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 Guineaportal |
Guinea has had four constitutions. [1] The latest constitution was approved by referendum on 19 April 2010 and formally adopted on 7 May. [2] However, it was later dissolved on 5 September 2021, following the 2021 Guinean coup. [3]
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| Guineaportal |
Guinea has had four constitutions. [1] The latest constitution was approved by referendum on 19 April 2010 and formally adopted on 7 May. [2] However, it was later dissolved on 5 September 2021, following the 2021 Guinean coup. [3]
A constitutional referendum was held on 28 September 1958 as part of a wider referendum across the French Union (and France itself) on whether to adopt the new French constitution; colonies voting to accept it would become part of the new French Community; if rejected, the territory would be granted independence. [4] [5] More than 95% of voters of French Guinea voted against the constitution, with a turnout of 85.5%, [6] making it the only colony to vote no. [7]
Guinea became an independent nation on 2 October 1958. The first constitution was enacted immediately afterward [4] and was written in some haste. [8] A 15-person commission wrote a draft constitution in 10 days, which was approved by the new national assembly on 10 November 1958 after a mere two hours of debate. [8] However, during the dictatorial reign of the first president, Ahmed Sékou Touré, it was routinely ignored or altered. [4]
In 1982, bowing to both international and internal pressure, Guinea adopted a new constitution which included better protections for human rights. [8] After Touré's death in 1984, the government was toppled by a military coup d'état. Another constitutional referendum, held on 23 December 1990, was approved by 98.7% of the voters, paving the way for a third constitution. [9]
A 2001 referendum, which was boycotted by the opposition, amended this constitution, removing presidential term limits and lengthening the term from five years to seven. [10] Critics accused then-President Lansana Conté of seeking to remain in power longer. [10]
When Conté died in 2008, Captain Moussa Dadis Camara seized power in a coup d'état, but was shot in the head in December 2010. [10] He left the country to receive medical care and recuperate. [10] He later agreed not to come back, and Guinea returned to civilian rule. [10]
The fourth constitution was approved by referendum on 19 April 2010 and formally adopted on 7 May. [11]
After the 2021 Guinean coup d'état, the military announced that they have dissolved the constitution. [12]
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Cote d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south. It is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry after its capital Conakry, to distinguish it from other territories in the eponymous region such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 14 million and an area of 245,857 square kilometres (94,926 sq mi).
The modern state of Guinea did not come into existence until 1958, but the history of the area stretches back well before European colonization. Its current boundaries were determined during the colonial period by the Berlin Conference (1884–1885) and the French, who ruled Guinea until 1958.
Politics of Guinea takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Guinea is both head of state and head of government of Guinea. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly.
The Guinean Armed Forces are the armed forces of Guinea. They are responsible for the territorial security of Guinea's border and the defence of the country against external attack and aggression.
Ahmed Sékou Touré was a Guinean political leader and African statesman who became the first president of Guinea, serving from 1958 until his death in 1984. Touré was among the primary Guinean nationalists involved in gaining independence of the country from France. He would later die in the United States in 1984.
Lansana Conté was a Guinean politician and military official who served as the second president of Guinea, from 3 April 1984 until his death on 22 December 2008. Conté came to power in the 1984 Guinean coup d'état.
Guinea elects on the national level a head of state—the president—and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people through a two-round system. The National Assembly has 114 members, elected for five-year terms, 38 members in single-seat constituencies and 76 members by proportional representation.
Louis Lansana Beavogui was a Guinean politician. He was Prime Minister from 1972 to 1984 and was briefly interim President in 1984.
Thierno Saïdou Diallo, usually known as Tierno Monénembo, is a Francophone Guinean novelist and biochemist. Born in Guinea, he later lived in Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, and finally France since 1973. He has written eight books in all and was awarded the 2008 prix Renaudot for The King of Kahel.
Alpha Condé is a Guinean politician who served as the fourth president of Guinea from 2010 to 2021.
Diarra Traoré was a Guinean soldier and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Guinea briefly in 1984 as a member of a junta led by Lansana Conté. In 1985, after Traoré attempted a coup d'état against President Conté, Conté had him executed.
The Republic of Niger has had seven constitutions, two substantial constitutional revisions, and two periods of rule by decree since its independence from French colonial rule in 1960. The "Seventh Republic" operated under the Constitution of 2010 until its dissolution in 2023 by General Abdourahamane Tchiani in a coup d'état.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Guinea:
The Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally is a political party in Guinea that dominated Guinean politics under a one-party state system. The party was founded as a branch of the African Democratic Rally (RDA) in June 1947. On 19 October 1958 the party severed its links with the RDA, other members of which supported a closer union with France. The party's leader, Ahmed Sékou Touré, became the country's first president. Two years later, he declared the PDG to be the sole legal party in the country. As president of the PDG, Touré was the only candidate for president of the republic, and as such was elected unopposed to four seven-year terms. Every five years, a single list of PDG candidates was returned to the National Assembly. After the death of Touré and a coup staged by Lansana Conté in 1984, the PDG was dissolved.
The 2008 Guinean coup d'état occurred in Guinea on 23 December 2008, shortly after the death of long-time President Lansana Conté. A junta called the National Council for Democracy and Development, headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, seized power and announced that it planned to rule the country for two years prior to a new presidential election. Camara did indeed step down after Alpha Condé was elected in the 2010 election.
Mamadou Boye Bah was a Guinean political figure and economist and was one of the leading opponents of the presidents Sékou Touré and Lansana Conté.
A constitutional referendum was held in Guinea on 28 September 1958 as part of a wider referendum across the French Union on whether to adopt the new French Constitution. If the territory voted to accept the new constitution, it would then have four months to decide whether to
Lansana Diané was a general and a minister in the cabinet of Ahmed Sekou Touré, President of Guinea during the First Republic (1958–1984). The military government that took power after Touré's death executed him in 1985.
The 1984 Guinean coup d'état was the bloodless military coup that took place in Guinea on 3 April 1984, led by Colonel Lansana Conté. It led to the deposition of Prime Minister Louis Lansana Beavogui, who had held the office since 1972, and had been serving as interim president since March, when longtime President Ahmed Sékou Touré died during an emergency heart operation at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States.
On 5 September 2021, President of Guinea Alpha Condé was captured by the country's armed forces in a coup d'état after gunfire in the capital, Conakry. Special forces commander Mamady Doumbouya released a broadcast on state television announcing the dissolution of the constitution and government.