Desmonema (cnidarian)

Last updated

Desmonema
Desmonema gaudichaudi.jpg
Desmonema gaudichaudi
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Scyphozoa
Order: Semaeostomeae
Family: Cyaneidae
Genus: Desmonema
Agassiz 1862 [1]

Desmonema is a genus of jellyfish under the Cyaneidae family found in colder waters near the Antarctic region and off of the coast of Argentina. [2] [3] They have a bell diameter that can extend over 1 meter and wide tentacles that are grouped together in clusters. [3] [4] [5] They share similar anatomical and physiological structures to the genus Cyanea . [4] Their sophisticated structures like the thick tentacles, sensory systems, and gastrovascular system allow Desmonema to easily capture and extracellularly digest their prey. [6] In recent years, Desmonema were reported to have a commensal relationship with fishes under the Trachurus genus and a parasitic relationship with specimens of the Hyperia genus. [7] [8] The genus name derives from the Ancient Greek desmós (δεσμός), meaning "bond", and nêma (νῆμᾰ), meaning "thread".

Contents

Anatomy

The anatomical structure of Desmonema closely resembles that of the genus Cyanea . [4] Desmonema tend to have a wider bell diameter between 20 and 100 centimeters compared to other Scyphozoans. [3] [4] They have a strong, well-developed radial and circular arrangement of muscles and thick tentacles that are attached in clusters to the base of their bodies. [2] [4] [6] Similar to their anatomical structures, the gastrovascular system of Desmonema strongly resembles the genus Cyanea . [4] They have 16 radial pouches filled with digestive enzymes that branch off from the stomach to their fluid-filled canals. [2] [9] Digestion begins extracellularly and is completed intracellularly. [9] Scyphozoan jellyfish display sophisticated behavior and process environmental information through their advanced neural network. [9] The nervous system works in conjunction with the statocysts, ocelli, and the sensory lappets. [9]

Feeding

Desmonema are able to capture and extracellularly digest their prey, which in turn speeds up their process of digestion. [3] [6] For example, squid and fish are larger prey that would need to be reduced to smaller particles for easier and more efficient digestion. [6] The nematocysts on their tentacles and oral arms aid in capturing and digesting larger prey. [3] [9] The Desmonema comatum serves as an exception to this rule by feeding on smaller and weaker prey because of their thinner tentacles that would not be able to easily grasp a larger prey. [4] Generally, Desmonema are considered pelagic and benthic predators. [3]

Population distribution

Desmonema are reported to be found near colder regions, specifically towards the Antarctic region. Desmonema gaudichaudi population is commonly found between the Subantarctic Neritic and the Subantarctic Oceanic Domains. [4] Desmonema comatum is found in the Subantarctic region, as well as near the coast of Argentina. [4] Desmonema chierchiana is common in the Falkland Islands in the Subantarctic region. [10]

Life cycle

Falling under the Semaeostome order, Desmonema jellyfish are predicted to follow a metagenetic life cycle. [4] Under this life cycle, a planula larva develops into the deposits of the ocean floor and begins asexually reproducing as a polyp. [11] These sessile polyps are further induced into sexually reproducing medusa by an environmental stimuli. [11] The jellyfish migrate from the deep depths of the ocean to the surface periodically, but tend to be found primarily in deeper waters around 200–3000 meters below sea level. [9] [4] More research must be done to fully understand the temporal patterns and life cycle of these jellyfish. [4]

Relationships

An example of a Trachurus fish that may exhibit a symbiotic relationship with Desmonema. It has not been identified the exact species of Trachurus that displays this relationship. (Trachurus trachurus) FMIB 51922 Saurel, Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus) Newport, R I.jpeg
An example of a Trachurus fish that may exhibit a symbiotic relationship with Desmonema. It has not been identified the exact species of Trachurus that displays this relationship. ( Trachurus trachurus)

Symbiotic

In South Australian waters, Desmonema gaudichaudi exhibited a symbiotic relationship with juvenile fishes identified primarily with the Trachurus genus. [8] The harmful nematocysts of jellyfish make them more appealing hosts for smaller specimen, like fish, crustaceans, helminths, etc. [12]

A Hyperia galba that was found to display an obligate parasitic relationship with Desmonema gaudichaudi (White & Bone 1972). Hyperia galba.jpg
A Hyperia galba that was found to display an obligate parasitic relationship with Desmonema gaudichaudi (White & Bone 1972).

