Colgate-Palmolive

Last updated

Colgate-Palmolive Company
Company type Public
Industry Consumer goods
Predecessors
Founded1806;218 years ago (1806)
Founders
  • William Colgate (Colgate)
  • Burdett J. Johnson (Palmolive)
  • William J. Peet and Robert Peet (Peet Brothers)
Headquarters300 Park Avenue, New York City, New York 10022, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
  • Noel Wallace (Chairman, President & CEO)
  • Stanley J. Sutula III (CFO)
Products
RevenueIncrease2.svg US$19.5 billion (2023)
Increase2.svg US$3.98 billion (2023)
Increase2.svg US$2.30 billion (2023)
Total assets Increase2.svg US$16.4 billion (2023)
Total equity Increase2.svg US$957 million (2023)
Number of employees
c.34,000 (2023)
Website colgatepalmolive.com
Footnotes /references
[1]

Colgate-Palmolive Company is an American multinational consumer products company headquartered on Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The company specializes in the production, distribution, and provision of household, health care, personal care, and veterinary products. [2]

Contents

History and founding

1913 magazine ad of Colgate toothpaste Good Teeth Good Health, Colgate's Ribbon Dental Cream, 1913.jpg
1913 magazine ad of Colgate toothpaste
1915 magazine ad of Palmolive soap Palmolive1915.jpg
1915 magazine ad of Palmolive soap

William Colgate, an English immigrant to America and devout Baptist, established a starch, soap, and candle factory on Dutch Street in New York City under the name William Colgate & Company in 1806.

In 1833, he suffered a severe heart attack, stopping his business's sales; after a convalescence he continued with his business. In the 1840s, the company began selling individual cakes of soap in uniform weights. In 1857, Colgate died and the company was reorganized as Colgate & Company under the management of his similarly devout Baptist son Samuel Colgate, who did not want to continue the business but thought it would be the right thing to do. In 1872, he introduced Cashmere Bouquet, a perfumed soap.

In 1873, the company introduced its first Colgate Toothpaste, an aromatic toothpaste sold in jars. [3] In 1896, the company sold the first toothpaste in a tube, named Colgate Ribbon Dental Cream (invented by dentist Washington Sheffield). Also in 1896, Colgate hired Martin Ittner and under his direction founded one of the first applied research labs. [4] By 1908, they initiated mass sales of toothpaste in tubes. Another of William Colgate's sons, James Boorman Colgate, was a primary trustee of Colgate University (formerly Madison University).

In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the B. J. Johnson Company was making a soap from palm oil and olive oil, the formula of which was developed by Burdett J. Johnson in 1898. The soap was popular enough to rename their company after it in 1917—Palmolive. [5] Around the start of the 20th century, Palmolive was the world's best-selling soap.

In June 1928, rumors started that "officials of the Palmolive-Peet Co. are negotiating to purchase the Colgate Co." privately held by the Colgate family. [6] (Peet Brothers Soap Company of Kansas City merged into Palmolive two years before the Colgate-Palmolive merger [7] ) The merger combined the three oldest and largest soap and perfumery companies in the US and was effective July 1, 1928. The combined company was named the "Colgate Palmolive Peet Company". [8] The combined pre-merger sales in 1927 of the three companies exceeded $100,000,000 (equivalent to $1,704,263,566in 2022). The newly combined company had seven US manufacturing facilities as well as factories in 14 foreign countries. [9] In 1953, the companies became a joint venture, known as the Colgate-Palmolive Company. [8]

Competition with P&G

Colgate-Palmolive has long been in competition with Procter & Gamble (P&G), the world's largest soap and detergent maker. P&G introduced its Tide laundry detergent shortly after World War II, and thousands of consumers turned from Colgate's soaps to the new product. Colgate lost its number one place in the toothpaste market when P&G added fluoride to its toothpaste (Colgate has since re-claimed the #1 sales position). [10] In the beginning of TV, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete with P&G as a sponsor of soap operas and sponsored many soaps in full or in part including The Doctors on NBC & ABC's One Life To Live from the shows debut in July 1968 until ABC bought of One Life To Live from its creator Agnes Nixon in December 1974. However, The Doctors was sponsored by Colgate-Palmolive for its entire run from April 1963 until its cancellation in December 1982.

After The Doctors cancellation Colgate-Palmolive never sponsored another show. P&G continued sponsoring several soap operas on all three networks until its last show As the World Turns was canceled in September 2010.

George Henry Lesch, president, CEO, and chairman of the board of Colgate-Palmolive in the 1960s and 1970s, transformed the firm into a modern company with major restructuring.

