is a long history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements, while other acts have been related to politics, religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the intercontinental countries of Turkey and Russia is not included in this list.
References
- 1 2 Drake, C. J. M. (1996). "The phenomenon of conservative terrorism". Terrorism and Political Violence Volume 8, Issue 3 (Autumn 1998), pp. 29-46. doi : 10.1080/09546559608427362.
- ↑ Jan Oskar Engene, Terrorism in Western Europe, p. 41.
- 1 2 Drake, C. J. M. (1998). Terrorists' Target Selection. London: Palgrave Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 19. ISBN 0-312-21197-X.
- ↑ Claessen, Erik A. (2010). Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats. Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO. pp. 14-15. ISBN 978-0-313-38444-8.
- 1 2 Cragin, Kim, and Sara A. Daly (2009). Women as Terrorists: Mothers, Recruiters, and Martyrs. Santa Barbara, CA: ABL-CLIO. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-275-98909-5.
- ↑ Drake, C. J. M. (1998). Terrorists' target selection. London: Palgrave Macmillan and New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-312-21197-X.
- ↑ Allerfeldt, Kristofer (2011). Crime and the Rise of Modern America: A History from 1865–1941 . London: Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-80044-0.
- ↑ Horton, James Oliver & Lois E. Horton (2005). Slavery and the making of America . New York: Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-19-517903-3.
- ↑ Kaczorowski, Robert J. (2005). The politics of judicial interpretation: the federal courts, Department of Justice, and civil rights, 1866–1876. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8232-2382-4.
- ↑ Rose, Willie Lee Nichols, and William W. Freehling (1982). Slavery and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-19-502969-7.