Contraception in the Republic of Ireland

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Contraception was illegal in Ireland from 1935 until 1980, when it was legalised with strong restrictions, later loosened. [1] The ban reflected Catholic teachings on sexual morality.

Contents

History

Papal encyclicals

The encyclical Casti connubii (1930) followed the industrial production and widespread use of condoms that usually prevent fertilisation. It specified:

any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offence against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin

—  Casti connubii

Following the marketing of "the pill" in the 1960s, a Pontifical Commission on Birth Control was set up. It has often been cited that there was a majority in favour of contraception, and that is implied in the wording of the papal encyclical. [2] The encyclical Humanae vitae (1968) decreed that artificial contraception is not morally permissible. [3]

Ban on sales

Owning and using contraceptive devices and pills was not prohibited under Irish law. However, from 1935, it was illegal to sell or to import them. [4] During this time a loophole was used, where a device such as a condom could not be "offered for sale", but a citizen could be "invited to treat" to buy it. Also people made donations to family planning associations to obtain contraception as a "gift". The reality for almost all of the population was that contraception was unobtainable. Few outlets wanted to stock a product that could bring the attention of the police or public opprobrium.

In early 1971 Senator Mary Robinson (later president of Ireland) sought to introduce a bill to liberalise the law on contraception into the Seanad, but it was not allowed a reading, so it could not be discussed. On 31 March 1971, a number of supporters managed to get into the grounds of Leinster House and then broke into the building to register their protests. [5] On 22 May 1971 a group of Irish feminists, including Mary Kenny, travelled to Belfast by rail and made their return to Dublin Connolly, laden with contraceptive devices, into a statement on the illogicality of the law. This provoked criticism from the Catholic Church; Thomas Ryan, Bishop of Clonfert, said that "... never before, and certainly not since penal times was the Catholic heritage of Ireland subjected to so many insidious onslaughts on the pretext of conscience, civil rights and women's liberation". [6]

Reform

In 1973, the Supreme Court determined in McGee v. The Attorney General that there was a constitutional right to marital privacy which also allowed for the use of contraceptives. A number of bills were proposed, but none became law. A government bill, the Control of Importation, Sale and Manufacture of Contraceptives Bill 1974, was defeated in a free vote, with Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave among government TDs voting against it in a free vote.

A later Taoiseach, Jack Lynch, admitted at one point that the issue had been put "on the long finger".[ when? ] The Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 limited the provision of contraceptives to " bona fide , family planning or for adequate medical reasons". [7] Under this scheme, contraceptives could only be dispensed by a pharmacist on the presentation of a valid medical prescription from a practising doctor. The legislation did not require that the recipient of the prescription be married; however "bona fide family planning" would have made non-marital use unlikely to be authorised.

The legislation had been introduced by Charles Haughey. The reason for the compromise was the strong position of conservative elements in Irish society at the time, particularly the Catholic Church, which made it difficult for the government to provide for a more liberal law. Contraception was also not seen by politicians as a vote-getter at the time. Haughey described the 1979 Act as "an Irish solution to an Irish problem". Eileen Desmond, TD, was severely critical of the legislation; describing it as hypocritical, she argued that women should make their own decisions on such matters, and contended that the Irish people and "those who have conditioned our consciences' showed greater moral concern on sexual matters than in addressing poverty". [8] On 1 November 1980 the Act came into operation by order of the minister. [9]

The Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1985 [10] liberalised the law by allowing condoms and spermicides to be sold to people over 18 without having to present a prescription; however sale was limited to categories of places named in the Act. The Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1992 [11] repealed Section 4 of the 1979 Act, as amended in 1985, and continued the provision of contraceptives without prescription, allowing sale to individuals over the age of 17. As of 2010, the 1992 Act and the Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1993 [12] are the main Irish legislation on contraceptive and family planning services.[ needs update ]

As well as allowing sales, Ireland's censorship laws had to be reformed to allow contraceptives to be advertised or even mentioned. As late as 1976, the Censorship of Publications Board had banned the Irish Family Planning Association's booklet "Family Planning". The Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 deleted references to "the unnatural prevention of conception" in the 1929 and 1949 censorship Acts, thus allowing publications with information about contraception to be distributed in Ireland. The Regulation of Information (Services Outside the State for the Termination of Pregnancies) Act 1995 modified the 1929, 1946 and 1967 Acts to allow publications with information about "services provided outside the State for the termination of pregnancies".

