Coronavirus diseases

Last updated

Structural view of a coronavirus 3D medical animation coronavirus structure.jpg
Structural view of a coronavirus

Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), [1] [2] while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. [3] [4] As of 2021, 45 species are registered as coronaviruses, [5] whilst 11 diseases have been identified, as listed below.

Contents

Coronaviruses are known for their shape resembling a stellar corona, such as that of the Sun visible during a total solar eclipse; corona is derived from Latin corōna 'garland, wreath, crown'. [6] It was coined by Tony Waterson (professor of virology at St Thomas' Hospital) [7] [8] [9] in a meeting with his colleagues June Almeida and David Tyrrell, the founding fathers of coronavirus studies, and was first used in a Nature article in 1968, [10] with approval by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses three years later. [11]

The first coronavirus disease was discovered in the late 1920s. Coronaviridae were generally of limited interest to the wider scientific community, until the appearance of SARS. Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, through a variety of experiments in the United States and the United Kingdom. [12] A common origin in human coronaviruses is bats. [13]

List

Coronavirus diseases
Host organism Disease Pathogen Year of DiscoveryDetails
Birds Avian infectious bronchitis Avian coronavirus (IBV)1920s [14] (isolated in 1938) [15] Discovered in North America. [14]
Pigs, dogs, cats Enteritis Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)1946 (isolated in 1965) [16] Infects pigs, [16] cats, [17] and dogs. [18]
Humans Common cold Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV‑229E)1930s (isolated in 1965) [19] Possibly originated from bats. [20]
Mice, rats Encephalitis MHV-JHM, a strain of murine coronavirus (M‑CoV) named after John Howard Mueller. [21] 1949 [22]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV‑OC43)1967 [23] Possibly originated from rodents, then jumped through cattle to humans. [24]
PigsEnteritis Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)1971 [25] Infects pigs.
Caused outbreaks in 1972 [26] and 1978, [27] 2010, 2013, 2014, and 2015. [28]
DogsEnteritis Canine coronavirus (CCoV)1971
Cats Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
Cattle Enteritis Bovine coronavirus (BCV or BCoV)
Humans Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV or SARS‑CoV‑1), a strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (SARSr‑CoV)2002Discovered in Foshan, China. [29]
Caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.
Possibly originated from horseshoe bats. [30]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV‑HKU1)2004Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [31]
HumansCommon cold Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV‑NL63)2004Discovered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. [32]
Possibly originated from tricolored bats. [33]
Chinese bulbuls Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (BulbulCoV‑HKU11)2008Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [34] [35]
Humans Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS‑CoV)2012Discovered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. [36]
Caused outbreaks in 2012, 2015, and 2018.
PigsEnteritis Porcine coronavirus HKU15 (PorCov‑HKU15)2014Discovered in Hong Kong, China. [37]
Humans Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), a strain of SARSr‑CoV2019Discovered in Wuhan, China. [38] [39]
Caused the COVID-19 pandemic.
Possibly originated from pangolins, horseshoe bats, or both. [40]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coronavirus</span> Subfamily of viruses in the family Coronaviridae

Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.

<i>Coronaviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Nidovirales

Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. Commonly referred to as coronaviruses in the English language, the family coronaviridae includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the latter also known as coronavirinae.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human coronavirus HKU1</span> Species of virus

Betacoronavirus hongkonense is a species of coronavirus in humans and animals. It causes an upper respiratory disease with symptoms of the common cold, but can advance to pneumonia and bronchiolitis. It was first discovered in January 2004 from one man in Hong Kong. Subsequent research revealed it has global distribution and earlier genesis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human coronavirus OC43</span> Species of virus

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1, which infects humans and cattle. The infecting coronavirus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that enters its host cell by binding to the N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid receptor. OC43 is one of seven coronaviruses known to infect humans. It is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold and may have been responsible for the 1889–1890 pandemic. It has, like other coronaviruses from genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, an additional shorter spike protein called hemagglutinin-esterase (HE).

<i>Alphacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV) are members of the first of the four genera of coronaviruses. They are positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that infect mammals, including humans. They have spherical virions with club-shaped surface projections formed by trimers of the spike protein, and a viral envelope.

<i>Deltacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Deltacoronavirus (Delta-CoV) is one of the four genera of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Deltacoronaviruses infect mostly birds and some mammals.

<i>Gammacoronavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human coronavirus 229E</span> Species of virus

Alphacoronavirus chicagoense is a species of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. Along with Human coronavirus OC43, it is one of the viruses responsible for the common cold. HCoV-229E is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus and subgenus Duvinacovirus.

Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus mammalian Group 2 Betacoronavirus that has been found to be genetically related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that is responsible for the 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak in Saudi Arabia, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy.

Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 is a novel enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus, or Group 1, genus with a corona-like morphology.

Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus, or Group 1, genus with a corona-like morphology. It was isolated from a lesser Asiatic yellow house bat discovered in southern China.

Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA Deltacoronavirus of avian origin found in Chinese bulbuls.

<i>Coronavirus HKU15</i> Species of virus

Coronavirus HKU15, sometimes called Porcine coronavirus HKU15 is a virus first discovered in a surveillance study in Hong Kong, China, and first reported to be associated with porcine diarrhea in February 2014. In February 2014, PorCoV HKU15 was identified in pigs with clinical diarrhea disease in the U.S. state of Ohio. The complete genome of one US strain has been published. Since then, it has been identified in pig farms in Canada. The virus has been referred to as Porcine coronavirus HKU15, Swine deltacoronavirus and Porcine deltacoronavirus.

<i>Embecovirus</i> Subgenus of viruses

Embecovirus is a subgenus of coronaviruses in the genus Betacoronavirus. The viruses in this subgenus, unlike other coronaviruses, have a hemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene. The viruses in the subgenus were previously known as group 2a coronaviruses.

<i>Merbecovirus</i> Subgenus of viruses

Merbecovirus is a subgenus of viruses in the genus Betacoronavirus, including the human pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The viruses in this subgenus were previously known as group 2c coronaviruses.

Nobecovirus is a subgenus of viruses in the genus Betacoronavirus. The viruses in the group were previously known as group 2d coronaviruses.

Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 is a mammalian Gammacoronavirus, an RNA virus, discovered through genome sequencing in the liver of a single deceased beluga whale and first described in 2008. This was the first description of the complete genome of a coronavirus found in a marine mammal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of coronavirus</span> History of the virus group

The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of the diseases caused by coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with the first report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in North Dakota, U.S., in 1931. The causative agent was identified as a virus in 1933. By 1936, the disease and the virus were recognised as unique from other viral disease. They became known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), but later officially renamed as Avian coronavirus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ORF3a</span> Gene found in coronaviruses of the subgenus Sarbecovirus

ORF3a is a gene found in coronaviruses of the subgenus Sarbecovirus, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. It encodes an accessory protein about 275 amino acid residues long, which is thought to function as a viroporin. It is the largest accessory protein and was the first of the SARS-CoV accessory proteins to be described.

