Darul Islam rebellion | |||||||||
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Part of the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution and Cold War in Asia | |||||||||
Proclamation of the establishment of Islamic State of Indonesia | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Republic of Indonesia |
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Sukarno Sudirman Tahi Bonar Simatupang Abdul Haris Nasution Soerjadi Soerjadarma Alexander Evert Kawilarang Suharto Ahmad Yani | Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo Abdul Kahar Muzakkar † Daud Beureueh Hasan di Tiro Ibnu Hadjar Amir Fatah Raymond Westerling (until 1950) | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
13,000+ dead (consisting of Sundanese people, Indonesian soldiers and members of the village security organization (OKD) that died) [1] | Unknown | ||||||||
22,895 total dead [2] |
History of Indonesia |
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Timeline |
Indonesiaportal |
The Darul Islam rebellion (Indonesian:Pemberontakan Darul Islam) was a war waged between 1949 and 1962 by the Islamic State of Indonesia, commonly known as Darul Islam, to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. [3] The rebellion began when Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo, a former Indonesian nationalist who refused to recognize the new Republic of Indonesia. Instead, he proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949.
Kartosuwirjo led Darul Islam's war against the Indonesian government for 13 years before he was captured by the Indonesian Army in 1962 and executed in 1965. After he was captured, Kartosuwirjo issued orders for his followers to surrender, although some pockets of resistance remained in Southeast Sulawesi until 1965.
After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, ending World War II, Sukarno proclaimed the independence of Indonesia on 17 August 1945, and became the nation's first president. While the Japanese soon left the former Dutch East Indies, the Dutch returned to reclaim former colonies in 1946. Indonesian militias fought the Dutch for three years in the Indonesian National Revolution. One of the militias—the Siliwangi Division of the Indonesian Army, based in West Java—was led by Kartosuwirjo, who had initially supported the Japanese during their three years of occupation.
The Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia signed the Linggadjati Agreement on 25 March 1947. [4] The agreement gave the Republic control of the islands of Java, Sumatra and Madura, while the Dutch controlled the other islands. However, the Netherlands broke the agreement by launching Operation Product and invading Indonesian territory, and Kartosuwirjo called for a holy war against the Dutch.[ citation needed ]
Under the Renville Agreement, which the Republic and the Netherlands ratified on 19 January 1948, all Indonesian troops withdrew and moved from West Java to Central Java (Jogja). Kartosuwirjo saw the agreement as a failure of Indonesian diplomatic strategy because it reduced the Republic's sovereignty. He therefore ordered his troops to engage in guerrilla warfare against the Dutch as a holy war to protect Indonesian independence.[ citation needed ] The revolution ended on 27 December 1949, after the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch officially recognised the Republic of Indonesia.
When Indonesia regained independence from the Dutch in 1949, Kartosuwirjo refused to disband his militia. He proclaimed the establishment of the Islamic State of Indonesia on 7 August 1949, and named himself as its imam. His group was supported by many Indonesians, including Daud Beureueh, the governor of Aceh, who would become the vice imam of the group in 1955. (Beureueh surrendered to the government in 1957.) Elements of the Indonesian Army deserted and joined Darul Islam.
Kartosuwirjo also forged an alliance with Raymond Westerling, a former officer in the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army who was leading a rebellion, known as the Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA), against the Indonesian government. APRA was quickly defeated by the Indonesian Army in the army's stronghold at Bandung, and Westerling fled to Singapore in 1950. Former APRA soldiers who refused to surrender to the government joined Darul Islam.
In 1952, Kahar Muzzakar, a former presidential guard of Sukarno, deserted and led a rebellion in Central and South Sulawesi. He initially wanted to create his own militant group, but instead joined Darul Islam in 1953. Darul Islam was also supported by other rebel groups that opposed the central government, like Permesta and PRRI.
Members of Darul Islam had tried several times to assassinate Sukarno. On 9 March 1960, a Mig-17 of the Indonesian Air Force, flown by flight lieutenant Daniel "Tiger" Maukar, attempted to assassinate Sukarno by firing a 23×115mm round on Merdeka Palace. However, Sukarno was not in the palace at the time. Maukar flew his plane to Garut, where he was going to be picked up by another Darul Islam member, but the army captured him before he could escape. Maukar was tried and sentenced to death. Sukarno personally pardoned him and commuted his sentence to life in prison.
Starting in 1956, the government went on the offensive against Darul Islam. The group was severely weakened after its top leaders were killed or captured, and many members surrendered. The government regained full control of Aceh in 1957 after the local branch of Darul Islam surrendered. Factions in South Kalimantan disbanded in 1959 after their leader was killed. By 1962, there were only pockets of resistance in West Java and South Sulawesi.
In June 1962, Kartosuwirjo was captured by the army in his hideout in Garut. He was tried, sentenced to death, and executed three months later in the Thousand Islands. During his time in prison, Kartosuwirjo ordered his followers to surrender. The last Darul Islam band, in Southeast Sulawesi, did so in 1965.
Even after the group was dissolved, some Indonesians continued to support its ideology. Along with some former Darul Islam members, they formed the Komando Jihad, which evolved into the present-day terrorist group Jemaah Islamiyah. Additionally, in 1976, former Darul Islam member Hasan di Tiro created the Free Aceh Movement, which attempted to separate the province of Aceh from Indonesia. Di Tiro waged war against the Indonesian government for 38 years before finally signing a peace treaty in Helsinki in August 2005. [5] [6]
The Indonesian National Revolution also known as the Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia. It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in 1945 and the Netherlands' transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia at the end of 1949.
Sukarno was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.