Recent years

In 2005, Colgate sold the under-performing brands Fab, Dynamo, Arctic Power, ABC, Cold Power and Fresh Start, as well as the license of the Ajax brand for laundry detergents in the US, Canada and Puerto Rico, to Phoenix Brands, LLC as part of its plan to focus on its higher margin oral, personal, and pet care products. [11] [12]

In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive announced the intended acquisition of Tom's of Maine, a leading maker of natural toothpaste, for US$100 million. [13] Tom's of Maine was founded by Tom Chappell in 1970.

In 2020, Colgate-Palmolive acquired Hello Products LLC, one of the fastest-growing premium oral care brands in the United States, for an undisclosed amount. [14]

Today, Colgate has numerous subsidiary organizations spanning 200 countries, but it is publicly listed in three: the United States, India, and Pakistan.

On October 25, 2012, the company announced it would cut 2,310 workers, or 6% of its workforce, by the end of 2016 in a push to make the consumer products company more efficient. [15] The company ranked 184th on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue. [16] In 2021, the company ranked 15th on the list of Most Trusted Brands by Morning Consult. [17]

Educational and community involvement

In 1890, Madison University in New York State was renamed Colgate University in honor of the Colgate family following decades of financial support and involvement. [18]

The Colgate-Palmolive Company has sponsored a non-profit track meet open to women of all ages called the Colgate Women's Games. [19] The Colgate Women's Games is the nation's largest amateur track series open to all girls from elementary school through college. Held at Brooklyn's Pratt Institute, competitors participate in preliminary meets and semi-finals over five weekends throughout January. Finalists compete for trophies and educational grants-in-aid from Colgate-Palmolive Company at New York City's Madison Square Garden in February. For more than 20 years, the company supports the Starlight Children Foundation which is a non profit organization dedicated to help seriously ill children and their families. The mission is to help children to cope with pain, fear and isolation through entertainment, family activities and education.

In addition the Colgate site has all kinds of resources for children including educational tooth brushing songs and animated videos focused on their well known former animated mascot Dr. Rabbit. [20]

Ethics

As of January 2024, Ethical Consumer website states that "Our research highlights several ethical issues with Colgate-Palmolive, including its approach to palm oil, supply chain management, climate change, excessive pay, tax, human rights, and animal testing. It scored our worst rating across all of these categories." [21]

In 2011, Colgate-Palmolive was one of the first companies recognized by PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) under the new "working for regulatory change" category for companies that test on animals only when mandated by government regulations and are actively seeking alternatives to animal testing. [22] This relates to the corporation's decision to continue to participate in the profitable Chinese market, where some animal testing is still a regulatory requirement. [23] Other companies have chosen to decline entry to this market. [24]

In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive acquired an 84% stake in Tom's of Maine. [13] [25] In 2011, the company chose to retain the use of the antibacterial agent triclosan in its market-leading Total toothpaste range, despite withdrawing it from several other product ranges, following concerns about triclosan's impact on health and the environment. [26]

Environmental record

The website Ethical Consumer gave Colgate-Palmolive the worst possible rating for climate change, plastic use, and palm oil/deforestation. It received their best rating for avoiding toxic chemicals in its products. [21]

In relation to climate change, in June 2023, Planet Tracker stated that Colgate-Palmolive "is on a path to missing its approved Science-based Targets emissions by a factor of 7 when optional indirect use emissions are excluded", it "provides 'no clear strategy' to mitigate its main source of emissions, namely, upstream Scope 3 activities" and its "climate engagement with its value chain has not resulted in positive results over the last half-decade, with the GhG emissions from key 'targeted' areas experiencing substantial growth." [27] Sustainability Beat stated in August 2023 that this puts their profits in jeopardy and risks greenwashing. [28]

A 2021 report by Global Witness, updated in 2022, stated that Colgate-Palmolive had used palm oil suppliers connected to bribery, brutalisation of villagers and child labour in Papua New Guinea. [29]

In 2021, the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) gave Colgate-Palmolive a score of "F" on their "scorecard" keeping track of deforestation and human rights abuses. [30] In August 2021, Colgate-Palmolive publicly disclosed the "forest impact of its palm oil supply chain in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra", showing the impact on the rainforests and the indigenous people who live there. [31] In November 2023, Colgate-Palmolive received a "D-" on their RAN scorecard. [32]

In 2019, BreakFreeFromPlastic cited Colgate-Palmolive as one of the world's top ten plastic polluters. [33] Previously, Colgate-Palmolive had committed to 100% recyclability of plastics in packaging across all its product categories by 2025 but made no commitment to reducing the use of virgin plastic in packaging. [34]

Some Colgate-Palmolive products, specifically the Total brand toothpaste, used to contain triclosan but no longer do.

