Dishwashing liquid

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Dishwashing liquid in use Afwasmiddel.jpg
Dishwashing liquid in use
Dishwashing liquid with different dyes/scents Afwasmiddel Una Aldi.JPG
Dishwashing liquid with different dyes/scents
Water and dishwashing liquid mixing to form foam ORVILLE.jpg
Water and dishwashing liquid mixing to form foam

Dishwashing liquid (washing-up liquid in British English), also known as dishwashing soap, dish detergent, or dish soap, is a detergent used in dishwashing. Dishwashing detergent for dishwashers comes in various forms such as cartridges, gels, liquids, packs, powder, and tablets. [1] It is usually a highly-foamy mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation that consumers primarily use for washing glasses, plates, cutlery, and cooking utensils. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid is also used for various informal applications, like creating bubbles, clothes washing, and cleaning off wildlife affected by oil spills.

Contents

Dishwashing liquid has existed for a long time with different compositions and conditions for use. [2] [3] [4] Currently, most dishwashing liquid functions best with hot water. However, there are some special dishwashing liquids designed to work well with cold water or seawater.

History

Before the invention of detergents in Germany during World War I, [4] consumers used washing soda (sodium carbonate) for dishwashing. [2] [3] The manufacture of liquid detergent for dishwashing began in the middle of the 20th century. Dishwashing detergent production started in the United States in the 1930s–1940s. [4] [5] Teepol, the first dishwashing detergent in Europe, commenced production in 1942. [6]

In 2005, dishwashing detergent retail sales totaled nearly 10 billion USD worldwide. [5]

Composition and Safety

Dishwashing liquid may contain bleach, enzymes, and rinsing aids. [1] The main ingredient is water; the main active ingredients are detergents. Dishwashing liquid has detergent rather than soap because the soaps would react with any minerals in the water to form soap scum. There are other thickening and stabilizing agents in the dishwashing liquid as well. [7]

Hand dishwashing detergents utilize surfactants to play the primary role in cleaning. [5] The reduced surface tension of water and increased solubility of modern surfactant mixtures allow water to run off dishes very quickly. Additionally, surfactants remove grease and food particles to aid in cleaning dishes. [5] They may also provide foam. [5]

Other ingredients may include hydrotropes, salts, preservatives, fragrances, antibacterial ingredients, and dyes. [5] Preservatives prevent microorganisms' proliferation within the liquid. [5] Antibacterial ingredients make it difficult for bacteria to survive on surfaces. [5]

Some alternatives for dishwashing detergents may be homemade, using ingredients such as borax, essential oil, eucalyptus oil, leftover cooking oil, and bar soap, among others. [8] [9]

Items that can be damaged by certain dishwashing liquids (especially with the use of hot water or when put into a dishwasher) include household silver, fine glassware, gold-leafed objects, disposable plastics, as well as objects made of brass, bronze, cast iron, pewter, tin, or wood. [1] Dishwashing liquid components are also harder to rinse off from rough surfaces than smooth surfaces, increasing the chance of accidental ingestion. [10]

In 2010, the United States FDA raised health concerns over triclosan, an antibacterial substance used in some dish liquids. [11] Elsewhere, triclosan has been found to create problems at wastewater treatment plants, whereby it can "sabotage some sludge-processing microbes and promote drug resistance in others." [12] As of 2014, at least one US state has banned triclosan in dishwashing liquids. [13]

Some dishwashing products contain phosphates. Phosphates make dishes cleaner but can also cause harmful algal bloom as the wastewater goes back to the natural environment. [14] Because of this, many places have banned this component. [14] Phosphates can also cause harmful health effects upon skin contact. [5]

Many dishwashing liquids contain perfume which can cause irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. [15] It can also cause hand eczema. Those with sensitive skin should persuade someone else to do the washing up. [16] Recent research has found that Blackcurrant seeds are helpful for lessening the effects of allergies, due to its hydrophobicity. [17] Surfactants that are anionic also showed promising results in preventing skin irritation. [18]

