EKhenana Commune

Last updated
A sign points towards the eKhenana land occupation in Cato Manor, Durban. EKhenana Sign.jpg
A sign points towards the eKhenana land occupation in Cato Manor, Durban.

The eKhenana Commune (English: Canaan Commune) is a prominent land occupation in the historic working-class area of Cato Manor in Durban, South Africa. [1] According to the Socio-Economic Rights Institute "The eKhenana settlement is organised as a cooperative in which residents collectively run a communal kitchen and tuck shop, theatre, poetry and music projects, [2] and care for a vegetable garden named after the late Nkululeko Gwala [assassinated in 2013] as well as a poultry farm named in honour of the late S’fiso Ngcobo [assassinated in 2018]. The Commune has solar power [3] and is also home to a political school that residents named the Frantz Fanon School, as well as the Thuli Ndlovu Community Hall [Ndlovu was assassinated in 2014]. [4] The Commune has suffered sustained political repression, including multiple arrests and three assassinations in 2022. [5]

Contents

Background

The land on which the settlement is located is in a small valley between formal houses [6] with a stream running through the middle. The land was first cleared and then settled in 2018. [7] [8] [9] It is one of many land occupations in the Cato Manor and Cato Crest area which lay vacant for many years after apartheid-era forced removals. The forced removals from Cato Manor are considered the Durban equivalent of the internationally better known forced removals from District Six in Cape Town and Sofiatown in Johannesburg. [10] Like many occupations in Durban, eKhenana has been subject to a number of attempted evictions by municipal Law Enforcement as well as government-hired private security services. This continued despite an interdict being secured against the demolitions. [11] [12] [13]

Political Affiliation

In April 2019, residents of the settlement became members of Abahlali baseMjondolo, the largest independent social movement in South Africa, [14] and set up a branch of the movement at the occupation. [15]

Commune

The Frantz Fanon School at eKhenana, Durban. Slow-marikana-replacement-1920x1280.jpg
The Frantz Fanon School at eKhenana, Durban.

Inspired by a visit by Brazil's Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Workers Movement)[ citation needed ], the community decided to turn the settlement into a productive commune where they collectively produce and share food. They began a communal vegetable garden, a collectively run chicken farm and build a community hall and communal kitchen. They also set up a collectively run spaza shop where they sold basic items for everyday use as well as produce from the garden. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

The Frantz Fanon School, a political school, was founded in 2019. [21]

The commune and its communal garden was hard hit by the 2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods and many homes were washed away. [22] [23] [24]

Repression and assassinations

Since its founding, eKhenana has been subject to recurrent bouts of repression, including evictions, arrests and assassinations. This occurred even during the Covid-19 lockdown when there was a national ban on evictions. In April 2020 there were multiple evictions carried about the eThekwini municipality's Anti-Land Invasions Unit (ALIU) as well as a private security company called Calvin Family Security Services. Dozens of homes were demolished during the various operations and a least one resident sustained serious wounds after allegedly being shot by ALIU officers. This occurred despite a court order whereby the municipality agreed to refrain from further operations. [25] [26] [27]

In 2021, about a dozen members of Abahlali baseMjondolo were subject to a variety of arrests related to eKhenana settlement. The settlement's chairperson, Lindokuhle Mnguni, along with two other leaders, Ayanda Ngila and Landu Shazi were arrested for murder. They were held in prison for over six months after which all charges were withdrawn after a key state witness recanted her testimony. [28] [29] [30] After these arrests, Mqapheli Bonono, the deputy president of Abahlali baseMjondolo, along with eKhenana residents Maphiwe Gasela and Siniko Miya were also arrested and charged with conspiracy to murder the witness in the first case. The former two were also held for two weeks and the later was denied bail for more than six months. Their cases were also eventually dropped as well. [31] [32] Three more eKhenana residents and Abahlali leaders, Nokuthula Mabaso, Thozama Mazwi and Sindiswa Ngcobo, were also arrested, charged with assault and denied bail for a few weeks All these charges were later dropped as well. [33] [34] [35]

Activists claim these arrests were charges trumped up as part of state-sanctioned repression against the movement. They called for an investigation into police complicity and have also, with the help of the Socio-Economic Rights Institute begun a lawsuit to claim damages from the state. [36] [37] Abahlali activists in eKhenana claim to be constantly under threat and under state surveillance. [38]

On 8 March 2022, Ayanda Ngila was shot and killed by a group of men that entered the settlement. Then on 5 May 2022 Nokuthula Mabaso was shot and killed in front of her home. On 20 August in the early morning, chairperson of the commune and leader of Abahlali baseMjondolo's youth league, Lindokuhle Mnguni was also killed when two gunmen entered the settlement. [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]

There were further arrests in November 2022. [45]

Responses to the assassinations

The assassinations have been widely condemned. [46] [47] They have provoked significant international responses including a collective letter from over 130 South African and international human rights organisations, [48] and were discussed at the United Nations Human Rights Council in November 2022, [49] where the South African government was called to account for the killings of AbM members at the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) by the UN Human Rights Council. [50] Prior to this the UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders, Mary Lawlor had issued several statements of concern. [51]

In 2022 the eKhenana Commune was collectively awarded the 'Human Rights Defender of the Year' award. [52]

Related Research Articles

Cato Manor is a settlement located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the city centre of Durban, South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abahlali baseMjondolo</span> Shack dwellers movement in South Africa