References

  1. ↑ Al-Juhaishi, Atheer Majid Rashid; Aziz, Noor D. (12 September 2022). "Safety and Efficacy of antiviral drugs against covid-19 infection: an updated systemic review". Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal. 1 (2): 45–55. doi: 10.55940/medphar20226 . ISSN   2957-6067. S2CID   252960321.
  2. ↑ Palmenberg AC, Spiro D, Kuzmickas R, Wang S, Djikeng A, Rathe JA, Fraser-Liggett CM, Liggett SB (2009). "Sequencing and Analyses of All Known Human Rhinovirus Genomes Reveals Structure and Evolution". Science . 324 (5923). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 55–59. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...55P. doi:10.1126/science.1165557. PMC   3923423 . PMID   19213880.
  3. ↑ Alfarouk, Khalid O.; AlHoufie, Sari T. S.; Ahmed, Samrein B. M.; Shabana, Mona; Ahmed, Ahmed; Alqahtani, Saad S.; Alqahtani, Ali S.; Alqahtani, Ali M.; Ramadan, AbdelRahman M.; Ahmed, Mohamed E.; Ali, Heyam S.; Bashir, Adil; Devesa, Jesus; Cardone, Rosa A.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E.; Schwartz, Laurent; Reshkin, Stephan J. (21 May 2021). "Pathogenesis and Management of COVID-19". Journal of Xenobiotics. 11 (2): 77–93. doi: 10.3390/jox11020006 . PMC   8163157 . PMID   34063739.
  4. ↑ "Common Human Coronaviruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Taxonomy". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . International Union of Microbiological Societies. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  6. ↑ "Definition of corona". Dictionary.com . Section Behind the Word. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  7. ↑ "Europe PMC". europepmc.org. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  8. ↑ "The woman who discovered the first coronavirus". BBC News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  9. ↑ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (6 January 1979). "Medicine and Books". Br Med J. 1 (6155): 45–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6155.45. ISSN   0007-1447. PMID   21009845. S2CID   220232641.{{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  10. ↑ Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November 1968). "Virology: Coronaviruses". Nature . 220 (5168): 650. Bibcode:1968Natur.220..650.. doi: 10.1038/220650b0 . PMC   7086490 . [T]here is also a characteristic "fringe" of projections 200 A long, which are rounded or petal shaped ... This appearance, recalling the solar corona, is shared by mouse hepatitis virus and several viruses recently recovered from man, namely strain B814, 229E and several others.
  11. ↑ Lalchhandama K (2020). "The chronicles of coronaviruses: the bronchitis, the hepatitis and the common cold". Science Vision. 20 (1): 43–53. doi: 10.33493/scivis.20.01.04 .
  12. ↑ Monto AS (1984). "Coronaviruses". In Evans AS (ed.). Viral Infections of Humans. Springer US. pp. 151–165. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4727-9_7. ISBN   978-1-4684-4727-9.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, Sironi M (January 2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001. PMC   7111218 . PMID   27743750. Specifically, all HCoVs are thought to have a bat origin, with the exception of lineage A beta-CoVs, which may have reservoirs in rodents [2].
  14. 1 2 Estola, T. (1970). "Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses". Avian Diseases. 14 (2): 330–336. doi:10.2307/1588476. ISSN   0005-2086. JSTOR   1588476. PMID   4316767.
  15. ↑ Bushnell, L. D.; Brandly, C. A. (1 January 1933). "Laryngotracheitis in Chicks*". Poultry Science. 12 (1): 55–60. doi: 10.3382/ps.0120055 . ISSN   0032-5791.
  16. 1 2 Doyle, L. P.; Hutchings, L. M. (1946). "A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 108: 257–259. ISSN   0003-1488. PMID   21020443. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  17. ↑ Wolfe, L. G.; Griesemer, R. A. (1966). "Feline infectious peritonitis". Pathologia Veterinaria. 3 (3): 255–270. doi:10.1177/030098586600300309. ISSN   0031-2975. PMID   5958991. S2CID   12930790.
  18. ↑ Binn, L. N.; Lazar, E. C.; Keenan, K. P.; Huxsoll, D. L.; Marchwicki, R. H.; Strano, A. J. (1974). "Recovery and characterization of a coronavirus from military dogs with diarrhea". Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association (78): 359–366. ISSN   0082-8750. PMID   4377955. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  19. ↑ "COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic". FPM. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  20. ↑ Tao, Ying; Shi, Mang; Chommanard, Christina; Queen, Krista; Zhang, Jing; Markotter, Wanda; Kuzmin, Ivan V.; Holmes, Edward C.; Tong, Suxiang (1 March 2017). "Surveillance of Bat Coronaviruses in Kenya Identifies Relatives of Human Coronaviruses NL63 and 229E and Their Recombination History". Journal of Virology. 91 (5). doi:10.1128/JVI.01953-16. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   5309958 . PMID   28077633.
  21. ↑ Pappenheimer, Alwin M. (1 May 1958). "Pathology of Infection with the JHM Virus". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 20 (5): 879–891. doi:10.1093/jnci/20.5.879. ISSN   0027-8874. PMID   13539633 . Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  22. ↑ Cheever, F. Sargent; Daniels, Joan B.; Pappenheimer, Alwin M.; Bailey, Orville T. (31 August 1949). "A murine virus (JHM) causing disseminated encephalomyelitis with extensive destruction of myelin". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 90 (3): 181–194. doi:10.1084/jem.90.3.181. ISSN   0022-1007. PMC   2135905 . PMID   18137294.
