Culinary name

Culinary names, menu names, or kitchen names are names of foods used in the preparation or selling of food, as opposed to their names in agriculture or in scientific nomenclature. The menu name may even be different from the kitchen name. For example, from the 19th until the mid-20th century, many restaurant menus were written in French and not in the local language.

Examples include veal (calf), calamari (squid), and sweetbreads (pancreas or thymus gland). Culinary names are especially common for fish and seafood, where multiple species are marketed under a single familiar name.

Examples

Foods may come to have distinct culinary names for a variety of reasons:

• Euphemism: the idea of eating some foods may disgust or offend some eaters regardless of their actual taste
  • Testicles: Rocky Mountain oysters, Prairie oysters, lamb fries, or animelles ^[1]
  • Fish milt: soft roe or white roe to disguise that is actually sperm not eggs
  • Thymus gland and pancreas gland: sweetbreads ^[2]
  • Kangaroo meat: "Australus" has been proposed as a euphemism ^[3]

• Attractiveness: the traditional name may be considered dull, undistinctive, or unattractive
  • Kiwifruit: a rename of the Chinese gooseberry which has now become its standard name ^[4]
  • Mahi-mahi: the dolphinfish is often referred to with this name to avoid confusion with dolphin (the marine mammal) meat ^[5]
  • The Patagonian toothfish is marketed as the Chilean sea bass ^[5]
  • The African cichlid found in many aquaria is presented as tilapia
  • The spinal marrow of veal and beef is called amourettes ^{[6] [7]}
  • The meat of Asian carps has been marketed in the United States as silverfin ^[8] or copi ^[9] to avoid the social stigma and promote it as a commercial food

• Poetic / fancifulness: Many dishes have fanciful or jocular names.
  • Drumstick, a chicken's calf
  • Angels on horseback, oysters wrapped in bacon
  • Pigs in a blanket, various dishes of sausage in dough
  • Floating island, egg whites on custard sauce
  • Ladyfinger, a type of sponge cake
  • Ladyfinger, okra
  • İmam bayıldı 'the Imam fainted', eggplant and onion

• Grouping of a variety of sources under a single name
  • Tuna, sardine and mackerel are all common names that include a variety of several different (and sometime unrelated) species of food fish

• Evocation of more prestigious, rarer, and more expensive foods for which they are a substitute
  • Lumpsucker (or lumpfish) roe is named lumpfish caviar
  • Cassia bark is called cinnamon
  • Langostino is sometimes called lobster or "langostino lobster"
  • In North America, many flounder species are called soles, e.g. Microstomus pacificus is named "Dover sole"

• Evocation of a specific culinary tradition
  • Shrimp in Italian-American contexts is often called scampi
  • Florentine refers to dishes that include spinach
  • Squid is often called by its Italian name, calamari, on menus ^[10]

• Different terminology stemming from diglossia
  • The words beef, veal, pork, mutton, venison and poultry are derived from the words used by the French-speaking lords in post-Conquest England^{[ citation needed ]}

• Other
  • In French, chestnuts are called châtaignes on the tree, but marrons in the kitchen
  • "Laver" is a culinary name for certain edible algae, ^[11] usually species of Porphyra such as Porphyra umbilicalis , although "green laver" may refer to species of Monostroma or Ulva; species of Ulva are also known as "sea lettuce"
  • Truita de patata (lit. 'potato trout') in Catalan cuisine, a potato omelette: "if you don't catch a trout, you've got to have something more humble for dinner -- something to pretend is a trout". ^[12]
  • Cappon magro (lit. 'fast-day capon'), a seafood salad

Humor and ethnic dysphemism

Humorous exaltation often takes the form of a dysphemism disparaging particular groups or places. ^[13] It has been observed that "Celtic dishes seem to receive more than their share of humorous names in English cookbooks". ^[14] Many of these are now considered offensive. ^[15] See List of foods named after places for foods named after their actual place of origin.

