Coronavirus diseases

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Structural view of a coronavirus 3D medical animation coronavirus structure.jpg
Structural view of a coronavirus

Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), [1] [2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. [3] [4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses, [5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.

Contents

Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived from Latin corōna 'garland, wreath, crown'. [6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital) [7] [8] [9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968, [10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later. [11]

The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom. [12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats. [13]

List

Coronavirus diseases
Host organism Disease Pathogen Year of DiscoveryDetails
Birds Avian infectious bronchitis Avian coronavirus (IBV)1920s [14] (isolated in 1938) [15] Discovered in North America. [14]
Pigs, dogs, cats Enteritis Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)1946 (isolated in 1965) [16] Infects pigs, [16] cats, [17] and dogs. [18]
Humans Common cold Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‑229E)1930s (isolated in 1965) [19] Possibly originated from bats. [20]
Mice, rats Encephalitis MHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (M‑CoV) named after John Howard Mueller. [21] 1949 [22]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‑OC43)1967 [23] Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans. [24]
PigsEnteritis Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)1971 [25] Infects pigs.
Caused outbreaks in 1972 [26] and 1978, [27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. [28]
DogsEnteritis Canine coronavirus (CCoV)1971
Cats Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
Cattle Enteritis Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV)
Humans Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV or SARS‑CoV‑1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr‑CoV)2002Discovered in Foshan, China. [29]
Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
Possibly originated from horseshoe bats. [30]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV‑HKU1)2004Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [31]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV‑NL63)2004Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. [32]
Possibly originated from tricolored bats. [33]
Chinese bulbuls Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoV‑HKU11)2008Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [34] [35]
Humans Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS‑CoV)2012Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [36]
Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018.
PigsEnteritis Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCov‑HKU15)2014Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [37]
Humans Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), a strain of SARSr‑CoV2019Discovered in Wuhan, China. [38] [39]
Caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both. [40]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Al-Juhaishi, Atheer Majid Rashid; Aziz, Noor D. (12 September 2022). "Safety and Efficacy of antiviral drugs against covid-19 infection: an updated systemic review". Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal. 1 (2): 45–55. doi: 10.55940/medphar20226 . ISSN   2957-6067. S2CID   252960321.
  2. ↑ Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB (2009). "Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution". Science . 324 (5923). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 55–59. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...55P. doi:10.1126/science.1165557. PMC   3923423 . PMID   19213880.
  3. ↑ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Shabana, Mona; Ahmed, Ahmed; Alqahtani, Saad S.; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Alqahtani, Ali M.; Ramadan, AbdelRahman M.; Ahmed, Mohamed E.; Ali, Heyam S.; Bashir, Adil; Devesa, Jesus; Cardone, Rosa A.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E.; Schwartz, Laurent; Reshkin, Stephan J. (21 May 2021). "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19". Journal of Xenobiotics. 11 (2): 77–93. doi: 10.3390/jox11020006 . PMC   8163157 . PMID   34063739.
  4. ↑ "Common Human Coronaviruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . International Union of Microbiological Societies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  6. ↑ "Definition of corona". Dictionary.com . Section Behind the Word. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  7. ↑ "Europe PMC". europepmc.org. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "The woman who discovered the first coronavirus". BBC News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  9. ↑ Waterson AP, Wilkinson L (6 January 1979). "Medicine and Books" . Br Med J. 1 (6155): 45–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6155.45. ISSN   0007-1447. PMID   21009845. S2CID   220232641.
  10. ↑ Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November 1968). "Virology: Coronaviruses". Nature . 220 (5168): 650. Bibcode:1968Natur.220..650.. doi: 10.1038/220650b0 . PMC   7086490 . [T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped ... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.
  11. ↑ Lalchhandama K (2020). "The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold". Science Vision. 20 (1): 43–53. doi: 10.33493/scivis.20.01.04 .
  12. ↑ Monto AS (1984). "Coronaviruses". In Evans AS (ed.). Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control. Springer US. pp. 151–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7. ISBN   978-1-4684-4727-9.
  13. ↑ Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (January 2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001. PMC   7111218 . PMID   27743750. Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2].
  14. 1 2 Estola, T. (1970). "Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses" . Avian Diseases. 14 (2): 330–336. doi:10.2307/1588476. ISSN   0005-2086. JSTOR   1588476. PMID   4316767.
