Dwingeloo 1

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Dwingeloo 1
Dwingeloo 1 (WISE).png
WISE infrared image of Dwingeloo 1
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation Cassiopeia
Right ascension 02h 56m 51.9s [1]
Declination +58° 54′ 42″ [1]
Redshift 0.000368 [1]
Heliocentric radial velocity 110.3 ± 0.4 km/s [2]
Galactocentric velocity257 km/s [2]
Distance ~ 10 Mly (~3  Mpc) [3]
Group or cluster IC 342/Maffei
Apparent magnitude  (V)13.08 (V-band) [4]
Characteristics
Type SB(s)cd [1]
Apparent size  (V)4.2′ × 0.34′ [1]
Other designations
LEDA 100170, CAS 2 [1]

Dwingeloo 1 is a barred spiral galaxy about 10 million light-years away from the Earth, [3] in the constellation Cassiopeia. It lies in the Zone of Avoidance and is heavily obscured by the Milky Way. The size and mass of Dwingeloo 1 are comparable to those of Triangulum Galaxy.

Contents

Dwingeloo 1 has two smaller satellite galaxies – Dwingeloo 2 and MB 3 – and is a member of the IC 342/Maffei Group of galaxies.

Discovery

The Dwingeloo 1 galaxy was discovered in 1994 by the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxy Survey (DOGS) using the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory, which searched for neutral hydrogen (HI) radio emissions at the wavelength of 21 cm from objects in the Zone of Avoidance. In this zone gas and dust in the disk of the Milky Way galaxy block the light from the galaxies lying behind it. [5]

The galaxy was, however, first noted as an unremarkable feature on Palomar Sky Survey plates earlier in the same year, but was not recognized as such. [5] It was also independently discovered a few weeks later by another team of astronomers working with Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope. [6]

Dwingeloo 1 was eventually named after the 25m radio telescope in the Netherlands that was used in the DOGS survey and first detected it. [5]

Distance and group membership

Dwingeloo 1 is a highly obscured galaxy, which makes distance determination a difficult problem. The initial estimate, made soon after the discovery and based on the Tully–Fisher relation, was about 3 Mpc. [5] Later, this value was slightly increased to 3.5–4 Mpc. [7]

In 1999 another estimate was published, claiming a distance of more than 5 Mpc. It was based on the infrared Tully–Fisher relation. [8] As of 2011, the distance to Dwingeloo 1 is thought to be approximately 3 Mpc, based on its likely membership in the IC 342/Maffei group. [3]

Dwingeloo 1 has two smaller satellite galaxies. The first one, Dwingeloo 2, is an irregular galaxy, [2] and the second, MB 3, is likely a dwarf spheroidal galaxy.

Properties

After the discovery Dwingeloo 1 was classified as a barred spiral galaxy. [5] It has a central bar and two distinct spiral arms that begin at the ends of the bar at nearly right angles and wind counterclockwise. The length of the arms is up to 180°. [5] The disk of the galaxy is inclined with respect to the observer, with the inclination angle being 50°. The galaxy recedes from the Milky Way at a speed of about 256 km/s. [7]

The visible radius of Dwingeloo 1 is approximately 4.2', which at the distance of 3 Mpc corresponds to about 4 kpc. The neutral hydrogen is detected as far as 6 kpc (7.5') from the center. The total mass of the galaxy is about 1/4 that of the Milky Way out to the measured distance of 6 kpc or about 31 billion Solar masses. [2]

The distribution of the neutral hydrogen in Dwingeloo 1 is typical for barred spiral galaxies—it is rather flat with a minimum in the center or along the bar. [2] The total mass of the neutral hydrogen is estimated at 370–450 million Solar masses. [5] [6] Dwingeloo 1 is a molecular gas-poor galaxy. The total mass of the molecular hydrogen does not exceed 10% of that of neutral hydrogen. [9] Optical observations detected around 15 H II regions situated mainly along the spiral arms. [7]

In its overall size and mass, the galaxy is comparable to Triangulum Galaxy. [5]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 342/Maffei Group</span> Galaxy cluster in the constellation of Cassiopeia

The IC 342/Maffei Group corresponds to one or two galaxy groups close to the Local Group. The member galaxies are mostly concentrated around either IC 342 or Maffei 1, which would be the brightest two galaxies in the group. The group is part of the Virgo Supercluster. However, recent studies have found that the two subgroups are unrelated; while the IC 342 group is the nearest galaxy group to the Milky Way, the Maffei 1 group is several times farther away, and is not gravitationally bound to the IC 342 group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andromeda Galaxy</span> Barred spiral galaxy in the Local Group

The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way. It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged as Messier 31, M31, and NGC 224. Andromeda has a diameter of about 46.56 kiloparsecs and is approximately 765 kpc from Earth. The galaxy's name stems from the area of Earth's sky in which it appears, the constellation of Andromeda, which itself is named after the princess who was the wife of Perseus in Greek mythology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Attractor</span> Apparent gravitational anomaly in the local supercluster

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triangulum Galaxy</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Triangulum

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zone of Avoidance</span> Area of sky obscured by the Milky Way

The Zone of Avoidance, or Zone of Galactic Obscuration (ZGO), is the area of the sky that is obscured by the Milky Way.

