David Eagleman | |
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Born | |
Alma mater | |
Known for |
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Awards | Guggenheim Fellowship, Science Educator of the Year from Society for Neuroscience, Claude Shannon Luminary Award from Bell Labs |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Neuroscience |
Institutions | Stanford University |
Doctoral advisor | Read Montague |
Website | eagleman eagleman |
David Eagleman (born April 25, 1971) is an American neuroscientist, author, and science communicator. He teaches neuroscience at Stanford University [1] and is CEO and co-founder of Neosensory, a company that develops devices for sensory substitution. [2] He also directs the non-profit Center for Science and Law, which seeks to align the legal system with modern neuroscience [3] and is Chief Science Officer and co-founder of BrainCheck, a digital cognitive health platform used in medical practices and health systems. [4] He is known for his work on brain plasticity, [5] time perception, [6] synesthesia, [7] and neurolaw. [8]
He is a Guggenheim Fellow and a New York Times-bestselling author published in 32 languages. [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] He is the writer and presenter of the international television series, The Brain with David Eagleman , [14] and the host of the podcast "Inner Cosmos with David Eagleman". [15] His podcast Inner Cosmos has been ranked the #1 science podcast on Apple several times [16] and was nominated for the best science podcast of the year at the iHeart Podcast Awards at SXSW. [17]
Eagleman was born on April 25, 1971 [18] in New Mexico to Jewish parents Arthur and Cirel Egelman, a physician and a biology teacher, respectively. [19] Eagleman chose to Americanize the spelling of his surname after discovering several alternative spellings in personal genealogy research. [20] An early experience of falling from a roof raised his interest in understanding the neural basis of time perception. [21] [22] He attended the Albuquerque Academy for high school. As an undergraduate at Rice University, he majored in British and American literature. He spent his junior year abroad at Oxford University. He graduated from Rice in 1993. [23] He earned his PhD in Neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine in 1998, followed by a postdoctoral fellowship at the Salk Institute.
Eagleman is an adjunct professor at Stanford University, after directing a neuroscience research laboratory for 10 years at Baylor College of Medicine. He serves as the Chief Science Advisor for the Mind Science Foundation, and is the youngest member of the board of directors of the Long Now Foundation. Eagleman is a Guggenheim Fellow, [24] a Fellow of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, [25] and a council member on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council on Neuroscience & Behavior. [26] He was voted one of Houston's Most Stylish men, [27] and Italy's Style fashion magazine named Eagleman one of the "Brainiest, Brightest Idea Guys" and featured him on the cover. [28] He was awarded the Science Educator Award by the Society for Neuroscience. [29] He has spun off several companies from his research, [30] including BrainCheck, [4] which helps medical professionals assess and diagnose cognitive impairment and dementia, and Neosensory, [2] which uses sound-to-touch sensory substitution to feed data streams into the brain, as described in his TED talk. [5]
Eagleman has been profiled in magazines such as the New Yorker, [6] Texas Monthly, [31] and Texas Observer, [32] on pop-culture television programs such as The Colbert Report [33] and on the scientific program Nova Science Now. [34] Stewart Brand wrote that "David Eagleman may be the best combination of scientist and fiction-writer alive". [35] Eagleman founded Deathswitch, an internet based dead man's switch service, in 2007. [36] He also appeared on MPR News, in a segment called Ask a Neuroscientist, where he answered audience-submitted questions. [37]
As opposed to committing to strict atheism or to a particular religious position, Eagleman who was raised Jewish, refers to himself as a possibilian, [38] [39] which distinguishes itself from atheism and agnosticism by studying the structure of the possibility space.