Darul Islam, also known as Darul Islam/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia, was an Islamist group that fought for the establishment of an Islamic state in Indonesia. It was established in 1942 by a group of Muslim militias, coordinated by a charismatic Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo. The group recognised only Shari'a as the valid source of law. The movement has produced splinters and offshoots that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups.
Raymond Pierre Paul Westerling was a Dutch military officer of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. He orchestrated a counter-guerrilla operation in Sulawesi during the Indonesian National Revolution after World War II and participated in a coup attempt against the Government of Indonesia in January 1950, a month after the official transfer of sovereignty. Both actions were denounced as war crimes by the Indonesian authorities. Born in the Ottoman Empire, despite his nickname, The Turk, Westerling was of mixed Dutch and Greek descent.
This is the timeline of Indonesian National Revolution.
Teungku Mohammad Daud Beureueh was an Indonesian military Governor of Aceh (1945–1953) and leader of the Darul Islam rebellion in the province (1953–1963).
The insurgency in Aceh, officially designated the Rebellion in Aceh by the Indonesian government, was a conflict fought by the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) between 1976 and 2005, with the goal of making the province of Aceh independent from Indonesia. The aftermath of a strong military offensive in 2003 and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake brought a peace agreement and an end to the insurgency.
Sjafruddin Prawiranegara was an Indonesian statesman and economist. He served in various roles during his career, including as head of government in the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia, as Minister of Finance in several cabinets, and as the first Governor of Bank Indonesia. Sjafruddin later became the prime minister of the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia, a shadow government set up in opposition to the country's central government.
The Natsir Cabinet was the first cabinet formed after the dissolution of the United Republic of Indonesia and returned to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. This cabinet was in charge from 6 September 1950 until 20 March 1951.
Soekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo was an Indonesian Islamic mystic who led the Darul Islam rebellion against the Indonesian government from 1949 to 1962, intending to overthrow the secular Pancasila ideology and establish Negara Islam Indonesia based on sharia law.
The Legion of the Just Ruler or the Legion of Ratu Adil was a pro-Dutch militia and private army established in the aftermath of the Indonesian National Revolution. It was founded by the former KNIL Captain Raymond Westerling following his demobilisation on 15 January 1949. The militia's name was derived from a passage from the medieval Book of Prophecies of Joyo Boyo which prophesied the coming of a Just Ruler who would be of Turkish descent and come to save the people of Java and establish universal peace and justice. With his mixed Turkish heritage in mind, Westerling used the myth of the Just Ruler to create a following.
The APRA coup d'état was a coup d'état by Raymond Westerling's Legion of the Just Ruler (APRA) to capture Bandung and Jakarta, with the aim to overthrow Sukarno's unitary Republic of Indonesia. Westerling was a demobilised Dutch Captain of the KNIL, who sought to preserve the federal Republic of the United States of Indonesia, which retained the support of the Netherlands and various minority elements. Westerling's forces succeeded in capturing Bandung in the early hours of 23 January 1950.
The South Sulawesi Campaign was a campaign during the Indonesian National Revolution. It was a counter-insurgency offensive of the special forces of the KNIL against Indonesian infiltrations from Java and pro-Indonesian local militias. It was masterminded by the controversial Raymond Westerling, a captain in the KNIL. Westerling's operation, which started in December 1946 and ended in February 1947, succeeded in eliminating the insurgency and undermining local support for the Republicans by instituting summary executions of suspected enemy fighters.
The Makassar Uprising, also known as Andi Aziz rebellion, was a skirmish in Makassar, Sulawesi, between former Royal Dutch East Indies Army soldiers under Captain Andi Aziz and the Republic of the United States of Indonesia government. The purpose of the uprising was to revolt against the incorporation of the Indonesian federated "states" into the Indonesian Republic. However, the uprising was quashed in a little over two weeks when troops under Lieutenant Colonel Suharto and Colonel Alexander Evert Kawilarang arrived at Makassar to find only light resistance.
The State of Pasundan was a federal state (negara bagian) formed in the western part of the Indonesian island of Java by the Netherlands in 1948 following the Linggadjati Agreement. It was similar to the geographical area now encompassed by the current provinces of West Java, Banten and Jakarta.
Abdul Kahar Muzakkar was the leader of an Islamic movement in South Sulawesi from 1950 till his death in 1965. He led his group of men in a guerrilla warfare against the Indonesian central government, and was finally killed by the army in the jungle. He was also the leader of the South Sulawesi branch of the Darul Islam movement.
Suharto was the second President of Indonesia, having held the office for 31 years from 1967 following Sukarno's removal until his resignation in 1998.
The military history of Indonesia includes the military history of the modern nation of Republic of Indonesia, as well as the military history of the states which preceded and formed it. It encompassed a kaleidoscope of conflicts spanning over a millennia. The ancient and medieval part of it began as tribal warfare began among indigenous populations, and escalated as kingdoms emerged. The modern part is defined by foreign colonial occupations, battles for independence through guerrilla warfare during Indonesian National Revolution, regional conquests and disputes with neighbouring countries, as well as battles between the Republic and separatist factions. Since the formation of the Republic, the military has played significant role in state affairs. However, in Post-Suharto era, the Indonesian military has retreated from politics, yet it still possesses some influences.
Negara Islam Indonesia is a rebel group in Indonesia which aims to establish an Islamic state in Indonesia. It began on 7 August 1949 by a group of Muslim militia, coordinated by a Muslim politician, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo in Cisampang Village, Ciawiligar, Kawedanan Cisayong, Tasikmalaya, West Java. This group recognizes sharia as a valid source of law. This movement has produced splinters and branches that range from Jemaah Islamiyah to non-violent religious groups.