Darul Islam rebellion

Darul Islam rebellion
Part of the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution and Cold War in Asia
Proclamation of the establishment of Islamic State of Indonesia
Date 7 August 1949 – 2 September 1962 Location Indonesia, mainly in West Java, Aceh and South Sulawesi Result Government victory Dissolution of the Darul Islam Former Darul Islam veteran formed the Komando Jihad Beginning of a new rebellion in Aceh by the Free Aceh Movement in 1976 Formation of Jemaah Islamiyah as successor of Komando Jihad Territorial changes All territories controlled by rebels were recaptured by the government
Belligerents
Republic of Indonesia	Islamic State of Indonesia 426 Battalion (1951–1952) Legion of the Just Ruler (until 1950)
Commanders and leaders
Sukarno Sudirman Tahi Bonar Simatupang Abdul Haris Nasution Soerjadi Soerjadarma Alexander Evert Kawilarang Suharto Ahmad Yani	Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo   Abdul Kahar Muzakkar   † Daud Beureueh   Hasan di Tiro Ibnu Hadjar   Amir Fatah   C.H. van Kleef   [1] Raymond Westerling (until 1950) Piet Colson
Casualties and losses
13,000+ dead (consisting of Sundanese people, Indonesian soldiers and members of the village security organization (OKD) that died) [2]	Unknown
22,895 total dead [3]

The Darul Islam rebellion (Indonesian :Pemberontakan Darul Islam) was a war waged between 1949 and 1962 by the Islamic State of Indonesia, commonly known as Darul Islam, to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. ^[4] The rebellion was launched by Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, a former Indonesian nationalist who refused to recognize the new Republic of Indonesia. Instead, he proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949.

Kartosuwirjo led Darul Islam's war against the Indonesian government for 13 years before he was captured by the Indonesian Army in 1962 and executed in 1965. After he was captured, Kartosuwirjo issued orders for his followers to surrender, although some pockets of resistance remained in Southeast Sulawesi until 1965.

Background

After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, ending World War II, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, and became the nation's first president. While the Japanese soon left the former Dutch East Indies, the Dutch returned to reclaim former colonies in 1946. Indonesian militias fought the Dutch for three years in the Indonesian National Revolution. One of the militias—the Siliwangi Division of the Indonesian Army, based in West Java—was led by Kartosuwirjo, who had initially supported the Japanese during their three years of occupation.

The Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia signed the Linggadjati Agreement on 25 March 1947. ^[5] The agreement gave the Republic control of the islands of Java, Sumatra and Madura, while the Dutch controlled the other islands. However, the Netherlands broke the agreement by launching Operation Product and invading Indonesian territory, and Kartosuwirjo called for a holy war against the Dutch.^{[ citation needed ]}

Under the Renville Agreement, which the Republic and the Netherlands ratified on 19 January 1948, all Indonesian troops withdrew and moved from West Java to Central Java (Jogja). Kartosuwirjo saw the agreement as a failure of Indonesian diplomatic strategy because it reduced the Republic's sovereignty. He therefore ordered his troops to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Dutch as a holy war to protect Indonesian independence.^{[ citation needed ]} The revolution ended on 27 December 1949, after the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch officially recognised the Republic of Indonesia.

Beginning of rebellion

When Indonesia regained independence from the Dutch in 1949, Kartosuwirjo refused to disband his militia. He proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949, and named himself as its imam. His group was supported by many Indonesians, including Daud Beureueh, the governor of Aceh, who would become the vice imam of the group in 1955. (Beureueh surrendered to the government in 1957.) Elements of the Indonesian Army deserted and joined Darul Islam.

Kartosuwirjo also forged an alliance with Raymond Westerling, a former officer in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army who was leading a rebellion, known as the Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA), against the Indonesian government. APRA was quickly defeated by the Indonesian Army in the army's stronghold at Bandung, and Westerling fled to Singapore in 1950. Former APRA soldiers who refused to surrender to the government joined Darul Islam.

In 1952, Kahar Muzzakar, a former presidential guard of Sukarno, deserted and led a rebellion in Central and South Sulawesi. He initially wanted to create his own militant group, but instead joined Darul Islam in 1953. Darul Islam was also supported by other rebel groups that opposed the central government, like Permesta and PRRI.

Members of Darul Islam had tried several times to assassinate Sukarno. On 9 March 1960, a Mig-17 of the Indonesian Air Force, flown by flight lieutenant Daniel "Tiger" Maukar, attempted to assassinate Sukarno by firing a 23×115mm round on Merdeka Palace. However, Sukarno was not in the palace at the time. Maukar flew his plane to Garut, where he was going to be picked up by another Darul Islam member, but the army captured him before he could escape. Maukar was tried and sentenced to death. Sukarno personally pardoned him and commuted his sentence to life in prison.