Sensory substitution refers to feeding information into the brain via unusual sensory channels, a central topic in Eagleman's book Livewired. In a TED talk, [5] Eagleman unveiled a method for using sound-to-touch sensory substitution to feed data streams into the brain. [40] In 2015, together with Dr. Scott Novich, PhD, he co-founded the company Neosensory, [41] [42] headquartered in Palo Alto, California, of which he is the CEO. As of 2023, Neosensory has raised over 20 million dollars in venture funding. [43] In 2015, the company presented the Versatile Extra-Sensory Transducer (VEST) wearable device that "translates" speech and other audio signals into series of vibration, that allows deaf people to "feel" sounds on their body. [44] [45] [46] In 2019, Neosensory presented the Buzz wristband, a sensory substitution device that transfers sound into dynamic vibration patterns, aimed for deaf or hard-of-hearing individuals. [47] [48] [49] This was followed in 2021 by the Neosensory Duo, which uses bimodal stimulation for addressing tinnitus. [50] In 2022, the company released the Neosensory Clarify for high-frequency hearing loss: the wristband uses machine learning to detect high-frequency phonemes in real time and indicate their presence to the user through vibrations. [51]
Eagleman's scientific work combines psychophysical, behavioral, and computational approaches to address the relationship between the timing of perception and the timing of neural signals. [52] [53] [54] Areas for which he is known include temporal encoding, time warping, manipulations of the perception of causality, and time perception in high-adrenaline situations. [55] In one experiment, he dropped himself and other volunteers from a 150-foot tower to measure time perception as they fell. [56] He writes that his long-range goal is "to understand how neural signals processed by different brain regions come together for a temporally unified picture of the world". [1]
Synesthesia is an unusual perceptual condition in which stimulation to one sense triggers an involuntary sensation in other senses. Eagleman is the developer of The Synesthesia Battery, a free online test by which people can determine whether they are synesthetic. [57] By this technique he has tested and analyzed thousands of synesthetes, [58] and has written a book on synesthesia with Richard Cytowic, entitled Wednesday is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia. [7] Eagleman has proposed that sensory processing disorder, a common characteristic of autism,[ citation needed ] may be a form of synesthesia. [59]
Eagleman has published extensively on what visual illusions [60] tell us about neurobiology, concentrating especially on the flash lag illusion and wagon wheel effect.
Neurolaw is an emerging field that determines how modern brain science should affect the way we make laws, punish criminals, and invent new methods for rehabilitation. [8] [61] [62] Eagleman is the founder and director of the Center for Science and Law. [3] [63]
Eagleman's BrainCheck tests ones cognitive abilities, including their memory. [64] The Eagleman Laboratory operated a website from 2013 to 2017 called mylifememory.info about hyperthymesia, which invited users to take "The Extraordinary Memory Test" for research purposes. [65] The lab was trying to find individuals with the condition so they could "further elucidate the causes and nature of hyperthymesia."
Eagleman hosts the weekly monologue podcast Inner Cosmos, which has ranked as the #1 science podcast on Apple several times [16] and was nominated for the best science podcast of the year at the 2024 iHeart Podcast Awards at SXSW. [17]
Eagleman wrote and hosted The Brain with David Eagleman , an international television documentary series for which he was the writer, host, and executive producer [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] The series debuted on PBS in America in 2015, [72] followed by the BBC in the United Kingdom and the SBS in Australia before worldwide distribution. The New York Times listed it as one of the best television shows of the year. [73] In 2016, the series was nominated for an Emmy Award.
In 2018 he made a Netflix documentary, The Creative Brain, based on his book The Runaway Species with Anthony Brandt. In that documentary, he interviews creators such as Tim Robbins, Michael Chabon, Grimes, Dan Weiss, Kelis, Robert Glasper, Nathan Myhrvold, Michelle Khine, Nick Cave, Bjarke Ingels, and others. [74]
Eagleman served as a scientific advisor for the HBO television series Westworld . [75] [76] He previously served as the science advisor for the TNT television drama, Perception , starring Eric McCormack as a schizophrenic neuropsychiatrist. [77] In that role, Eagleman wrote one of the episodes, "Eternity". [78]
Eagleman's 2009 book on synesthesia, co-authored with neurologist Richard E. Cytowic, [79] compiles contemporary understanding and research about this perceptual condition. The afterword for the book was written by Dmitri Nabokov, the son of Vladimir Nabokov, a synesthete. The book won the Montaigne Medal for "books that illuminate, progress, or redirect thought". [80]
Eagleman's 2009 work of literary fiction, Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives , is an international bestseller published in 32 languages. The Observer wrote that "Sum has the unaccountable, jaw-dropping quality of genius"; [11] The Wall Street Journal called Sum "inventive and imaginative"; [81] and the Los Angeles Times hailed it as "teeming, writhing with imagination". [12] In The New York Times Book Review, Alexander McCall Smith described Sum as a "delightful, thought-provoking little collection belonging to that category of strange, unclassifiable books that will haunt the reader long after the last page has been turned. It is full of tangential insights into the human condition and poetic thought experiments ... It is also full of touching moments and glorious wit of the sort one only hopes will be in copious supply on the other side." [10] Sum was chosen by Time magazine for their Summer Reading list [82] and selected as Book of the Week by both The Guardian [83] and The Week . [84] In September 2009, Sum was ranked by Amazon as the #2 bestselling book in the United Kingdom. [85] [86]
In 2020, Eagleman published The Safety Net: Surviving Pandemics and Other Disasters, an updated and retitled version of a book he had published in 2010: Why the Net Matters. In it, he argues that the advent of the internet mitigates some of the traditional existential threats to civilizations. [87] In keeping with the book's theme of the dematerialization of physical goods, he chose to publish the manuscript as an app for the iPad rather than a physical book. The New York Times Magazine described Why the Net Matters as a "superbook", referring to "books with so much functionality that they're sold as apps". [88] Stewart Brand described it as a "breakthrough work". The project was longlisted for the 2011 Publishing Innovation Award by Digital Book World. [89]
Eagleman's 2011 science book Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain was a New York Times bestseller [9] and was named a Best Book of the Year by Amazon, [90] The Boston Globe , [91] and Houston Chronicle . [92] The book was reviewed as "appealing and persuasive" by The Wall Street Journal [93] and "a shining example of lucid and easy-to-grasp science writing" by The Independent . [94] The book explores the brain as being a "team of rivals", with different parts constantly "fighting it out" among each other. [95]
In 2015, The Brain came out as a companion book to the television series The Brain with David Eagleman .
