Cystatin

Proteinase inhibitor I25, cystatin
Crystal structure of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata from PDB entry 3L0R . [1]
Identifiers
Symbol	Prot_inh_cystat
Pfam	PF00031
Pfam clan	CL0121
InterPro	IPR000010
SMART	SM00043
PROSITE	PDOC00259
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary PDB PDB: 1a67 ​ PDB: 1a90 ​ PDB: 1cew ​ PDB: 1cyu ​ PDB: 1cyv ​ PDB: 1dvc ​ PDB: 1dvd ​ PDB: 1eqk ​ PDB: 1g96 ​ PDB: 1gd3 ​

The cystatins are a family of cysteine protease inhibitors which share a sequence homology and a common tertiary structure of an alpha helix lying on top of an anti-parallel beta sheet. The family is subdivided as described below.

Cystatins show similarity to fetuins, kininogens, histidine-rich glycoproteins and cystatin-related proteins. ^{[2] [3] [4]} Cystatins mainly inhibit peptidase enzymes (another term for proteases) belonging to peptidase families C1 (papain family) and C13 (legumain family). They are known to mis-fold to form amyloid deposits and are implicated in several diseases.^{[ citation needed ]}

Types

The cystatin family includes:

• The Type 1 cystatins, which are intracellular and are present in the cytosol of many cell types, but can also appear in body fluids at significant concentrations. They are single-chain polypeptides of about 100 residues, which have neither disulfide bonds nor carbohydrate side-chains. Type 1 cystatins are also known as Stefins (after the Stefan Institute where they were first discovered ^[5] )
• The Type 2 cystatins, which are mainly extracellular secreted polypeptides are largely acidic, contain four conserved cysteine residues known to form two disulfide bonds, may be glycosylated and/or phosphorylated. They are synthesised with a 19- to 28-residue signal peptide. They are broadly distributed and found in most body fluids.^{[ citation needed ]}
• The Type 3 cystatins, which are multidomain proteins. The mammalian representatives of this group are the kininogens. There are three different kininogens in mammals: H- (high-molecular-mass, InterPro :  IPR002395 ) and L- (low-molecular-mass) kininogen, which are found in a number of species, and T-kininogen, which is found only in rats.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Unclassified cystatins. These are cystatin-like proteins found in a range of organisms: plant phytocystatins, fetuin in mammals, insect cystatins, and a puff adder venom cystatin, which inhibits metalloproteases of the MEROPS peptidase family M12 (astacin/adamalysin). Also, a number of the cystatin-like proteins have been shown to be devoid of inhibitory activity.^{[ citation needed ]}

Human cystatins

• CST1, CST2, CST3 (cystatin C, a marker of kidney function), CST4, CST5, CST6, CST7, CST8, CST9, CST11, CSTA (cystatin A), CSTB (cystatin B)^{[ citation needed ]}

Plant cystatins

Plant cystatins have special characteristics which permit them to be classified in a special class called Phytocystatin. One is the presence of a N-terminal alpha-helix, present only in plant cystatins. Phytocystatins are involved in several process, including plant germination and defense. van Wyk et al. found some 19 different cystatins similar to oryzacystatin-I in the soybean along with related cysteine proteases. ^[6]

1. Inhibitory Activity: Plant cystatins, like their animal counterparts, function by inhibiting cysteine proteases. By doing so, they regulate various cellular processes, including protein degradation, senescence, and defense responses.
2. Defense Mechanisms: Some plant cystatins are associated with defense mechanisms against herbivores and pathogens. When a plant is under attack, it may produce cystatins to interfere with the digestive enzymes of herbivores or the proteases of invading pathogens.
3. Tissue-Specific Expression: Different plant tissues and organs may express specific cystatin isoforms. This tissue-specific expression suggests that these proteins play distinct roles in various parts of the plant.
4. Stress Response: Plant cystatins are often implicated in the response to environmental stress. When plants face conditions such as drought, heat, or other stresses, the expression of cystatins may be altered as part of the plant's adaptive response.
5. Seed Development: Cystatins are also involved in seed development and maturation. They play a role in regulating protease activity during seed development stages.
6. Diversity: The plant kingdom exhibits a diversity of cystatins, and different plant species may have unique cystatin isoforms with specific functions. This diversity reflects the adaptability of these proteins to various ecological niches.

Understanding plant cystatins is not only important for unraveling the molecular mechanisms of plant biology but also for potential applications in agriculture. Harnessing the knowledge of cystatins in plants could contribute to the development of crops with improved resistance to pests and diseases. Ongoing research continues to explore the roles and applications of plant cystatins in diverse plant species.

Membrane permeability

Chicken cystatin quickly passed the membrane of MCF-10A neo T cells and inhibited cathepsin B when it was acylated with fatty acyl residues of 6-18 carbon atoms. ^{[7] [ relevant? ]}

See also

• Affimer, a type of engineered protein that is based on the cystatin scaffold

References

1. Salát J, Paesen GC, Rezácová P, Kotsyfakis M, Kovárová Z, Sanda M, et al. (July 2010). "Crystal structure and functional characterization of an immunomodulatory salivary cystatin from the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata". The Biochemical Journal. 429 (1): 103–112. doi:10.1042/BJ20100280. PMC   3523712 . PMID   20545626.; rendered with PyMOL
2. Rawlings ND, Barrett AJ (January 1990). "Evolution of proteins of the cystatin superfamily". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (1): 60–71. Bibcode:1990JMolE..30...60R. doi:10.1007/BF02102453. PMID   2107324. S2CID   33504413.
3. Abrahamson M, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Nathanson CM (2003). "Cystatins". Biochemical Society Symposium. 70 (70): 179–199. doi:10.1042/bss0700179. PMID   14587292.
4. Turk V, Bode W (July 1991). "The cystatins: protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases". FEBS Letters. 285 (2): 213–219. Bibcode:1991FEBSL.285..213T. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(91)80804-C. PMID   1855589. S2CID   40444629.
5. Machleidt W, Borchart U, Fritz H, Brzin J, Ritonja A, Turk V (November 1983). "Protein inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. II. Primary structure of stefin, a cytosolic protein inhibitor of cysteine proteinases from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes". Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift Fur Physiologische Chemie. 364 (11): 1481–1486. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1983.364.2.1481. PMID   6689312.
6. van Wyk SG, Du Plessis M, Cullis CA, Kunert KJ, Vorster BJ (November 2014). "Cysteine protease and cystatin expression and activity during soybean nodule development and senescence". BMC Plant Biology. 14: 294. doi: 10.1186/s12870-014-0294-3 . PMC   4243279 . PMID   25404209.
7. Kocevar N, Obermajer N, Kreft S (September 2008). "Membrane permeability of acylated cystatin depends on the fatty acyl chain length". Chemical Biology & Drug Design. 72 (3): 217–224. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00693.x. PMID   18702630. S2CID   24573152.

Further reading

• Lee C, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Sollner C, Jahnen-Dechent W, Claesson-Welsh L (January 2009). "Type 3 cystatins; fetuins, kininogen and histidine-rich glycoprotein". Frontiers in Bioscience. 14 (8): 2911–2922. doi: 10.2741/3422 . PMID   19273244.
• "Cystatin: a protein that flips out!". Quite Interesting PDB Structures; Protein Data Bank in Europe. European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI). Archived from the original on 2013-09-28.

External links

• Cystatins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR000010