Corvida | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Passeriformes |
Suborder: | Passeri |
Parvorder: | Corvida |
Families | |
See text |
The "Corvida" were one of two "parvorders" contained within the suborder Passeri, as proposed in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the other being Passerida. Standard taxonomic practice would place them at the rank of infraorder.
More recent research suggests that this is not a distinct clade—a group of closest relatives and nothing else—but an evolutionary grade instead. As such, it is abandoned in modern treatments, being replaced by a number of superfamilies that are considered rather basal among the Passeri.
It was presumed that cooperative breeding—present in many or most members of the Maluridae, Meliphagidae, Artamidae and Corvidae, among others—is a common apomorphy of this group. [1] But as evidenced by the updated phylogeny, this trait is rather the result of parallel evolution, perhaps because the early Passeri had to compete against many ecologically similar birds (see near passerine).[ citation needed ]
This table lists, in taxonomic order, the families placed in "Corvida" by the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy in the left column. The right column contains details of their placement in modern systematics.
Corvoidea and Meliphagoidea are placed basally among the Passeri too. They are, however, groups large enough to be considered superfamilies in their own right.
Family | Modern placement |
---|---|
Menuridae: lyrebirds | Basalmost Passeri, close to Atrichornithidae |
Atrichornithidae: scrub-birds | Basalmost Passeri, close to Menuridae |
Climacteridae: Australian treecreepers | Basal Passeri, close to Ptilonorhynchidae |
Ptilonorhynchidae: bowerbirds | Basal Passeri, close to Climacteridae |
Maluridae: fairy-wrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens | Meliphagoidea. Nowadays several families. |
Meliphagidae: honeyeaters and allies | Meliphagoidea |
Pardalotidae: pardalotes, scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones | Meliphagoidea. Nowadays several families; Pardalotidae proper might belong in Meliphagidae |
Petroicidae: Australasian robins | Passeri incertae sedis , close to Picathartidae |
Orthonychidae: logrunners | Passeri incertae sedis, close to Pomatostomidae |
Pomatostomidae: Australasian babblers | Passeri incertae sedis, close to Orthonychidae |
Cinclosomatidae: whipbirds and allies | Corvoidea incertae sedis, relationships with Pachycephalidae unresolved |
Neosittidae: sittellas | Corvoidea |
Pachycephalidae: whistlers, shrike-thrushes, pitohuis and allies | Corvoidea incertae sedis, highly paraphyletic and relationships with Cinclosomatidae unresolved |
Dicruridae: monarch flycatchers and allies | Corvoidea. Possibly paraphyletic |
Campephagidae: cuckoo-shrikes and trillers (initially included in Laniidae)[ verification needed ] | Corvoidea |
Oriolidae: orioles and figbirds | Corvoidea |
Icteridae: American blackbirds/orioles, grackles and cowbirds | Passerida: Passeroidea (the most "modern" main lineage of songbirds) |
Artamidae: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs and Australian magpie | Corvoidea |
Paradisaeidae: birds of paradise | Corvoidea |
Cnemophilidae: satinbirds (included in Paradisaeidae) | Passeri incertae sedis, possibly close to Callaeidae |
Corvidae: crows, ravens, jays, etc. | Corvoidea |
Corcoracidae: white-winged chough and apostlebird | Corvoidea |
Irenidae: fairy-bluebirds | Passeri incertae sedis; close to Passeroidea or Regulidae (kinglets) |
Laniidae: shrikes | Corvoidea |
Prionopidae: helmetshrikes (initially included in Laniidae) | Corvoidea |
Malaconotidae: bush-shrikes and allies (initially included in Laniidae) | Corvoidea |
Vireonidae: vireos | Corvoidea |
Vangidae: vangas | Corvoidea |
Turnagridae: piopios | Corvoidea (included in Oriolidae) |
Callaeidae: New Zealand wattlebirds | Passeri incertae sedis, possibly close to Cnemophilidae |
In addition, the following families were not included in the "Corvida" although their closest relationships are with taxa included therein:
Family | Sibley-Ahlquist placement | Modern placement |
---|---|---|
Platysteiridae: wattle-eyes | Passerida (included in Muscicapidae) | Corvoidea |
Picathartidae: rockfowl | Passerida | Passeri incertae sedis, close to Petroicidae |
Chaetopidae: rockjumpers | Passerida (Turdidae) | Passeri incertae sedis, close to Petroicidae |
Melanocharitidae: berrypeckers and longbills | Passerida | Passeri incertae sedis, possibly close to Cnemophilidae |
Paramythiidae: tit berrypecker and crested berrypecker | Passerida (included in Melanocharitidae) | Passeri incertae sedis, possibly close to Cnemophilidae |
In biology, phenetics, also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation. It is closely related to numerical taxonomy which is concerned with the use of numerical methods for taxonomic classification. Many people contributed to the development of phenetics, but the most influential were Peter Sneath and Robert R. Sokal. Their books are still primary references for this sub-discipline, although now out of print.