In 2016, Eagleman co-authored a textbook on cognitive neuroscience with Jonathan Downar, titled Brain and Behavior: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective, published by Oxford University Press.
In 2017, Eagleman and co-author Anthony Brandt wrote The Runaway Species, an examination of human creativity. The book was described by Nature as "A lively exploration of the software our brains run in search of the mother lode of invention... It sweeps the reader through examples from engineering, science, product design, music and the visual arts to trace the roots of creative thinking." [96] The Wall Street Journal wrote that "the authors look at art and science together to examine how innovations — from Picasso's initially offensive paintings to Steve Jobs's startling iPhone — build on what already exists ... This manifesto of sorts shows how both disciplines foster creativity." [97]
In 2020, Eagleman published Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain, a nonfiction book about neuroplasticity. As of late 2020, it has been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize.[ citation needed ] A Kirkus review described it as "outstanding popular science", [98] while New Scientist magazine wrote that "Eagleman brings the subject to life in a way I haven't seen other writers achieve before." [99] Harvard Business Review wrote that Livewired "gets the science right and makes it accessible ... completely upending our basic sense of what the brain is in the process." [100] The Wall Street Journal wrote that "since the passing of Isaac Asimov, we haven't had a working scientist like Eagleman, who engages his ideas in such a variety of modes. Livewired reads wonderfully, like what a book would be if it were written by Oliver Sacks and William Gibson, sitting on Carl Sagan's front lawn." [101]
Eagleman is married to Sarah Eagleman, a fellow neuroscientist. [102] They have two children. Eagleman does not drink alcohol. [103]
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modeling.
Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran is an Indian-American neuroscientist. He is known for his wide-ranging experiments and theories in behavioral neurology, including the invention of the mirror box. Ramachandran is a distinguished professor in UCSD's Department of Psychology, where he is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition.
Christopher Donald Frith FRS, FMedSci, FBA, FAAAS is a British psychologist and professor emeritus at the Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging at University College London. He is also an affiliated research worker at the Interacting Minds Centre at Aarhus University, an honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy and a Quondam Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
The study of time perception or chronoception is a field within psychology, cognitive linguistics and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience, or sense, of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Though directly experiencing or understanding another person's perception of time is not possible, perception can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Some temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.
Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language causes individuals to experience an automatic and highly consistent taste/smell. The taste is often experienced as a complex mixture of both temperature and texture. For example, in a particular synaesthete, JIW, the word jail would taste of cold, hard bacon. Synesthetic tastes are evoked by an inducer/concurrent complex. The inducer is the stimulus that activates the sensation and the taste experience is the concurrent.
Neurolaw is a field of interdisciplinary study that explores the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on legal rules and standards. Drawing from neuroscience, philosophy, social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and criminology, neurolaw practitioners seek to address not only the descriptive and predictive issues of how neuroscience is and will be used in the legal system, but also the normative issues of how neuroscience should and should not be used.
Chromesthesia or sound-to-color synesthesia is a type of synesthesia in which sound involuntarily evokes an experience of color, shape, and movement. Individuals with sound-color synesthesia are consciously aware of their synesthetic color associations/perceptions in daily life. Synesthetes that perceive color while listening to music experience the colors in addition to the normal auditory sensations. The synesthetic color experience supplements, but does not obscure real, modality-specific perceptions. As with other forms of synesthesia, individuals with sound-color synesthesia perceive it spontaneously, without effort, and as their normal realm of experience. Chromesthesia can be induced by different auditory experiences, such as music, phonemes, speech, and/or everyday sounds.
Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives, also simply called Sum, is a work of speculative fiction by American neuroscientist David Eagleman. It is in press in 28 languages as of 2016. The Los Angeles Times described it as "teeming, writhing with imagination." Barnes and Noble named it one of the Best Books of 2009.
Synesthesia or synaesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. For instance, people with synesthesia may experience colors when listening to music, see shapes when smelling certain scents, or perceive tastes when looking at words. People who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as synesthetes. Awareness of synesthetic perceptions varies from person to person with the perception of synesthesia differing based on an individual's unique life experiences and the specific type of synesthesia that they have. In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme–color synesthesia or color–graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored. In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, or days of the week elicit precise locations in space, or may appear as a three-dimensional map. Synesthetic associations can occur in any combination and any number of senses or cognitive pathways.
Possibilianism is a philosophy that rejects both the diverse claims of traditional theism and the positions of certainty in strong atheism in favor of a middle, exploratory ground. The term was invented by Robbie Parrish, a friend of neuroscientist David Eagleman who defined the term in relation to his 2009 book, Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives.
Richard E. Cytowic is an American neurologist and author who rekindled interest in synesthesia in the 1980s and returned it to mainstream science. He was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize for his New York Times Magazine cover story about James Brady, the Presidential Press Secretary shot in the brain during the assassination attempt on President Reagan. Cytowic’s writing ranges from textbooks and music reviews, to his Metro Weekly "Love Doctor" essays and brief medical biographies of Anton Chekhov, Maurice Ravel and Virginia Woolf. His work is the subject of two BBC Horizon documentaries, “Orange Sherbert Kisses” (1994) and “Derek Tastes of Earwax” (2014).
Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia is a 2009 non-fiction book written by Richard Cytowic and David Eagleman documenting the current scientific understanding of synesthesia, a perceptual condition where an experience of one sense causes an automatic and involuntary experience in another sense. The afterword is written by Dimitri Nabokov, a synesthete, and the son of the well-known author and synesthete Vladimir Nabokov.
Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain is a 2011 New York Times best-selling nonfiction book by American neuroscientist David Eagleman, an adjunct professor at Stanford University. The book explores the juxtaposition of the conscious and the unconscious mind, with Eagleman summing up the text's themes with the question: "If the conscious mind—the part you consider to be you—is just the tip of the iceberg, what is the rest doing?"
Berit Oskar Brogaard is a Danish–American philosopher specializing in the areas of cognitive neuroscience, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of language. Her recent work concerns synesthesia, savant syndrome, blindsight and perceptual reports. She is professor of philosophy and runs a perception lab at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. She was also co-editor of the Philosophical Gourmet Report until 2021.
Ideasthesia is a neuropsychological phenomenon in which activations of concepts (inducers) evoke perception-like sensory experiences (concurrents). The name comes from the Ancient Greek ἰδέα and αἴσθησις, meaning 'sensing concepts' or 'sensing ideas'. The notion was introduced by neuroscientist Danko Nikolić as an alternative explanation for a set of phenomena traditionally covered by synesthesia.
The Brain with David Eagleman is a PBS documentary series created and presented by neuroscientist Dr. David Eagleman. Eagleman explores the wonders of the human brain with the goal of revealing why we feel and think the things we do. The series debuted on PBS in 2015, followed by airings on the BBC in the United Kingdom and the SBS in Australia.
Don Vaughn is an American neuroscientist and science communicator. He is a postdoctoral scholar at UCLA's Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior and adjunct faculty at Santa Clara University.
The genetic mechanism of synesthesia has long been debated, with researchers previously claiming it was a single X-linked trait due to seemingly higher prevalence in women and no evidence of male-male transmission This is where the only synesthetic parent is male and the male child has synesthesia, meaning that the trait cannot be solely linked to the X chromosome.
Gina Rippon is a British neurobiologist and feminist. She is a professor emeritus of cognitive neuroimaging at the Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham. Rippon has also sat on the editorial board of the International Journal of Psychophysiology. In 2019, Rippon published her book, Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience that Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain, which investigates the role of life experiences and biology in brain development.
Livewired: The Inside Story of the Ever-Changing Brain is a non-fiction book by David Eagleman, a neuroscientist at Stanford University. The book explores and extends the phenomenon of brain plasticity, with the term livewired proposed as a term to supersede plastic.
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