Parasitic

A Hyperia macrocephala that displays an obligate parasitic relationship with Desmonema glaciale (Bowman 1973). Hyperia.jpg
A Hyperia macrocephala that displays an obligate parasitic relationship with Desmonema glaciale (Bowman 1973).

In Signy Island, South Orkney Island, the first link of a parasitic relationship between Hyperia galba and Desmonema gaudichaudi was recorded by White and Bone in 1972. [5] The Hyperia galba species was found inside of the gastrovascular system and on the subumbrella around the mouth of the jellyfish feeding on its epidermal tissues. [5] The presence of the Amphipoda in the gastrovascular system is vital for their early development when they are released. [5] The degree of parasitism varies between populations, but Hyperia galba has been defined as obligate parasites that alternate between endoparasitic and ectoparasitic during different stages of their life cycle. [5] As young, they reside in the gastrovascular system for development and transition into ectoparasites that feed on the epidermal layer of the jellyfish. [7] In 1973, Bowman identified Hyperia macrocephala on the interior of Desmonema glaciale and they displayed similar parasitic behavior as the Hyperia galba on the Desmonema gaudichaudi . [7]

Species

The following comprises a list of the known Desmonema [13] species:

Cyanea rosea was formerly identified as Desmonema rosea by Agassiz and Mayer in 1898. [8] This species was identified in Largs Bay, South Australia as Desmonema rosea, but its tentacle origin and radial muscle strands on the underside of the jellyfish resembles the genus Cyanea rather than Desmonema. [8] It was later changed by Mayer to Cyanea rosea in 1910. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scyphozoa</span> Class of marine cnidarians, true jellyfish

The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish.

<i>Aurelia aurita</i> Species of jellyfish

Aurelia aurita is a species of the family Ulmaridae. All species in the genus are very similar, and it is difficult to identify Aurelia medusae without genetic sampling; most of what follows applies equally to all species of the genus.

<i>Chrysaora quinquecirrha</i> Species of jellyfish

The Atlantic sea nettle, also called the East Coast sea nettle in the United States, is a species of jellyfish that inhabits the Atlantic coast of the United States. Historically it was confused with several Chrysaora species, resulting in incorrect reports of C. quinquecirrha from other parts of the Atlantic and other oceans. Most recently, C. chesapeakei of estuaries on the Atlantic coast of the United States, as well as the Gulf of Mexico, was only fully recognized as separate from C. quinquecirrha in 2017. It is smaller than the Pacific sea nettle, and has more variable coloration, but is typically pale, pinkish or yellowish, often with radiating more deeply colored stripes on the exumbrella, especially near the margin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lion's mane jellyfish</span> Species of jellyfish

The lion's mane jellyfish, also known as the giant jellyfish, arctic red jellyfish, or the hair jelly, is one of the largest known species of jellyfish. Its range is confined to cold, boreal waters of the Arctic, northern Atlantic, and northern Pacific Oceans. It is common in the English Channel, Irish Sea, North Sea, and in western Scandinavian waters south to Kattegat and Øresund. It may also drift into the southwestern part of the Baltic Sea. Similar jellyfish – which may be the same species – are known to inhabit seas near Australia and New Zealand. The largest recorded specimen was measured off the coast of Massachusetts in 1865 and had a bell with a diameter of 210 centimetres and tentacles around 36.6 m (120 ft) long. Lion's mane jellyfish have been observed below 42°N latitude for some time in the larger bays of the East Coast of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyaneidae</span> Family of jellyfish

The Cyaneidae are a family of true jellyfish. About 20 species are in this family, including the well-known lion's-mane jellyfish.

<i>Pelagia noctiluca</i> Species of cnidarian

Pelagia noctiluca is a jellyfish in the family Pelagiidae and the only currently recognized species in the genus Pelagia. It is typically known in English as the mauve stinger, but other common names are purple-striped jelly, purple stinger, purple people eater, purple jellyfish, luminous jellyfish and night-light jellyfish. In Greek, pelagia means "(she) of the sea", from pelagos "sea, open sea"; in Latin noctiluca is the combining form of nox, "night"", and lux, "light"; thus, Pelagia noctiluca can be described as a marine organism with the ability to glow in the dark (bioluminescence). It is found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate seas, although it is suspected that records outside the North Atlantic region, which includes the Mediterranean and Gulf of Mexico, represent closely related but currently unrecognized species.