Dwingeloo 2 is a small irregular galaxy discovered in 1996 and located about 10 million light-years away from the Earth. Its discovery was a result of the Dwingeloo Obscured Galaxy Survey (DOGS) of the Zone of Avoidance using the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory. Dwingeloo 2 is a companion galaxy of Dwingeloo 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sombrero Galaxy</span> Galaxy in the constellation Virgo

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">IC 342</span> Spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis

IC 342 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis, located relatively close to the Milky Way. Despite its size and actual brightness, its location behind dusty areas near the galactic equator makes it difficult to observe, leading to the nickname "The Hidden Galaxy", though it can readily be detected even with binoculars. If the galaxy were not obscured, it would be visible by naked eye. The dust makes it difficult to determine its precise distance; modern estimates range from about 7 million light-years (Mly) to about 11 Mly. The galaxy was discovered by William Frederick Denning in 1892. It is one of the brightest in the IC 342/Maffei Group, one of the closest galaxy groups to the Local Group. Edwin Hubble first thought it to be in the Local Group, but it was later determined not to be a member.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UGCA 86</span> Magellanic spiral galaxy in the constellation Camelopardalis

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavo–Indus Supercluster</span> Neighboring supercluster in the constellations Pavo,Indus and Telescopium

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maffei 1</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia

Maffei 1 is a massive elliptical galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia. Once believed to be a member of the Local Group of galaxies, it is now known to belong to a separate group, the IC 342/Maffei Group. It was named after Paolo Maffei, who discovered it and the neighboring Maffei 2 in 1967 via their infrared emissions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maffei 2</span> Galaxy in the constellation Cassiopeia

Maffei 2 is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 10 million light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia. Maffei 2 and Maffei 1 were both discovered by Paolo Maffei in 1968 from their infrared emission. Maffei 2 lies in the Zone of Avoidance and is about 99.5% obscured by the Milky Way's foreground dust clouds, and as a result is barely detectable at optical wavelengths. It had been suggested soon after its discovery that Maffei 2 may be a member of the Local Group, but it is now thought to be a member of another nearby group, the IC 342/Maffei Group, the galaxy group that is the closest to the Local Group.

MB3 is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy discovered in 1997 and located about 10 million light-years away from the Earth. It was discovered during an optical survey of the IC 342/Maffei group to which the galaxy is a member. MB3 is a companion galaxy of Dwingeloo 1 and situated in the Zone of Avoidance. MB 3 is thought to be a member of the IC 342/Maffei Group, a galaxy group adjacent to the Local Group.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 765</span> Galaxy in the constellation Aries

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for Dwingeloo 1. Retrieved 2006-11-21.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Burton, W.B.; Verheijen, M. A. W.; Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.; Henning, P. A. (1996). "Neutral hydrogen in the nearby galaxies Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 309: 687–701. arXiv: astro-ph/9511020 . Bibcode:1996A&A...309..687B.
  3. 1 2 3 Karachentsev, I. D. (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". The Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv: astro-ph/0410065 . Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368. S2CID   119385141.
  4. ↑ Buta, R. J.; McCall, M. L. (1999). "The IC 342/Maffei Group Revealed". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 124 (1): 33–93. Bibcode:1999ApJS..124...33B. doi: 10.1086/313255 . S2CID   119907629.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Kraan-Korteweg, R. C.; Loan, A. J.; Burton, W. B.; Lahav, O.; Ferguson, H. C.; Henning, P. A.; Lynden-Bell, D. (1994). "Discovery of a nearby spiral galaxy behind the Milky Way". Nature. 372 (6501): 77. Bibcode:1994Natur.372...77K. doi:10.1038/372077a0. S2CID   4242688.
  6. 1 2 Huchtmeier, W.K.; Lercher, G.; Seeberger, R.; Saurer, W.; Weinberger, R. (1995). "Two new possible members of the IC342-Maffei1/2 group of galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 293L: L33–L36. Bibcode:1995A&A...293L..33H.
  7. 1 2 3 Loan, A.J.; Maddox, S. J.; Lahav, O.; et al. (1996). "Optical observations of Dwingeloo 1, a nearby barred spiral galaxy behind the Milky Way". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 280 (2): 537–549. Bibcode:1996MNRAS.280..537L. doi:10.1093/mnras/280.2.537.
  8. ↑ Ivanov, V. D.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Rieke, M. J.; McCarthy, D. (1999). "An Infrared Determination of the Reddening and Distance to Dwingeloo 1". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (2): 826. arXiv: astro-ph/9905152 . Bibcode:1999AJ....118..826I. doi:10.1086/300986. S2CID   15619332.
  9. ↑ Kuno, Nario; Vila-Vilaro, Baltasar; Nishiyama, Kohta (1996). "CO Observations of a Galaxy behind the Galactic Plane, Dwingeloo 1". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 48: 19–22. Bibcode:1996PASJ...48...19K. doi: 10.1093/pasj/48.1.19 .


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