Accidental ingestion of rinse aids (components within dishwashing tablets) can lead to vomiting. [1] [19]

Surfactant design

There has been comparisons of different surfactants that reduce the surface tension of water to determine the most efficient dishwashing liquid. [20] [21] Lowering of surface tension helps with the cleaning processes. [20] A study showed that anionic surfactant combined with non-ionic surfactant worked better than anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined. [20] Another study found that cationic and anionic surfactants combined worked better than non-ionic and anionic surfactants combined. [20] [21] Anionic and amphoteric surfactants combined are the least effective out of the three. [20] [21]

Primary uses

Dishwashing liquid is primarily for removing food from dirty dishes and tableware. [1] [5] Consumers usually scrape heavy soil (large food particles) from the dishes before using dishwashing liquid. [1]

Hand dishwashing

Dishwashing process Hand wash dishes.jpeg
Dishwashing process

Consumers handwash dishes in the absence of a dishwashing machine and when large "hard-to-clean" items are present, or through preference. [5]

Automatic dishwashing

Automatic dishwashing is when consumers use a dishwashing machine or other apparatus. [5] It is generally for convenience, sanitation, or personal preference. [5] The cleaning is less reliant on the detergent's surfactants and more so on the machine's hot water as well as the detergent's builders, bleach, and enzymes. [5] Automatic dishwashing detergents' surfactants generally have less foam to avoid disrupting the machine. [5]

Informal uses

Reader's Digest notes it may be used to kill ants and weeds, help spread water-borne fertilizer, and wash human hair. [22] Good Housekeeping says it can be mixed with vinegar to attract and drown fruit flies. [23] Dishwashing detergent can clean mirrors as well as windows. [24]

Washing an oiled Gannet with dishwashing liquid Washing oiled Gannet-Close.jpg
Washing an oiled Gannet with dishwashing liquid

Market share

Currently, market research companies like Euromonitor and Grand View Research collect data on different brands' market share. [42] [43]

Grand View Research gives the general global market trend. [43] For example, for 2021, the company reported dishwashing detergent market share to be at 17.98 billion US dollars worldwide. [43]

Euromonitor International collects market trends of many big brands like Procter and Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Henkel, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Ajax. [42]

For example, according to Euromonitor International in 2013, Reckitt Benckiser held the highest retail value share percentages in nine countries: [42] Italy (31%), Spain (29%); with Finish brand: Australia (38%), New Zealand (38%), Austria (32%), Ireland (29%), and Israel (27%); Denmark (30%) with Neophos brand; and Portugal (22%) with Calgonit brand.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soap</span> Substance used for cleaning

Soap is a salt of a fatty acid used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications. In a domestic setting, soaps, specifically "toilet soaps", are surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used as thickeners, components of some lubricants, emulsifiers, and catalysts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwasher</span> Machine that washes dishes automatically

A dishwasher is a machine that is used to clean dishware, cookware, and cutlery automatically. Unlike manual dishwashing, which relies on physical scrubbing to remove soiling, the mechanical dishwasher cleans by spraying hot water, typically between 45 and 75 °C, at the dishes, with lower temperatures of water used for delicate items.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Detergent</span> Surfactants with cleansing properties

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleansing properties when in dilute solutions. There are a large variety of detergents, a common family being the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which are soap-like compounds that are more soluble in hard water, because the polar sulfonate is less likely than the polar carboxylate to bind to calcium and other ions found in hard water.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surfactant</span> Substance that lowers the surface tension between a liquid and another material

Surfactants are chemical compounds that decrease the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and a solid. The word "surfactant" is a blend of surface-active agent, coined in 1950. As they consist of a water-repellent and a water-attracting part, they enable water and oil to mix; they can form foam and facilitate the detachment of dirt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Washing</span> Method of cleaning

Washing is a method of cleaning, usually with water and soap or detergent. Regularly washing and then rinsing both body and clothing is an essential part of good hygiene and health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwashing</span> Process of cleaning cooking utensils and other items to prevent foodborne illness

