Diplazium australe, commonly known as the Austral lady fern, is a small fern occurring in eastern Australia, New Zealand and Norfolk Island. The habitat is moist shaded areas, often occurring in rainforest.[1]
Diplazium australe is an Australian fern belonging to the thyme family, a distinct genus of the female fern family Athyriaceae, consisting of approximately 350–400 species. According to the research, there are more than 70% and 25% of species in the subtropical and neotropical regions, respectively, while only 5% in Africa.[2] According to the study, the crown group of Diplazium originated in Eurasia and completed the initial diversification in the northern hemisphere.[2] The distribution of Diplazium australe is Wet Tropics, Eungella and subtropical and temperate eastern Australia, also in New Zealand. It's terrestrial in shaded gullies in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest.
The North and South Islands of New Zealand (though it is mostly absent from the drier eastern side of both islands, reaching its apparent southern limits in the west near Greymouth and in the east in the Marlborough Sounds) Norfolk Island, as well as Australia (eastern Queensland, eastern New South Wales, southern Victoria, and Tasmania). Diplazium australe reproduces by spores, and it is precisely because of the long-distance transmission of spores that the population of Diplazium australe is generally dispersed geographically. Allantodia australis R.Br., Athyrium australe (R.Br.) C.Presl; Athyrium umbrosum subp. australe (R.Br.) C.Chr. Athyrium umbrosum var. australe (R.Br.) Domin; Athyrium brownii (J.Sm.) J.Sm.; Athyrium umbrosum sensu G.
Basic information
Diplazium australe is a synonym of Athyrium australe and Allantodia australis. It is a member of the Athyriaceae family, is 0.5–2m tall, and does not flower. On the lateral veins, sporozoites are frequently found in pairs, are oblong, and are covered by a swelling membrane.[3]
Small streams and wet settings, such as moist humus-rich soils in moist forests and moist ravines in tropical rain forests, support the growth of this plant.[3] The habitat is wet shady regions, which are frequently seen in rainforests. Austral Lady Fern is the popular name for this plant. Tufted ferns on the ground (often deciduous in cooler areas). Rhizome up to 80mm long, with a slender, woody caudex that is first coated in dull dark brown to black scales. Fronds are arcuate, glabrous, membranous, brittle, dark green, with rachis grooves that open at junctions with pinna midrib grooves. Stipe 150–800mm long, deeply 3-grooved, black and scaly at the base. 3-pinnate, widely deltoid lamina, 0.25–1.2 0.2–0.9 m Pinnules are 5-252-10mm long, rectangular, and have a wide base connected to the axis. The edges are bluntly serrated or shallowly lobed less than half-way to the costule, abaxially decurrent, and the apex is obtuse. Sori 2–3mm long, 3–5 per pinnule, elongated along one side of a vein, generally solitary, but occasionally paired along both sides; indusium pale brown, elongated, connected to vein on one side, free edge serrated, brittle.[4] Alluvial forest, river flats, gullies, and swamp forest are abundant in coastal, lowland, and montane wooded ecosystems. It's common to find it on a rocky pasture or under willows. Frequently encountered in metropolitan settings. Diplazium australe is also a vascular plant whose survival period is often referred to as alternation of generations, characterized by diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stages. Its life cycle includes:
The sporophyte stage (diploid) stage produces haploid spores by meiosis.
Spores form gametophytes through cell division, gametophytes are usually heart-shaped structures, 2–3mm wide, with root-like hairs on the surface.
Gametophytes produce gametes through mitosis
Mirrors with movable flagella fertilize eggs attached to prothallus
The fertilized egg is a diploid zygote and grows into a sporophyte through mitosis.