• Welsh rabbit , melted cheese on toast. "Welsh" was probably used as a pejorative dysphemism, ^[13] meaning "anything substandard or vulgar", ^[16] and suggesting that "only people as poor and stupid as the Welsh would eat cheese and call it rabbit", ^{[17] [18]} or that "the closest thing to rabbit the Welsh could afford was melted cheese on toast". ^[19] Or it may simply allude to the "frugal diet of the upland Welsh". ^[20]
• Welsh caviar, laverbread, made of seaweed; ^[21]
• Essex lion, veal; ^[22]
• Norfolk capon, kipper; ^[22]
• Irish apricot, apple, grape, lemon, plum, etc., potato; ^{[22] [15]}
• Scotch woodcock , scrambled eggs and anchovies on toast; ^[23]
• Dutch goose, a stuffed pig's stomach in Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine; ^[24]
• French goose, a kind of sausage stew; ^[24]
• English monkey, melted cheese with breadcrumbs soaked in milk, served on toast or crackers; ^[25]
• Albany beef, Hudson River sturgeon used as a substitute for beef. ^{[26] [27]}
• Sea kitten, fish. A renaming proposed by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, in the hope of dissuading people from eating fish, by likening fish to appealing companion animals. ^{[28] [29]}

See also

• Food portal

• Trade name
• Brand

Notes

1. Oxford Companion to Food, s.v. 'testicles'
2. Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh; Corbin, Pam; Diacono, Mark; Duffy, Nikki; Fisher, Nick; Lamb, Steven; Maddams, Tim; Meller, Gill; Wright, John (2016-12-15). River Cottage A to Z: Our Favourite Ingredients, & How to Cook Them. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4088-6365-7.s.v. 'sweetbreads'
3. "Fancy a slice of australus?". The Mail & Guardian. 2005-12-20. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
4. "Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit: 15 June 1959". New Zealand History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 9 June 2020. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
5. Smith, Ronald D. (2020-11-11). Strategic Planning for Public Relations. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN   978-1-000-20136-9.
6. from a Provencal word for roosters' testicles, but homonymous with 'puppy love' Le petit Robert
7. Andre Simon, A concise encyclopedia of gastronomy, s.v.
8. Thompson, Megan (2019-01-29). ""If you can't beat 'em, eat 'em": University of Illinois serves invasive Asian carp for dinner". PBS Newshour . Retrieved 2022-10-16.
9. Castrodale, Jelisa (2022-06-22). "What Is Copi? A New Name for an Invasive Fish". Food & Wine . Retrieved 2022-10-16.
10. Wayne Gisslen, Professional Cooking, p. 446
11. Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.
12. Andrews, Colman (1997). Catalan Cuisine: Europe's Last Great Culinary Secret. p. 58. ISBN   1909808369.
13. Eric Partridge, Words, Words, Words!, 1939, republished as ISBN   1317426444 in 2015, p. 8
14. Palmatier, Robert Allen (2000). Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. s.v. 'Scotch woodcock'. ISBN   978-0-313-31436-0.
15. Oxford English Dictionary. June 2022. pp. s.v. 'Irish' A.5.b.
16. Kate Burridge, Blooming English: Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language, ISBN   0521548322, 2004, p. 220
17. Robert Hendrickson, The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins, 1997, as quoted in Horn, "Spitten image"
18. cf. "Welsh comb" = "the thumb and four fingers" in Francis Grose, A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1788, as quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary , s.v. 'Welsh'
19. Roy Blount Jr., Alphabet Juice, 2009, ISBN   1429960426, s.v. 'folk etymology'
20. Meic Stephens, ed., The Oxford companion to the literature of Wales, 1986, s.v., p. 631
21. Ole G. Mouritsen, Seaweeds: Edible, Available, and Sustainable, 2013, ISBN   022604453X, p. 150
22. E.B. Tylor, "The Philology of Slang", Macmillan's Magazine , 29:174:502-513 (April 1874), p. 505
23. Laurence Horn, "Spitten image: Etymythology and Fluid Dynamics", American Speech79:1:33-58 (Spring 2004), doi : 10.1215/00031283-79-1-33 full text
24. Allen, Gary (2015-09-15). Sausage: A Global History. Reaktion Books. ISBN   978-1-78023-555-4.
25. Hill, Janet McKenzie (1898). The Boston Cooking School Magazine of Culinary Science and Domestic Economics. Boston Cooking-School Magazine. p. 57.
26. Palmatier, Robert Allen (2000). Food: A Dictionary of Literal and Nonliteral Terms. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. s.v. 'beefeater'. ISBN   978-0-313-31436-0.
27. "Oxford English Dictionary". www.oed.com. Retrieved 2022-08-14., s.v. 'Albany beef'
28. "What's a Sea Kitten? Look It Up!". PETA . 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
29. Ibrahim, Nur (2022-04-19). "Did PETA Try To Rename Fish 'Sea Kittens'?". Snopes . Retrieved 2023-01-20.

Bibliography

• "Culinary terminology" in Oxford Companion to Food , 1st edition, s.v.
• Andre Simon, A concise encyclopedia of gastronomy mentions 16 different 'culinary names' passim