  23. ↑ McIntosh, K; Becker, WB; Chanock, RM (24 October 1967). "Growth in suckling-mouse brain of "IBV-like" viruses from patients with upper respiratory tract disease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58 (6): 2268–73. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58.2268M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.58.6.2268 . PMC   223830 . PMID   4298953.
  24. ↑ Forni, Diego; Cagliani, Rachele; Clerici, Mario; Sironi, Manuela (2017). "Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes". Trends in Microbiology. 25 (1): 35–48. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.001 . ISSN   0966-842X. PMC   7111218 . PMID   27743750.
  25. ↑ Oldham, J (1972). "Letter to the editor". Pig Farming. 72 (October Suppl): 72–73.
  26. ↑ Pensaert, Maurice B.; Martelli, Paolo (2 December 2016). "Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate". Virus Research. 226: 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030. ISSN   0168-1702. PMC   7132433 . PMID   27317168.
  27. ↑ Wood, E. N. (19 March 1977). "An apparently new syndrome of porcine epidemic diarrhoea". Veterinary Record. 100 (12): 243–244. doi:10.1136/vr.100.12.243 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN   0042-4900. PMID   888300. S2CID   45192183. Archived from the original on 21 December 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  28. ↑ Antas, Marta; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz (24 October 2019). "Current Status of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) in European Pigs". Journal of Veterinary Research. 63 (4): 465–470. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0064. ISSN   2450-7393. PMC   6950429 . PMID   31934654.
  29. ↑ "A Chronicle on the SARS Epidemic". Chinese Law & Government. 36 (4): 12–15. July–August 2003. doi:10.2753/CLG0009-4609360412. ISSN   0009-4609. S2CID   219305114. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  30. ↑ McKie, Robin (10 December 2017). "Scientists trace 2002 Sars virus to colony of cave-dwelling bats in China". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  31. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Chu, Chung-ming; Chan, Kwok-hung; Tsoi, Hoi-wah; Huang, Yi; Wong, Beatrice H. L.; Poon, Rosana W. S.; Cai, James J.; Luk, Wei-kwang; Poon, Leo L. M. (2005). "Characterization and Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Coronavirus, Coronavirus HKU1, from Patients with Pneumonia". Journal of Virology. 79 (2): 884–895. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.2.884-895.2005 . ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   538593 . PMID   15613317.
  32. ↑ Abdul-Rasool, Sahar; Fielding, Burtram C (25 May 2010). "Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63". The Open Virology Journal. 4: 76–84. doi: 10.2174/1874357901004010076 . ISSN   1874-3579. PMC   2918871 . PMID   20700397.
  33. ↑ Huynh, Jeremy; Li, Shimena; Yount, Boyd; Smith, Alexander; Sturges, Leslie; Olsen, John C.; Nagel, Juliet; Johnson, Joshua B.; Agnihothram, Sudhakar; Gates, J. Edward; Frieman, Matthew B. (2012). "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63". Journal of Virology. 86 (23): 12816–12825. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. ISSN   1098-5514. PMC   3497669 . PMID   22993147.
  34. ↑ Woo, P.C.; Lau, S.K.; Lam, C.S.; Lai, K.K.; Huang, Y.; Lee, P.; Luk, G.S.; Dyrting, K.C.; Chan, K.H.; Yuen, K.Y. (2008). "Comparative analysis of complete genome sequences of three avian coronaviruses reveals a novel group 3c coronavirus". J. Virol. 83 (2): 908–917. doi:10.1128/jvi.01977-08. PMC   2612373 . PMID   18971277.
  35. ↑ Woo, PC; Lau, SK; Lam, CS; Lau, CC; Tsang, AK; Lau, JH; Bai, R; Teng, JL; Tsang, CC; Wang, M; Zheng, BJ; Chan, KH; Yuen, KY (April 2012). "Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus". J Virol. 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. PMC   3302495 . PMID   22278237.
  36. ↑ "ECDC Rapid Risk Assessment – Severe respiratory disease associated with a novel coronavirus" (PDF). 19 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  37. ↑ Woo, Patrick C. Y.; Lau, Susanna K. P.; Lam, Carol S. F.; Lau, Candy C. Y.; Tsang, Alan K. L.; Lau, John H. N.; Bai, Ru; Teng, Jade L. L.; Tsang, Chris C. C.; Wang, Ming; Zheng, Bo-Jian (2012). "Discovery of Seven Novel Mammalian and Avian Coronaviruses in the Genus Deltacoronavirus Supports Bat Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and Avian Coronaviruses as the Gene Source of Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus". Journal of Virology. 86 (7): 3995–4008. doi:10.1128/JVI.06540-11. ISSN   0022-538X. PMC   3302495 . PMID   22278237.
  38. ↑ Zhou, P.; Yang, X. L.; Wang, X. G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; et al. (March 2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature . 579 (7798): 270–273. Bibcode:2020Natur.579..270Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMC   7095418 . PMID   32015507.
  39. ↑ "WHO | Novel Coronavirus – China". WHO. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  40. ↑ Lau, Susanna K.P.; Luk, Hayes K.H.; Wong, Antonio C.P.; Li, Kenneth S.M.; Zhu, Longchao; He, Zirong; Fung, Joshua; Chan, Tony T.Y.; Fung, Kitty S.C.; Woo, Patrick C.Y. (2020). "Possible Bat Origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7): 1542–1547. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200092. ISSN   1080-6040. PMC   7323513 . PMID   32315281.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.