Military Operations by Indonesia

Operation Pagar Betis

Main article: Operation Pagar Betis

Operation Pagar Betis was a military operation aiming to eliminate most of Darul Islam forces, blockade and destroyed the suspected Darul Islam regions, and cut off their supplies with "Pagar Betis Tactics". The beginning of this operation infiltrated the Darul Islam regions. But they realized the need of some support of civilians and Nasution decides to helping the civilians in their social activity like farming, harvest, and building some towers to spying the Darul Islam forces. With this efforts the civilians finally helping the Indonesian forces and participated into this operations. Finally in 1962 after many of their forces were eliminated, lack of supplies, and the successful blockade by Indonesian forces. Kartosoewirjo deciding to surrender and ended his rebellions. ^{[6] [7]}

Operation Gunung Gede

Main article: Operation Gunung Gede

On March 1957 after KKO launched military operation on Indramayu called "Operation Indra the operation successfully defeating the Darul Islam rebels. However the KKO decided to launched second operations called "Operation Gunung Gede" on Mount Gede, in order by Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy,the composite of this forces was only 2 platoons led by Captain Boy Abidin,Lieutenant Pratowo Soedibyo, and Lieutenant Soegito. On 19 March they arrived to sukabumi after arrived they reported to Battalion Regiments of 8 TT.III after that they continued crossed into Cibodas to Cipanas. On 21 March they reached on Mount Gede but the heat was cold and make the forces resting on the slope of mountains. the forces launched the attack and faced skirmishes on mountain top however the KKO forces manage to capturing most of Darul Islam documents. On 23 March the KKO faced combat against Darul Islam in Curug Ciheuleng,the assault was success and also killed many former leaders of darul islam forces. ^{[8] [9]}

Dissolution and aftermath

Starting in 1956, the government went on the offensive against Darul Islam. The group was severely weakened after its top leaders were killed or captured, and many members surrendered. The government regained full control of Aceh in 1957 after the local branch of Darul Islam surrendered. Factions in South Kalimantan disbanded in 1959 after their leader was killed. By 1962, there were only pockets of resistance in West Java and South Sulawesi.

In June 1962, Kartosuwirjo was captured by the army in his hideout in Garut. He was tried, sentenced to death, and executed three months later in the Thousand Islands. During his time in prison, Kartosuwirjo ordered his followers to surrender. The last Darul Islam band, in Southeast Sulawesi, did so in 1965.

Even after the group was dissolved, some Indonesians continued to support its ideology. Along with some former Darul Islam members, they formed the Komando Jihad, which evolved into the present-day terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah. Additionally, in 1976, former Darul Islam member Hasan di Tiro created the Free Aceh Movement, which attempted to separate the province of Aceh from Indonesia. Di Tiro waged war against the Indonesian government for 38 years before finally signing a peace treaty in Helsinki in August 2005. ^{[10] [11]}

References

1. Matanasi, Oleh Petrik (19 May 2023). "Van Kleef, Polisi Nakal yang Ikut DI/TII". Historia - Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 August 2024.
2. "History of Railways in Indonesia". keretapi.tripod.com. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
3. Holk H.Dengel. 1962. Darul Islam dan Kartosuwiryo : Langkah perwujudan angan-angan yang gagal.1995.
4. Andrea HP. "The History of Darul Islam (DI) and Kartosuwiryo". academia.edu. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
5. The agreement is named after the mountain village of Linggajati located near the modern city of Cirebon. "Indonesia: Beginning of Lightness". Time . 7 April 1947. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
6. Amiruddin (17 March 2024). "Operasi Militer Pemberontakan DI/TII yang Dilakukan Pemerintah". m.kumparan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 January 2025.
7. Afif, Khoirul (6 September 2024). "Strategi dalam Operasi Pagar Betis yang Diterapkan AH Nasution dalam Menumpas Pemberontakan DI/TII di Jawa Barat". intisari.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 January 2025.
8. Radhitya, Andriansyah (13 October 2020). "Ratusan Prajurit Marinir TNI Habisi Pemberontak di Gunung Gede". viva.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 15 January 2025.
9. Sejarah, "Operasi KKO-AL di Gunung Gede Pangrango, Sukabumi", Marinir, NO. 137 Edisi Khussus - Februari 2013 MARINIR, hlm. 47-48.
10. "Aceh rebels sign peace agreement". BBC. 15 August 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
11. "The Helsinki Agreement: A More Promising Basis for Peace in Aceh?". East-West Center | www.eastwestcenter.org. 15 December 2005. Retrieved 30 May 2016.

External links

• Kisah Istana Presiden Soekarno dibom Mig-17 TNI AU
• The History of Darul Islam (DI) and Kartosuwiryo
• Hikayat Penyebab DI/TII Memberontak Hingga Tertangkapnya Kartosoewirjo