Organization
Diplazium These ferns have a reticular (dictyostelium) vascular system that reflects the helical phyllotaxy of the shoots, and the vascular pattern of each species has a specific relationship to the phyllotaxy.[5] The phyllotaxy fraction can be determined by the number of branches in the cross-section of the stem. The same numerical relationship was also found between the number of coaxial stem bundles and phyllotaxy in seed plants. There are some phylogenetic similarities between ferns and seed plants, such as between stem vascular patterns and phyllotaxy.[5] Rhizome erect, to 8cm long, with dull dark brown to black scales. Fronds arcuate. Stipe 24–80cm long, black and scaly at the base, deeply 3-grooved. Lamina 3-pinnate, 30–120cm long, broadly triangular, 20–90cm wide, membranous, brittle, dark green. Pinnules oblong, 5–25mm long, 2–10mm wide; base broadly attached to the axis; margins bluntly toothed or shallowly lobed less than half-way to the costule, decurrent on the lower side; apex obtuse. Sori 1–2mm long, 3–5 per pinnule, mostly single; indusium pale brown, fragile. Rhizome erect, sometimes forming a short trunk, covered with dull black scales. Fronds almost erect, mostly 0.4–1.2 m long, sometimes to 2 m; stipe stout and fleshy, dark at the base, paler above; secondary rachises not much darker at their junction with the main rachis; lamina 2-pinnate with secondary pinnae lobed almost to midvein; ultimate segments 5–25mm long, toothed.
The leaves are soft, pale green broadly triangular, 2–3 times divided fronds, to 1 m wide. Segments stalked, final segments lobed or divided, margins with rounded teeth. Grooves in main and side midribs flow together, forming ridges at junction. Stem half length of frond.[6] Rhizomes short and erect, stout, woody, apex densely covered with scales; scales lanceolate, 7–9mm long, brownish-brown, with brown narrow margins, glossy, thick membranous, margins with small teeth. Leaves clustered; petiole fleshy, 6–13cm long, 1.5-2.5cm thick, light green, base densely covered with the same scales as those on rhizomes, upwards and leaves are sparsely covered with small brown-brown star-shaped scales, later part shedding The leaves are linear-lanceolate, 15–30cm long, 4–7cm wide, with a pointed tail, bipinnate; pinnae 20-35 pairs, 1-1.5cm apart, opposite, or only at base, alternate upward, nearly spreading, sessile, slightly sparse from each other, lower pinna slightly shortened, middle pinna 2.5–4cm long, 7–8mm wide, linear, slightly Sickle-shaped, blunt or round head, base is slightly oblique circular truncation, slightly asymmetric, upper side close to leaf axis, pinnate;[7] pinnae 10–16 pairs, alternate or subopposite, obliquely spread, each other Closely connected, linear, more or less upwardly curved, 3–4.5mm long, 1.5mm wide, rounded or blunt, base connate with rachis and connected by broad wings, entire, base paired or only the upper side is often doubled To three-lobed, the lobes are the same shape as the pinnae and much shorter. The veins of the leaves are obvious and raised above, but not visible below. Each pinnae has one small vein, which does not reach the leaf edge. The leaves are nearly succulent, grass green when dry, densely covered with brown-brown star-shaped small scales when they are young, then gradually become smooth on the top, and one or two pieces remain on the bottom; The top is raised, with broad wings on both sides, all sparsely covered with one or two small scales. Sporangia linear, 2–3mm long, brown, 1 per pinnae, born on the middle and upper side of the veinlets; sporangia linear, pale green, later gray-brown, membranous, entire, open to leaves side.[8]
Sporophyte structure of Diplazium australe:
Stem: including underground stolonifer rhizomes, and aboveground stolonifer rhizomes, partly with adventitious roots, and capable of growing new shoots
Leaves: According to the historical division between fern specialists and seed plant specialists, the leaves of Diplazium australe are commonly referred to as thallus and are one of the organs used for photosynthesis. The new leaves of Diplazium australe usually expand gradually from a constricted spiral as they grow, and this expansion and growth pattern is known as crozier or fiddlehead.[9] The leaves of Diplazium australe include two types:
Trophophyll: This type of leaf is similar to the green leaves of seed plants, only photosynthesizing without producing spores.