As a successor to the Mennen Company, Colgate-Palmolive is one of about 300 companies held potentially responsible for hazardous waste at the Chemsol federal Superfund site in Piscataway, New Jersey. [35] Their involvement in this site may have contributed to the contamination of an estimated 18,500 cubic yards (14,100 m3) of soil with volatile organic compounds (VOCs), PCBs, and lead off-site. A proposed $23 million agreement with the government and state of New Jersey would require Colgate-Palmolive and the other involved companies to pay for the cleanup of this hazardous waste that is contaminating the soil as well as the groundwater. [36]

Colgate-Palmolive received the 2012 Safe-in-Sound Excellence in Hearing Loss Prevention Award. [37]

Corporate governance

As of August 2023, members of the board of directors of Colgate-Palmolive are the following: [38]

Employment diversity

Colgate-Palmolive was named one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers" by Working Mother magazine. [39] The 2012 Human Rights Campaign "report card" on American businesses gave Colgate an A for its support of diversity in the workplace.

However, Ethical Consumer states that the company "published no standards for working hours and wages and no information about the outcomes of supply chain audits. There was no clear mechanism workers could use to make anonymous complaints and raise issues", and scores badly in their human rights category. [21]

Brands

Colodent - Colgate-Palmolive toothpaste brand available in Poland Colodent - toothpaste, Poland.jpg
Colodent – Colgate-Palmolive toothpaste brand available in Poland

Colgate now markets a broadly diversified mix of products in the United States and other countries. Major product areas include household and personal care products, food products, health care and industrial supplies, and sports and leisure time equipment.

Discontinued products and former brands

Cherish toothpaste logo Cherish Logo.svg
Cherish toothpaste logo

Notes:

* While detergent brands continue to be manufactured and sold by Colgate in some countries, in the United States they have been sold to another company, Phoenix Brands in 2005. [66] Phoenix Brands would file for bankruptcy in May 2016 [67] and the US rights have been assumed by Fab & Kind Company.[ citation needed ]

In May 2015, Colgate-Palmolive sold its Australian laundry detergents and pre-wash brands to Henkel for US$245 million (€220 million). [68] Colgate-Palmolive has divested its laundry detergents business in Colombia, which was in turn acquired by Unilever and some Asian countries, which was acquired by Procter & Gamble. [69]

** Still being made by Colgate-Palmolive internationally, but no longer available in the U.S.

Facilities

In the U.S., the company operates approximately 60 properties, of which 14 are owned. [70] Major U.S. manufacturing and warehousing facilities used by the oral, personal and home care segment of Colgate-Palmolive were located in Morristown, New Jersey (previously the headquarters of the Mennen company prior to their 1991 buyout, and still HQ of the Mennen division) until 2014, when the plant shut down and moved operations to Hodges, South Carolina  ; Morristown, Tennessee; and Cambridge, Ohio. The pet nutrition segment has major facilities in Bowling Green, Kentucky; Emporia, Kansas; Topeka, Kansas; and Richmond, Indiana. The primary research center for oral, personal and home care products is located in Piscataway, New Jersey and the primary research center for pet nutrition products is located in Topeka, Kansas.

Overseas, the company operates approximately 280 properties of which 80 are owned in over 70 countries. [70] Major overseas facilities used by the oral, personal and home care segment are located in Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Guatemala, India, Italy, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Poland, South Africa, Thailand, Venezuela, Vietnam and elsewhere throughout the world.

Colgate-Palmolive has closed or is in the process of phasing out production at certain facilities under a restructuring program initiated in 2004 and has built new state-of-the-art plants to produce toothpaste in the U.S., Mexico and Poland. [71] [72]

Colgate-Palmolive's chief manufacturing plant is located in Burlington Township, New Jersey, producing all of the fragrance and flavor oils for the company's facilities around the world.

Advertising

The iconic hand on the Palmolive dishwashing soap label belongs to hand model Elizabeth Barbour. The image is an illustration of a photograph taken in 1985 when the Colgate-Palmolive Company updated the image, hiring Barbour, then with the Ford Agency in New York City.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toothpaste</span> Substance to clean and maintain teeth

Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it is an abrasive that aids in removing dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients to help prevent tooth decay and gum disease (gingivitis). Owing to differences in composition and fluoride content, not all toothpastes are equally effective in maintaining oral health. The decline of tooth decay during the 20th century has been attributed to the introduction and regular use of fluoride-containing toothpastes worldwide. Large amounts of swallowed toothpaste can be poisonous. Common colors for toothpaste include white and blue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triclosan</span> Antimicrobial agent

Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, detergents, toys, and surgical cleaning treatments. It is similar in its uses and mechanism of action to triclocarban. Its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent, the risk of antimicrobial resistance, and its possible role in disrupted hormonal development remains controversial. Additional research seeks to understand its potential effects on organisms and environmental health.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindustan Unilever</span> Indian consumer goods company

Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) is a British-owned Indian final good company headquartered in Mumbai. It is a subsidiary of the British company Unilever. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents, personal care products, water purifiers and other fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Persil</span> German brand of laundry detergent

Persil is a German brand of laundry detergent manufactured and marketed by Henkel around the world except in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Latin America, China, Australia and New Zealand, where it is manufactured and marketed by Unilever. Persil was introduced in 1907 by Henkel. It was the first commercially available laundry detergent that combined bleach with the detergent. The name was derived from two of its original ingredients, sodium perborate and sodium silicate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henkel</span> German consumer goods company

Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, commonly known as Henkel, is a German multinational chemical and consumer goods company headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ajax (cleaning product)</span> Brand of cleaning products

Ajax is an American brand of household cleaning products and detergents made by Colgate-Palmolive. The brand is also licensed by Colgate-Palmolive in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dishwashing liquid</span> Detergent used for cleaning dishes

Dishwashing liquid, also known as dishwashing soap, dish detergent, and dish soap is a detergent used to assist in dishwashing. It is usually a highly-foaming mixture of surfactants with low skin irritation, and is primarily used for hand washing of glasses, plates, cutlery, and cooking utensils in a sink or bowl. In addition to its primary use, dishwashing liquid also has various informal applications, such as for creating bubbles, clothes washing and cleaning oil-affected birds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darlie</span> Brand of toothpaste

Darlie is an oral care brand owned and manufactured by the Hawley & Hazel Company with focus on Chinese and Southeast Asian markets. The company is headquartered in Hong Kong with manufacturing facilities in Zhongshan. The name, logo, and brand-mascot of the company had been the subject of controversy regarding racial stereotyping.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tom's of Maine</span>

Tom's of Maine is a brand name and manufacturing company of natural personal care products. Tom's of Maine has been a majority-owned subsidiary of Colgate-Palmolive since 2006. The company's products are sourced and derived from nature, with formulas that are free of artificial flavors, fragrances, colors, sweeteners, and preservatives. The products are not tested on animals, and the company claims that its ingredient processing is supportive of human and environmental health. While most of the company's products are vegan, some products contain propolis and/or beeswax sourced from bees. The company was founded in 1970 by Tom Chappell and Kate Chappell in Maine, United States.

Unilever Pakistan Limited, formerly Lever Brothers Pakistan Limited(Urdu: یونی لیور پاکستان), is a Pakistani fast-moving consumer goods company based in Karachi. It is a subsidiary of the British multinational company Unilever.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colgate (toothpaste)</span> Dental hygiene product

Colgate is an American brand principally used for oral hygiene products such as toothpastes, toothbrushes, mouthwashes and dental floss. Manufactured by Colgate-Palmolive, Colgate's oral hygiene products were first sold by the company in 1873, sixteen years after the death of the founder, William Colgate. The company originally sold soap.

Fresh Start was the first powdered detergent to come in a plastic bottle. It was also one of the first detergents to be highly concentrated, before all detergents went concentrated.

A soap substitute is a natural or synthetic cleaning product used in place of soap or other detergents, typically to reduce environmental impact or health harms or provide other benefits.

Unilever Philippines, Inc. is the Philippine subsidiary of British multinational company, Unilever. It is based in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig since 2016. It is a manufacturer of laundry detergents and soaps, shampoos and hair conditioners, toothpastes, deodorants, skin care products, household cleaners, and toilet soaps with an annual sales of over 40 billion pesos. It employs over 1,000 people nationally. It is the largest polluter in the Philippines.

Palmolive is an American multinational brand of a line of products produced by Colgate-Palmolive. The Palmolive brand grew from one product, Palmolive bar soap. Made of coconut, palm and olive oils, Palmolive bar soap was introduced in 1898. Originally, the bar soap floated like Procter & Gamble's Ivory bar soap. By the turn of the 20th century, Palmolive bar soap was the world's best-selling soap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wings (Indonesian company)</span> Indonesian consumer goods company

PT Wings Surya, or known as Wings Group and simply Wings, is an Indonesian consumer goods company based in Surabaya. The company was founded in 1948 under the name Fa Wings. In 1991 it was renamed the Solar Wings. Wings produces products including toilet soap, powder and detergent bars, floorcleaners, fabric softeners, and sanitary napkins for markets throughout Indonesia and beyond. In 1981, while the third factory PT. Cipta Segar Harum was built in Jakarta together with Lion Corporation Japan to produce brands such as Emeron, Page One, Ciptadent and Mama. Their products include shampoo, shower gel, skin care products, toothpaste, and liquid dishwashing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axion (brand)</span> Washing-up liquid (UK), dishwashing liquid (US)

Axion is an American brand of dishwashing liquid product marketed by Colgate-Palmolive. It is available in Asia and Latin America.

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