Dishwashing, washing the dishes, doing the dishes, or washing up, is the process of cleaning cooking utensils, dishes, cutlery and other food-soiled items to promote hygiene and health by preventing foodborne illness. This is either achieved by hand in a sink or tub using dishwashing detergent, or by using a dishwasher, and may take place in a kitchen, utility room, scullery or elsewhere.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joy (dishwashing liquid)</span> Brand of dish-cleaning detergent

Joy is an American brand of dishwashing liquid detergent owned by JoySuds, LLC. The brand was introduced in the United States in 1949 by Procter & Gamble. In 2019, Procter & Gamble sold the rights to the Joy brand for the Americas to JoySuds, LLC.

A fabric softener or fabric conditioner is a conditioner applied to laundry after it has been washed in a washing machine. A similar, more dilute preparation meant to be applied to dry fabric is known as a wrinkle releaser.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunlight (cleaning product)</span> Brand of laundry soap and detergent

Sunlight is a brand of laundry soap, laundry detergent and dishwashing detergent manufactured and marketed around the world by Unilever, except in the United States and Canada, where it has been owned by Sun Products since 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairy (brand)</span> Brand of dishwashing liquid

Fairy is an international brand, primarily used for washing up liquid and dishwasher detergent, owned by the American multinational consumer products company, Procter & Gamble. The brand originated in the United Kingdom in 1898 and is now used on a number of P&G products in various markets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laundry detergent</span> Type of detergent used for cleaning laundry

Laundry detergent is a type of detergent used for cleaning dirty laundry (clothes). Laundry detergent is manufactured in powder and liquid form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bubble bath</span> Filled bathtub with a layer of foam

A bubble bath is a filled bathtub with a layer of soap bubbles on the surface of the water. Less commonly, aerated or carbonated baths are called bubble baths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shower gel</span> Liquid products used for cleaning the body

Shower gel is a specialized liquid product used for cleaning the body during showers. Not to be confused with liquid soaps, shower gels, in fact, do not contain saponified oil. Instead, it uses synthetic detergents derived from either petroleum or plant sources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleaning agent</span> Substance used to remove dirt or other contaminants

Cleaning agents or hard-surface cleaners are substances used to remove dirt, including dust, stains, foul odors, and clutter on surfaces. Purposes of cleaning agents include health, beauty, removing offensive odors, and avoiding the spread of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. Some cleaning agents can kill bacteria and clean at the same time. Others, called degreasers, contain organic solvents to help dissolve oils and fats.

A soap substitute is a natural or synthetic cleaning product used in place of soap or other detergents, typically to reduce environmental impact or health harms or provide other benefits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alkylbenzene sulfonate</span> Class of chemical compounds

Alkylbenzene sulfonates are a class of anionic surfactants, consisting of a hydrophilic sulfonate head-group and a hydrophobic alkylbenzene tail-group. Along with sodium laureth sulfate, they are one of the oldest and most widely used synthetic detergents and may be found in numerous personal-care products and household-care products . They were introduced in the 1930s in the form of branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS). However following environmental concerns these were replaced with linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) during the 1960s. Since then production has increased significantly from about one million tons in 1980, to around 3.5 million tons in 2016, making them most produced anionic surfactant after soaps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwasher detergent</span> Type of detergent specifically used to wash dishes in a dishwasher

Dishwasher detergent is a detergent made for washing dishes in a dishwasher. Dishwasher detergent is different from dishwashing liquid made to wash dishes by hand.

Phosphates in detergent refers to the use of phosphates as an ingredient in a detergent product. The advantage of using phosphates in a consumer laundry detergent or dishwashing detergent is that they make detergents more efficient by chelating calcium and magnesium ions. The disadvantage of using phosphates is that they remain in wastewater and eventually make their way to a natural body of water. While phosphates are low toxicity, they instead cause nutrient pollution and feed the algae. This leads to eutrophication and harmful algal bloom.

References

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