As of January 2023, there are more than a dozen contraceptive choices available in Ireland including the daily pill, condoms and more long-term methods such as the coil. [13] Contraception, contraceptive consultations, appointments, prescriptions and any other costs are now free for 17- to 26-year-olds under the Government's free contraception scheme. [14] There are medical professionals available who can guide you through your options and help you find the most appropriate method of contraception for your needs. [15] For those who are not covered by the scheme, a contraceptive consultation costs €60 (or €45 if you are a student). [16]

The Eighth Amendment to the Irish constitution which prevented abortion was repealed in 2018.

A small percentage of the Irish population still opposes the use of artificial contraception within marriage, in line with Humanae Vitae, including sports personality Mickey Harte. [17] [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Humanae vitae</i> 1968 encyclical by Pope Paul VI

Humanae vitae is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and dated 25 July 1968. The text was issued at a Vatican press conference on 29 July. Subtitled On the Regulation of Birth, it re-affirmed the teaching of the Catholic Church regarding married love, responsible parenthood, and the rejection of artificial contraception. In formulating his teaching he explained why he did not accept the conclusions of the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control established by his predecessor, Pope John XXIII, a commission he himself had expanded.

Casti connubii is a papal encyclical promulgated by Pope Pius XI on 31 December 1930 in response to the Lambeth Conference of the Anglican Communion. It stressed the sanctity of marriage, prohibited Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirmed the prohibition on abortion. It also explained the authority of church doctrine on moral matters, and advocated that civil governments follow the lead of the church in this area.

Prior to the 20th century, the three major branches of Christianity—Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism —generally held a critical perspective of birth control. Among Christian denominations today, however, there is a large variety of views regarding birth control that range from the acceptance of birth control to only allowing natural family planning to teaching Quiverfull doctrine, which disallows contraception and holds that Christians should have large families.

Natural family planning (NFP) comprises the family planning methods approved by the Catholic Church and some Protestant denominations for both achieving and postponing or avoiding pregnancy. In accordance with the Church's teachings regarding sexual behavior, NFP excludes the use of other methods of birth control, which it refers to as "artificial contraception".

Religious adherents vary widely in their views on birth control. This can be true even between different branches of one faith, as in the case of Judaism and Christianity. Some religious believers find that their own opinions of the use of birth control differ from the beliefs espoused by the leaders of their faith, and many grapple with the ethical dilemma of what is conceived as "correct action" according to their faith, versus personal circumstance, reason, and choice. This article will discuss various views on birth control of the major world religions Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Baha'i.

Catholic theology of sexuality, like Catholic theology in general, is drawn from "natural law", canonical scripture, divine revelation, and sacred tradition, as interpreted authoritatively by the magisterium of the Catholic Church. Sexual morality evaluates sexual behavior according to standards laid out by Catholic moral theology, and often provides general principles by which Catholics can evaluate whether specific actions meet these standards.

Contraceptive security is an individual's ability to reliably choose, obtain, and use quality contraceptives for family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. The term refers primarily to efforts undertaken in low and middle-income countries to ensure contraceptive availability as an integral part of family planning programs. Even though there is a consistent increase in the use of contraceptives in low, middle, and high-income countries, the actual contraceptive use varies in different regions of the world. The World Health Organization recognizes the importance of contraception and describes all choices regarding family planning as human rights. Subsidized products, particularly condoms and oral contraceptives, may be provided to increase accessibility for low-income people. Measures taken to provide contraceptive security may include strengthening contraceptive supply chains, forming contraceptive security committees, product quality assurance, promoting supportive policy environments, and examining financing options.

The theology on the body is a broad term for Catholic teachings on the human body.

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Feminism has played a major role in shaping the legal and social position of women in present-day Ireland. The role of women has been influenced by numerous legal changes in the second part of the 20th century, especially in the 1970s.

The Pontifical Commission on Birth Control was a committee within the Roman Curia tasked with analyzing the modern impact of birth control on the Roman Catholic Church. The disagreements within the commission ultimately led to the publication of the encyclical Humanae vitae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moral theology of John Paul I</span> Beliefs and views of one of the shortest reigning Popes in papal history

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In Irish political discourse, "an Irish solution to an Irish problem" is any official response to a controversial issue which is timid, half-baked, or expedient, which is an unsatisfactory compromise, or sidesteps the fundamental issue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birth control in the United States</span>

Birth control in the United States is available in many forms. Some of the forms available at drugstores and some retail stores are male condoms, female condoms, sponges, spermicides, over-the-counter progestin-only contraceptive pills, and over-the-counter emergency contraception. Forms available at pharmacies with a doctor's prescription or at doctor's offices are oral contraceptive pills, patches, vaginal rings, diaphragms, shots/injections, cervical caps, implantable rods, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). Sterilization procedures, including tubal ligations and vasectomies, are also performed.