Sporophyll: This type of leaves is similar to the scales of pine cones and produces mostly spores. The Sporophy of Diplazium australe is not specific and can also produce sugars through photosynthesis.[10]
Root: A fibrous structure that does not perform photosynthesis, similar to the root structure of seed plants, and absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. The root of Diplazium australe differs from the root of the seed structure, and its refined structure includes:
Prothallus: A green photosynthetic structure, one cell thick, usually heart- or kidney-shaped, 3–10mm long and 2–8mm wide. The fronds produce gametes by:
Spermatozoa: Small spherical structures that produce flagellar sperm.
Archegonium: A bottle-like structure that produces an egg at the bottom, and sperm swims to the neck.
Sporangia: The reproductive structure of ferns. These are pouches or capsules that contain spores through which ferns reproduce. This structure is located on the underside of the leaf and is arranged in a pattern related to the veins of the leaf. Sometimes ferns provide a layer of protection for sacs called sycamores.[11]
False root: A root-like structure composed of individual elongated cells that absorb water and nutrients.
Variable
Due to the morphological diversity and lack of molecular phylogenetic analysis of these ferns, as well as the lack of understanding of genus boundaries and affiliations, Diplazium was subsequently investigated based on the study of more than 6000 DNA nucleotides in seven plastid genome regions.[12] This study provides phylogenetic data on diplazium, identifying 4 well-supported clades of this subgenus: Pseudallantodia, Diplazium, Sibirica, and Callipteris,[2] and 8 robust subgenera Genus clade, redefining Diplazium according to different morphological features and subordinate taxa,[2] to 2020 A total of 208 endemic species have been identified in Australia since 2000, including subferns and lycopodium flora.[13] Also trans-island and Pacific spread meant the separation and diversification of the subgenus Callipteris.[2]
Diplazium australe is occasionally confused with Deparia petersenii subsp. congrua, with which it shares a lot of space, partially because both Diplazium and Deparia contain sori that are organized in a herringbone pattern, which can also be mistaken for Asplenium. The sori, which are paired back-to-back along the veins, distinguish Diplazium and Deparia from Asplenium.[14] Diplazium differs from Deparia in that its fronds are considerably bigger, more divided, and glabrous, and the rachis groove is open and confluent with the grooves of the pinna midribs (rather than being closed at junctions with pinna midrib grooves).[15]
From spores and rooted bits, it's simple. It grows quickly and is prone to becoming weedy. It prefers a shady location, but may grow in broad sun if planted in constantly humid soil. During the winter, it dies down to the rhizome in the colder sections of the nation. This species was originally thought to be extremely rare. As a consequence of human disturbance, it appears to have thrived and increased its distribution in New Zealand, and it is now one of our most common, weedy, indigenous urban ferns diplazium: Southern, from the Latin australis. From Greek diplasios 'double', referring to the double coating over the spores australe: Southern. Diplazium australe is not of immediate economic importance and is generally used as a biofertilizer because its nitrogen-fixing ability converts nitrogen from the air into compounds that other plants can use. Diplazium australe can also be used as a raw material for anthelmintics, and in some areas is used as a food source by indigenous societies. In addition to their economical role, Diplazium australe have certain aesthetic value, they can be used in garden design, in the production of handicrafts, often as painting elements and decorative elements.[16] In some cases, the value provided by Diplazium australe is negative. For example, in the plantation industry, Diplazium australe is a weed whose ability to absorb nutrients from the soil is much higher than that of agricultural crops, and is usually processed in batches.
Related Research Articles
A frond is a large, divided leaf. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of ferns are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group. Other botanists allow the term frond to also apply to the large leaves of cycads, as well as palms (Arecaceae) and various other flowering plants, such as mimosa or sumac. "Frond" is commonly used to identify a large, compound leaf, but if the term is used botanically to refer to the leaves of ferns and algae it may be applied to smaller and undivided leaves.
