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A proverb is a simple, traditional saying that expresses a perceived truth based on common sense or experience. Proverbs are often metaphorical and use formulaic language. A proverbial phrase or a proverbial expression is a type of a conventional saying similar to proverbs and transmitted by oral tradition. The difference is that a proverb is a fixed expression, while a proverbial phrase permits alterations to fit the grammar of the context. Collectively, they form a genre of folklore.
A boggart is a supernatural being from English folklore. The dialectologist Elizabeth Wright described it as 'a generic name for an apparition'; folklorist Simon Young defines it as 'any ambivalent or evil solitary supernatural spirit'. Halifax folklorist Kai Roberts states that boggart ‘might have been used to refer to anything from a hilltop hobgoblin to a household faerie, from a headless apparition to a proto-typical poltergeist’. As these wide definitions suggest boggarts are to be found both within and out of doors, as a household spirit or a malevolent genius loci inhabiting fields or other topographical features.
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The Durham Proverbs is a collection of 46 mediaeval proverbs from various sources. They were written down as a collection, in the eleventh century, on some pages of a manuscript that were originally left blank. The manuscript is currently in the collection of Durham Cathedral, to which it was donated in the eighteenth century. The Proverbs form the first part of the manuscript. The second part, to which it is bound, is a copy of Ælfric's Grammar. Each proverb is written in both Latin and Old English, with the former preceding the latter. Olof Arngart's opinion is that the Proverbs were originally in Old English and translated to Latin, but this has since been disputed in a conference paper by T. A. Shippey.
A Dunnie is a small Brownie-like being in the folklore of the Anglo-Scottish borders, specifically Northumberland, the most famous being that of the Hazlerigg Dunnie of Hazlerigg in the parish of Chatton, Northumberland. The Dunnie has been known to take the form of a horse in order to trick a rider into mounting him before disappearing and leaving them in the muddiest part of the road. He also is said to disguise as plough-horses only to vanish when the ploughman takes him into the stalls.
Michael Aislabie Denham was an English merchant and collector of folklore.
James Hardy LL.D. was a Scottish naturalist and antiquarian. He was secretary of the Berwickshire Naturalists' Club from 1871 until at least 1896. At least two species have been named in his honour.
The Black Penny, also known as the Hume-byres Penny, was a coin with medicinal properties mentioned in the "Remedies for Hydrophobia", a short folkloric tale included in the Denham Tracts.
References
- ↑ James Hardy, ed., The Denham Tracts: A Collection of Folklore by Michael Aislabie Denham.. London: Folklore Society (1892).
- ↑ Drout, Michael D. C. (February 17, 2007). "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Assessment". Taylor & Francis – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Reginald Scot's collection of magical texts". www.esotericarchives.com.
- ↑ "§7. "Gyre Carling". XI. The Middle Scots Anthologies: Anonymous Verse and Early Prose. Vol. 2. The End of the Middle Ages. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21". www.bartleby.com.
- ↑ "The Fairy Mythology: Celts and Cymry: The Dance and Song of the Korred". www.sacred-texts.com.
- ↑ "Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Thrummy Cap". www.bartleby.com.
- ↑ "Things That Go Bump in the Night". sites.pitt.edu.