  15. ↑ Bushnell, L. D.; Brandly, C. A. (1 January 1933). "Laryngotracheitis in Chicks*". Poultry Science. 12 (1): 55–60. doi: 10.3382/ps.0120055 . ISSN   0032-5791.
  16. 1 2 Doyle, L. P.; Hutchings, L. M. (1946). "A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 108: 257–259. ISSN   0003-1488. PMID   21020443.
  17. ↑ Wolfe, L. G.; Griesemer, R. A. (1966). "Feline infectious peritonitis". Pathologia Veterinaria. 3 (3): 255–270. doi:10.1177/030098586600300309. ISSN   0031-2975. PMID   5958991. S2CID   12930790.
  18. ↑ Binn, L. N.; Lazar, E. C.; Keenan, K. P.; Huxsoll, D. L.; Marchwicki, R. H.; Strano, A. J. (1974). "Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea". Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (78): 359–366. ISSN   0082-8750. PMID   4377955.
  19. ↑ "COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic". FPM. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
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  21. ↑ Pappenheimer, Alwin M. (1 May 1958). "Pathology of Infection with the JHM Virus" . JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 20 (5): 879–891. doi:10.1093/jnci/20.5.879. ISSN   0027-8874. PMID   13539633 . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  22. ↑ Cheever, F. Sargent; Daniels, Joan B.; Pappenheimer, Alwin M.; Bailey, Orville T. (31 August 1949). "A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 90 (3): 181–194. doi:10.1084/jem.90.3.181. ISSN   0022-1007. PMC   2135905 . PMID   18137294.
  23. ↑ McIntosh, K; Becker, WB; Chanock, RM (24 October 1967). "Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58 (6): 2268–73. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58.2268M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268 . PMC   223830 . PMID   4298953.
  24. ↑ Forni, Diego; Cagliani, Rachele; Clerici, Mario; Sironi, Manuela (2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (1): 35–48. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001 . ISSN   0966-842X. PMC   7111218 . PMID   27743750.
  25. ↑ Oldham, J (1972). "Letter to the editor". Pig Farming. 72 (October Suppl): 72–73.
  26. ↑ Pensaert, Maurice B.; Martelli, Paolo (2 December 2016). "Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate". Virus Research. 226: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030. ISSN   0168-1702. PMC   7132433 . PMID   27317168.
  27. ↑ Wood, E. N. (19 March 1977). "An apparently new syndrome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea" . Veterinary Record. 100 (12): 243–244. doi:10.1136/vr.100.12.243 (inactive 11 July 2025). ISSN   0042-4900. PMID   888300. S2CID   45192183. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  28. ↑ Antas, Marta; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz (24 October 2019). "Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs". Journal of Veterinary Research. 63 (4): 465–470. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064. ISSN   2450-7393. PMC   6950429 . PMID   31934654.
  29. ↑ "A Chronicle on the SARS Epidemic" . Chinese Law & Government. 36 (4): 12–15. July–August 2003. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609360412. ISSN   0009-4609. S2CID   219305114. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  30. ↑ McKie, Robin (10 December 2017). "Scientists trace 2002 Sars virus to colony of cave-dwelling bats in China". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  31. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Chu, Chung-ming; Chan, Kwok-hung; Tsoi, Hoi-wah; Huang, Yi; Wong, Beatrice H. L.; Poon, Rosana W. S.; Cai, James J.; Luk, Wei-kwang; Poon, Leo L. M. (2005). "Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia". Journal of Virology. 79 (2): 884–895. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   538593 . PMID   15613317.
  32. ↑ Abdul-Rasool, Sahar; Fielding, Burtram C (25 May 2010). "Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63". The Open Virology Journal. 4: 76–84. doi: 10.2174/1874357901004010076 (inactive 11 July 2025). ISSN   1874-3579. PMC   2918871 . PMID   20700397.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)
  33. ↑ Huynh, Jeremy; Li, Shimena; Yount, Boyd; Smith, Alexander; Sturges, Leslie; Olsen, John C.; Nagel, Juliet; Johnson, Joshua B.; Agnihothram, Sudhakar; Gates, J. Edward; Frieman, Matthew B. (2012). "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63". Journal of Virology. 86 (23): 12816–12825. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   3497669 . PMID   22993147.
  34. ↑ Woo, P.C.; Lau, S.K.; Lam, C.S.; Lai, K.K.; Huang, Y.; Lee, P.; Luk, G.S.; Dyrting, K.C.; Chan, K.H.; Yuen, K.Y. (2008). "Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus". J. Virol. 83 (2): 908–917. doi:10.1128/jvi.01977-08. PMC   2612373 . PMID   18971277.
  35. ↑ Woo, PC; Lau, SK; Lam, CS; Lau, CC; Tsang, AK; Lau, JH; Bai, R; Teng, JL; Tsang, CC; Wang, M; Zheng, BJ; Chan, KH; Yuen, KY (April 2012). "Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus". J Virol. 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. PMC   3302495 . PMID   22278237.
  36. ↑ "ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment – Severe respiratory disease associated with a novel coronavirus" (PDF). 19 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  37. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Lam, Carol S. F.; Lau, Candy C. Y.; Tsang, Alan K. L.; Lau, John H. N.; Bai, Ru; Teng, Jade L. L.; Tsang, Chris C. C.; Wang, Ming; Zheng, Bo-Jian (2012). "Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus". Journal of Virology. 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   3302495 . PMID   22278237.
  38. ↑ Zhou, P.; Yang, X. L.; Wang, X. G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature . 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC   7095418 . PMID   32015507.
  39. ↑ "WHO | Novel Coronavirus – China". WHO. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  40. ↑ Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y.; Fung, Kitty S.C.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. (2020). "Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7): 1542–1547. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092. ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   7323513 . PMID   32315281.
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