Diplazium esculentum, the vegetable fern, is an edible fern found throughout Asia and Oceania. It is probably the most commonly consumed fern.
Athyrium filix-femina, the lady fern or common lady-fern, is a large, feathery species of fern native to temperate Asia, Europe, North Africa, Canada and the US. It is often abundant in damp, shady woodland environments and is often grown for decoration.
Polystichum aculeatum, the hard shield-fern, is an evergreen fern native to Europe. It is most abundant in upland regions of the British Isles and western France, where it benefits from the combination of mild winters and moist summers, but also occurs more locally across most of Europe except northern Scandinavia, northern Russia; in the Mediterranean region it is confined to high altitudes. It grows on steep slopes in woodlands. it is sometimes considered an indicator of the presence of ancient woodlands.
Polystichum setiferum, the soft shield fern, is an evergreen or semi-evergreen fern native to southern and western Europe. The stalks and most midribs are coated with attractive cinnamon-brown scales. The Latin specific epithet setiferum means “with bristles”.
The Athyriaceae are a family of terrestrial ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae, and includes two genera. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Athyrioideae of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae. The family has with a cosmopolitan distribution.
Dryopteris affinis, the scaly male fern or golden-scaled male fern, is a fern native to western and southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It is most abundant on moist soils in woodlands in areas with high humidity, such as the British Isles and western France. In the Mediterranean region and the Caucasus it is confined to high altitudes.
Athyrium niponicum, the Japanese painted fern, is a species of fern native to eastern Asia.
Myriopteris clevelandii, formerly known as Cheilanthes clevelandii, is a species of lip fern known by the common name Cleveland's lip fern. It is native to southern California and Baja California in Mexico. The leaf is divided into small, bead-like segments densely covered with scales beneath. In M. clevelandii, some of these scales are reduced to hairlike structures, which help distinguish it from the closely related M. covillei. It is usually found growing on exposed rock, particularly igneous rock.
Parablechnum wattsii, synonym Blechnum wattsii, is a common terrestrial fern growing in rainforest and open forest. It is often seen near creeks in much of south eastern Australia, including Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland. The specific epithet wattsii honours William Walter Watts (1856-1920). Watts was considered an authority on mosses and ferns and has more than 30 species named for him. Common names by which the species may be called are hard water fern - from its stiff leathery fronds, leech fern - as forest workers often encounter leaches while working in clusters of these ferns, hard hill fern - from the fern's habit and habitat, and red cabbage fern - from the bronze-pink colour of the young fronds resembling cooked red cabbage.
Diplazium is a genus of ferns that specifically includes the approximately 400 known species of twinsorus ferns. The Greek root is diplazein meaning double: the indusia in this genus lie on both sides of the vein. These ferns were earlier considered part of either the Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Aspleniaceae, or Polypodiaceae families or recognized as belonging to their own taxonomic family. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 places the genus in the Athyriaceae. The taxonomy of the genus is difficult and poorly known, and by 2009 has never been the subject of a complete monographic study. Their distribution is pantropical, with a few species extending into temperate areas.
Homalosorus is a genus of fern with only one species, Homalosorus pycnocarpos. It may also be referred to by its older synonyms Athyrium pycnocarpon and Diplazium pycnocarpon. Commonly referred to as the narrow-leaved glade fern, narrow-leaved-spleenwort, or glade fern, it is endemic to eastern North America and typically grows in moist woodlands. Once classified in the family Athyriaceae due to its linear, often doubled sori, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is placed in the small family Diplaziopsidaceae, whose other three species are native to east Asia. Other sources place the genus in the subfamily Diplaziopsidoideae of a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae, equivalent to the suborder Aspleniineae in PPG I.