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds or songbirds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by the arrangement of their toes, which facilitates perching.
A songbird is a bird belonging to the clade Passeri of the perching birds (Passeriformes). Another name that is sometimes seen as the scientific or vernacular name is Oscines, from Latin oscen, "a songbird". The group contains 5000 or so species found all over the world, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song.
The Pelecaniformes are an order of medium-sized and large waterbirds found worldwide. As traditionally—but erroneously—defined, they encompass all birds that have feet with all four toes webbed. Hence, they were formerly also known by such names as totipalmates or steganopodes. Most have a bare throat patch, and the nostrils have evolved into dysfunctional slits, forcing them to breathe through their mouths. They also have a pectinate nail on their longest toe. This is shaped like a comb and is used to brush out and separate their feathers. They feed on fish, squid, or similar marine life. Nesting is colonial, but individual birds are monogamous. The young are altricial, hatching from the egg helpless and naked in most. They lack a brood patch.
The Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy is a bird taxonomy proposed by Charles Sibley and Jon E. Ahlquist. It is based on DNA–DNA hybridization studies conducted in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.
Charles Gald Sibley was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had an immense influence on the scientific classification of birds, and the work that Sibley initiated has substantially altered our understanding of the evolutionary history of modern birds.
The Old World babblers or Timaliidae are a family of mostly Old World passerine birds. They are rather diverse in size and coloration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. These are birds of tropical areas, with the greatest variety in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The timaliids are one of two unrelated groups of birds known as babblers, the other being the Australasian babblers of the family Pomatostomidae.
The parrotbills are a group of peculiar birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adapted. Living in tropical to southern temperate climates, they are usually non-migratory.
The Tyranni (suboscines) are a clade of passerine birds that includes more than 1,000 species, the large majority of which are South American. It is named after the type genus Tyrannus.
The white-eyes are a family Zosteropidae of small passerine birds native to tropical, subtropical and temperate Sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, and Australasia. White-eyes inhabit most tropical islands in the Indian Ocean, the western Pacific Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea. Discounting some widespread members of the genus Zosterops, most species are endemic to single islands or archipelagos. The silvereye, Zosterops lateralis, naturally colonised New Zealand, where it is known as the "wax-eye" or tauhou ("stranger"), from 1855. The silvereye has also been introduced to the Society Islands in French Polynesia, while the Japanese white-eye has been introduced to Hawaii.
Meliphagoidea is a superfamily of passerine birds. They contain a vast diversity of small to mid-sized songbirds widespread in the Austropacific region. The Australian Continent has the largest richness in genera and species.
Passerida is, under the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, one of two parvorders contained within the suborder Passeri. While more recent research suggests that its sister parvorder, Corvida, is not a monophyletic grouping, the Passerida as a distinct clade are widely accepted.
The "Passerae" were a proposed "parvclass" of birds in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy. This taxon is a variation on the theme of "near passerines", birds that were - and often still are - believed to be close relatives of the passerines. This proposed taxon was roundly rejected by subsequent cladistic analyses.
Grallina is a genus of passerine bird native to Australia and New Guinea. It is a member of a group of birds termed monarch flycatchers. This group is considered either as a subfamily Monarchinae, together with the fantails as part of the drongo family Dicruridae, or as a family Monarchidae in its own right. More broadly, they belong to the Corvida parvorder comprising many tropical and Australian passerines including pardalotes, fairy-wrens and honeyeaters as well as crows.
The azure-crested flycatcher or the blue-crested flycatcher, is a species of bird in the monarch flycatcher family Monarchidae. It is endemic to Fiji, where it is found on Taveuni.
The smoky robin is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae endemic to West Papua, Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
The pink robin is a small passerine bird native to southeastern Australia. Its natural habitats are cool temperate forests of far southeastern Australia. Like many brightly coloured robins of the family Petroicidae, it is sexually dimorphic. Measuring 13.5 cm (5.3 in) in length, the robin has a small, thin, black bill, and dark brown eyes and legs. The male has a distinctive white forehead spot and pink breast, with grey-black upperparts, wings and tail. The belly is white. The female has grey-brown plumage. The position of the pink robin and its Australian relatives on the passerine family tree is unclear; the Petroicidae are not closely related to either the European or American robins, but appear to be an early offshoot of the Passerida group of songbirds.
The black-chinned robin is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae. It is found in northern New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Sylvioidea is a superfamily of passerine birds, one of at least three major clades within the Passerida along with the Muscicapoidea and Passeroidea. It contains about 1300 species including the Old World warblers, Old World babblers, swallows, larks and bulbuls. Members of the clade are found worldwide, but fewer species are present in the Americas.
The ashy robin, also known as black-cheeked robin, is a species of bird in the family Petroicidae native to New Guinea.
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