<i>Phacellophora camtschatica</i> Species of jellyfish

Phacellophora camtschatica, commonly known as the fried egg jellyfish or egg-yolk jellyfish, is a very large jellyfish in the family Phacellophoridae. This species can be easily identified by the yellow coloration in the center of its body which closely resembles an egg yolk, hence its common name. Some individuals can have a bell close to 60 cm (2 ft) in diameter, and most individuals have 16 clusters of up to a few dozen tentacles, each up to 6 m (20 ft) long. A smaller jellyfish, Cotylorhiza tuberculata, typically found in warmer water, particularly in the Mediterranean Sea, is also popularly called a fried egg jellyfish. Also, P. camtschatica is sometimes confused with the Lion's mane jellyfish.

<i>Deepstaria enigmatica</i> Species of jellyfish

Deepstaria enigmatica is a very rarely seen giant jellyfish of the family Ulmaridae first described in 1967 by F. S. Russell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atolla jellyfish</span> Species of jellyfish

Atolla wyvillei, also known as the Atolla jellyfish, Coronate medusa, and deep-sea jellyfish, is a species of deep-sea crown jellyfish. It lives in oceans around the world. Like many species of mid-water animals, it is deep red in color. This species was named in honor of Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, chief scientist on the Challenger expedition.

<i>Chrysaora hysoscella</i> Species of jellyfish

Chrysaora hysoscella, the compass jellyfish, is a common species of jellyfish that inhabits coastal waters in temperate regions of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, including the North Sea and Mediterranean Sea. In the past it was also recorded in the southeastern Atlantic, including South Africa, but this was caused by confusion with close relatives; C. africana, C. fulgida and an undescribed species tentatively referred to as "C. agulhensis".

<i>Chrysaora colorata</i> Species of jellyfish

Chrysaora colorata (Russell), commonly known as the purple-striped jelly or purple-striped sea nettle, is a species of jellyfish that exists primarily off the coast of California from Bodega Bay to San Diego. The bell (body) of the jellyfish is up to 70 cm (2.3 ft) in diameter, typically with a radial pattern of stripes. The tentacles vary with the age of the individual, consisting typically of eight marginal long dark arms, and four central frilly oral arms. It is closely studied by scientists due to not much being known about their eating habits. A 15-foot-long specimen has been seen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue jellyfish</span> Species of jellyfish

Cyanea lamarckii, also known as the blue jellyfish or bluefire jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Cyaneidae.

<i>Diplulmaris antarctica</i> Species of jellyfish

Diplulmaris antarctica is a species of Antarctic jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae.

<i>Cyanea</i> (jellyfish) Genus of jellyfishes

Cyanea is a genus of jellyfish, primarily found in northern waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and southern Pacific waters of Australia and New Zealand, there are also several boreal, polar, tropical and sub-tropical species. Commonly found in and associated with rivers and fjords. The same genus name has been given to a genus of plants of the Hawaiian lobelioids, an example of a parahomonym.

<i>Drymonema</i> Genus of jellyfishes

Drymonema is a genus of true jellyfish, placed in its own family, the Drymonematidae. There are three species: Drymonema dalmatinum, Drymonema gorgo, and Drymonema larsoni, which are found in the Gulf of Mexico, Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

<i>Deepstaria</i> Genus of jellyfishes

Deepstaria is a genus of jellyfish known for their thin, sheet-like bodies. The genus is named after the Deep Star 4000, which collected the holotype of the type species, D. enigmatica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helmet jellyfish</span> Species of jellyfish

The helmet jellyfish, sometimes called the merchant-cap, is a luminescent, red-colored jellyfish of the deep sea, belonging to the order Coronatae of the phylum Cnidaria. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Periphylla and is one of the rare examples in Scyphozoa which life-cycle lacks a polyp stage. This species is photophobic and inhabits deeper parts of the oceans to avoid light. It may be found at the surface on dark nights.

<i>Chrysaora plocamia</i> Species of jellyfish

The South American sea nettle is a species of jellyfish from the family Pelagiidae. It is found from the Pacific coast of Peru, south along Chile's coast to Tierra del Fuego, and north along the Atlantic coast of Argentina, with a few records from Uruguay. Despite its common name, it is not the only sea nettle in South America. For example, C. lactea is another type of sea nettle in this region. Historically, C. plocamia was often confused with C. hysoscella, a species now known to be restricted to the northeast Atlantic. C. plocamia is a large jellyfish, up to 1 m in bell diameter, although most mature individuals only are 25–40 cm (10–16 in).

<i>Poralia</i> Genus of jellyfishes

Poralia is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae. It is a monotypic genus containing a single species, Poralia rufescens. This jellyfish is pelagic, and is found in deep water in most of the world's oceans.