Adiantum viridimontanum, commonly known as Green Mountain maidenhair fern, is a fern found only in outcrops of serpentine rock in New England and Eastern Canada. The leaf blade is cut into finger-like segments, themselves once-divided, which are borne on the outer side of a curved, dark, glossy rachis. These finger-like segments are not individual leaves, but parts of a single compound leaf. The "fingers" may be drooping or erect, depending on whether the individual fern grows in shade or sunlight. Spores are borne under false indusia at the edge of the subdivisions of the leaf, a characteristic unique to the genus Adiantum.
Dryopteris macropholis is a species of fern. It is distributed on the Marquesas Islands.
Polyphlebium venosum, the veined bristle-fern or bristle filmy fern, is a fern in the family Hymenophyllaceae. It is only found in wet forests, mainly growing as an epiphyte on the shady side of the soft tree fern, Dicksonia antartica. It also grows on logs, trunks of trees and rarely on trunks of Cyathea species or on wet rock-faces. It is found in the wetter parts of Eastern Australia and New Zealand. P. venosum has poor long-distance dispersal compared to other ferns due to its short lived spore. Notable features of Polyphlebium venosum include it being one cell layer thick, 5–15 cm in length, having many branching veins and a trumpet shaped indusium.
Myriopteris tomentosa, formerly known as Cheilanthes tomentosa, is a perennial fern known as woolly lipfern. Woolly lipfern is native to the southern United States, from Virginia to Arizona and Georgia, and Mexico.
Myriopteris alabamensis, the Alabama lip fern, is a moderately-sized fern of the United States and Mexico, a member of the family Pteridaceae. Unlike many members of its genus, its leaves have a few hairs on upper and lower surfaces, or lack them entirely. One of the cheilanthoid ferns, it was usually classified in the genus Cheilanthes as Cheilanthes alabamensis until 2013, when the genus Myriopteris was again recognized as separate from Cheilanthes. It typically grows in shade on limestone outcrops.
Myriopteris maxoniana is a species of cheilanthoid fern known only from one collection in Tamaulipas, Mexico. It closely resembles Myriopteris longipila and was not described as a distinct taxon until 2004.
Myriopteris aemula, the Texas lip fern or rival lip fern, is a moderately-sized fern of Texas and Mexico, a member of the family Pteridaceae. Unlike many members of its genus, its leaves have a few hairs on upper and lower surfaces, or lack them entirely. One of the cheilanthoid ferns, it was usually classified in the genus Cheilanthes as Cheilanthes aemula until 2013, when the genus Myriopteris was again recognized as separate from Cheilanthes. It typically grows on limestone rock.
↑ Jones, D. L. (1998). "Athriaceae". In Australian Biological Resources Study (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol.48. CSIRO. pp.418–429.
1 2 White, Richard A.; Weidlich, Wayne H. (1995-08-01). "Organization of the vascular system in the stems of Diplazium and Blechnum (Filicales)". American Journal of Botany. 82 (8): 982–991. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11562.x.
↑ Brownsey, P. J.; Smith-Dodsworth, J. C. (2000). New Zealand Ferns and Allied Plants. Auckland: David Bateman.
↑ Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001-02-01). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants". Nature. 409 (6820): 618–622. doi:10.1038/35054555. PMID11214320. S2CID4367248.
↑ Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Wolf, Paul G.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond (2004-09-01). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1582–1598. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582. PMID21652310.
↑ Moran, R. C. (2004). A Natural History of Ferns. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN0881926671.
↑ May, Lenore Wile (Oct 1978). "The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies". The Botanical Review. 44 (4): 491–528. doi:10.1007/BF02860848. S2CID42101599.
↑ Field, Ashley Raymond (2020-01-02). "Classification and typification of Australian lycophytes and ferns based on Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification PPG I". Australian Systematic Botany. 33 (1): 1–102. doi:10.1071/SB18011. S2CID210072429.
Thorsen, Michael J.; Dickinson, Katharine J. M.; Seddon, Philip J. (2009-11-20). "Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 11 (4): 285–309. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001.
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