A contraceptive mandate is a government regulation or law that requires health insurers, or employers that provide their employees with health insurance, to cover some contraceptive costs in their health insurance plans.

The Irish Family Planning Association (IFPA) is an Irish charity working to enable people to make informed choices about sexuality and reproduction. The organisation promotes the right of all people to sexual and reproductive health information as well as dedicated, confidential and affordable healthcare services.

The Contraceptive Train was a women's rights activism event which took place on 22 May 1971. Members of the Irish Women's Liberation Movement (IWLM), in protest against the law prohibiting the importation and sale of contraceptives in the Republic of Ireland, travelled to Belfast to purchase contraceptives.

Contraceptive rights in New Zealand are extensive. There are many options available to women seeking contraception. There are also options for men. Government funding keeps the cost of most types of contraception low in most cases. Family planning options in New Zealand are generally in keeping with the United Nations stance towards sexual and reproductive rights although the country has received criticism in some aspects.

There are many types of contraceptive methods available in France. All contraceptives are obtained by medical prescription after a visit to a family planning specialist, a gynecologist or a midwife. An exception to this is emergency contraception, which does not require a prescription and can be obtained directly in a pharmacy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Contraception in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition</span>

Contraception in Francoist Spain (1939–1975) and the democratic transition (1975–1985) was illegal. It could not be used, sold or covered in information for dissemination. This was partly a result of Hispanic Eugenics that drew on Catholicism and opposed abortion, euthanasia and contraception while trying to create an ideologically aligned population from birth. A law enacted in 1941 saw usage, distribution and sharing of information about contraception become a criminal offense. Midwives were persecuted because of their connections to sharing contraceptive and abortion information with other women. Condoms were somewhat accessible in the Francoist period despite prohibitions against them, though they were associated with men and prostitutes. Other birth control practices were used in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s including diaphragms, coitus interruptus, the pill, and the rhythm method. Opposition to the decriminalization of contraception became much more earnest in the mid-1960s. By 1965, over 2 million units of the pill had been sold in Spain where it had been legal under certain medical conditions since the year before. Despite the Government welcoming the drop in the number of single mothers, they noted in 1975 that this was a result of more women using birth control and seeking abortions abroad.

References

  1. ↑ Kelly, Laura (2023). Contraception and Modern Ireland: A Social History, c. 1922–92. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108979740. ISBN   978-1-108-97974-0.
  2. ↑ See Pope Paul VI, Humanae Vitae ¶¶ 5-6
  3. ↑ Catechism of the Catholic Church. Veritas. 1994. p. 395. ISBN   1-85390-241-1. Archived from the original on 27 July 2010.
  4. ↑ Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935, s. 17: Prohibition of sale and importation of contraceptives ( No. 6 of 1935, s. 17 ). Enacted on 28 February 1935. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book .
  5. ↑ Irish Independent, 1 April 1971
  6. ↑ Bourke, Angela, ed. (2002). The Field day anthology of Irish writing: Irish women's writing and traditions. NYU Press. pp. 200–201.
  7. ↑ Health (Family Planning) Act 1979, s. 4: Control of sale and supply of contraceptives ( No. 20 of 1979, s. 4 ). Enacted on 23 July 1979. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 11 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Maume, Patrick. "Desmond, Eileen". Dictionary of Irish Biography . Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  9. ↑ Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 (Commencement) Order 1980 ( S.I. No. 247 of 1980 ). Signed on 30 July 1980. Statutory Instrument of the Government of Ireland .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 11 February 2021.
  10. ↑ Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1985 ( No. 4 of 1985 ). Enacted on 12 March 1985. Act of the Oireachtas .Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 11 February 2021.
  11. ↑ "Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1992". Irish Statute Book. 23 July 1992. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  12. ↑ "Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act 1993". Irish Statute Book. 30 June 1993. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  13. ↑ "Contraception". IFPA. Irish Family Planning Association. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  14. ↑ "Contraception". IFPA. Irish Family Planning Association. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "Contraception". IFPA. Irish Family Planning Association. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  16. ↑ "Contraception". IFPA. Irish Family Planning Association. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  17. ↑ "GAA's Harte backs condom ban; Hero supports controversial book". Irish Daily Mirror. 1 April 2009.
  18. ↑ "Sexual Health or Contraceptive Evangelism?". Northern Ireland Pharmacy in Focus. January 2007. p. 25. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
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