<i>Cyanea annaskala</i> Species of jellyfish

Cyanea annaskala is a species of jellyfish that was discovered in 1882 by Robert Lendlmayer von Lendenfeld.

References

  1. ↑ Larson, R.J. "Biology of the Antarctic Seas 16. Pelagic Scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Research Series (1986).
  2. 1 2 3 Bayha, Keith M.; Dawson, MichaelN. (2010). "New Family of Allomorphic Jellyfishes, Drymonematidae (Scyphozoa, Discomedusae), Emphasizes Evolution in the Functional Morphology and Trophic Ecology of Gelatinous Zooplankton". The Biological Bulletin. 219 (3): 249–267. doi:10.1086/bblv219n3p249. ISSN   0006-3185. PMID   21183445. S2CID   25349180.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hamner, William M.; Dawson, Michael N (2009). "A review and synthesis on the systematics and evolution of jellyfish blooms: advantageous aggregations and adaptive assemblages". Hydrobiologia. 616 (1): 161–191. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9620-9. ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   36276934.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Schiariti, Agustin Schiariti; Dutto, M. Sofia; Pereyra, Daiana Y.; Failla, Gabriela; Morandini, Andre C. (2018-05-10). "Medusae (Scyphozoa and Cubozoa) from southwestern Atlantic and Subantarctic region (32 60S, 34 70W): species composition, spatial distribution and life history traits". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 46 (2): 240–257. doi: 10.3856/vol46-issue2-fulltext-1 . hdl: 11336/86840 . ISSN   0718-560X.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 White, M.G.; Bone, D.G. (1972). "The interrelationship of Hyperia galba (Crustacea, Amphipoda) and Desmonema gaudichaudi (Scyphomedusae, Semaeostomae) from the Antarctic". British Antarctic Survey Bulletin (27): 39–49 – via National Environment Research Council.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Dawson, Michael N; Hamner, William M. (2009). "A character-based analysis of the evolution of jellyfish blooms: adaptation and exaptation". Hydrobiologia. 616 (1): 193–215. doi:10.1007/s10750-008-9591-x. ISSN   0018-8158. S2CID   22168755.
  7. 1 2 3 Larson, R.J.; Harbison, G.R. (1990). "Medusae from Mcmurdo Sound, Ross Sea including the descriptions of two new species, Leuckartiara brownei and Benthocodon hyalinus". Polar Biology. 11 (1). doi:10.1007/bf00236517. ISSN   0722-4060. S2CID   19335199.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Southcott, R.V. (1987). "The occurrence of Desmonema gaudichaudi (Lesson) (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomea) in South Australian waters with records of fish-jellyfish symbioses". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 111: 131–132 – via Web of Science.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pechenik, Jan A. (16 March 2014). Biology of the invertebrates. McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN   978-981-4738-61-3. OCLC   951205991.
  10. 1 2 Stiasny, Gustav (1934). Scyphomedusae. University Press. OCLC   14074146.
  11. 1 2 Suzuki, Kentaro S.; Suzuki, Keita W.; Kumakura, Emi; Sato, Kana; Oe, Yutaro; Sato, Tasuku; Sawada, Hideki; Masuda, Reiji; Nogata, Yasuyuki (2019-11-21). "Seasonal alternation of the ontogenetic development of the moon jellyfish Aurelia coerulea in Maizuru Bay, Japan". PLOS ONE. 14 (11): e0225513. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1425513S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225513 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6872181 . PMID   31751435.
  12. ↑ Kondo, Yusuke (2014). "Associations of fish juveniles with rhizostome jellyfishes in the Philippines, with taxonomic remarks on a commercially harvested species in Carigara Bay, Leyte Island". Plankton & Benthos Research. 9: 51–56. doi: 10.3800/pbr.9.51 . ProQuest   1618955957 – via ProQuest.
  13. ↑ Larson, R.J. (1986). "Biology of the Antarctic Seas 16. Pelagic Scyphomedusae (Scyphozoa: Coronatae and Semaeostomeae) of the Southern Ocean". Antarctic Research Series. 41: 59–165. doi:10.1029/AR041p0059 – via Web of Science.
  14. ↑ Gómez Daglio, Liza; Dawson, Michael N (2019). "Integrative taxonomy: ghosts of past, present and future". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 99 (6): 1237–1246. Bibcode:2019JMBUK..99.1237G. doi:10.1017/S0025315419000201. ISSN   0025-3154. S2CID   150316119.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.