Abahlali baseMjondolo is a socialist shack dwellers' movement in South Africa which primarily campaigns for land, housing and dignity, to democratise society from below and against xenophobia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">S'bu Zikode</span>

Sibusiso Innocent Zikode is the president of the South African shack dwellers' movement, which he co-founded with others in 2005. Abahlali baseMjondolo claims to have an audited paid up membership of over 115 000 across South Africa. His politics have been described as 'anti-capitalist'. According to the Mail & Guardian "Under his stewardship, ABM has made steady gains for housing rights."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Road, Durban</span> Informal settlement in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Kennedy Road is an informal settlement in Durban (eThekwini), in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. Formed in the late 1970s or early 1980s, the settlement was mentioned by the African National Congress (ANC) after the end of apartheid but amenities were not improved. The site is mostly not connected to sanitation or electricity. Dissatisfaction with local councillors led to 2005 protests including a road blockade, out of which the shack dwellers movemment Abahlali baseMjondolo (AbM) formed. In 2009, an AbM meeting was attacked resulting in two deaths and a court case. More recently, the municipality has improved facilities and promised to relocate inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Landless People's Movement</span> Social movement in South Africa

The Landless People's Movement is an independent social movement in South Africa. It consisted of rural people and people living in shack settlements in cities. The Landless People's Movement boycotted parliamentary elections and had a history of conflict with the African National Congress. The Landless People's Movement was affiliated to Via Campesina internationally and its Johannesburg branches to the Poor People's Alliance in South Africa.

eMacambini is a rural area in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa which is mostly populated by members of the Macambini clan. It is near Mandeni on the Zululand coast, just north of Durban and close to the new King Shaka International Airport.

Rubin Phillip is bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Natal. The great-grandchild of indentured labourers from Andhra Pradesh, Phillip is the first person of Indian heritage in South Africa to hold the position of Bishop of Natal. He grew up in Clairwood, a suburb of Durban with a large concentration of people of Indian descent, in a non-religious household, but converted to Christianity. He was a noted anti-apartheid activist and spent three years under house arrest in the 1970s and was banned in 1973. He was enthroned as bishop in February 2000.

Willies Mchunu was the 7th Premier of KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa. He was previously a Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for the Department of Transport, Community Safety, and Liaison in the province. He is a member of the African National Congress and the former chairperson of the South African Communist Party (SACP) in KwaZulu-Natal and is a member of the Central Committee of the SACP. He is seen as a close ally of former South African President Jacob Zuma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KwaZulu-Natal Elimination and Prevention of Re-emergence of Slums Act, 2007</span> South African provincial law

The KwaZulu-Natal Elimination and Prevention of Re-emergence of Slums Act, 2007 was a provincial law dealing with land tenure and evictions in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.

The Constitution of South Africa protects all basic political freedoms. However, there have been many incidents of political repression, dating back to at least 2002, as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts, civil society organisations and popular movements to conclude that there is a new climate of political repression or a decline in political tolerance.

Fire is a serious hazard in shack settlements in South Africa. It has been argued that "On average in South Africa over the last five years there are ten shack fires a day with someone dying in a shack fire every other day." In 2011, 151 were reported to have been killed in shack fires in Cape Town. It was reported that in 2014, 2,090 people burned to death in the Gauteng province, "many of them in shack fires that sweep through informal settlements".

There have been many political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa. In 2013 it was reported that there had been more than 450 political assassinations in the province of KwaZulu-Natal since the end of apartheid in 1994. In July 2013 the Daily Maverick reported that there had been "59 political murders in the last five years". In August 2016 it was reported that there had been at least twenty political assassinations in the run up to the local government elections on the 3rd of August that year, most of them in KwaZulu-Natal.

In March 2013 around a thousand people occupied a piece of land in Cato Crest, Durban and named it Marikana after the Marikana miners' strike. Mayor James Nxumalo blamed the occupation on migrants from the Eastern Cape. He was strongly criticised for this by the shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo who said that "The City Hall is red with blood".

Bandile Mdlalose is a former general secretary of the South African shackdwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo. She is now the President of the Community Justice Movement which operates in some informal settlements of Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal.

Nqobile Nzuza was a resident in the Marikana Land Occupation in Cato Crest, which is part of Cato Manor in Durban, South Africa. She was a member of the shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo.

Nkululeko Gwala originally from Inchanga in KwaZulu Natal, was a resident of Cato Crest, which is part of Cato Manor in Durban, and a supporter of the Marikana Land Occupation (Durban). He was also a prominent member of the shackdwellers' social movement Abahlali baseMjondolo and chairperson of their Cato Crest Branch. He was assassinated on 26 June 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nokuthula Mabaso</span> Assassinated resident of Cato Manor, South Africa

Nokuthula Mabaso, was a prominent leader in Abahlali baseMjondolo and one of the leaders of its women's league. She was a leader in the eKhenana Commune. She was assassinated on 5 May 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayanda Ngila</span> South African land activist (1992–2022)

Ayanda Ngila (1992–2022), was a land activist, a prominent leader in the shack dweller's movement Abahlali baseMjondolo and deputy chairperson of its eKhenana Commune. He was assassinated on 8 March 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lindokuhle Mnguni</span> Land activist and leader

Lindokuhle Mnguni was a land activist and a prominent leader in the shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo. He was chairperson of the movement's youth league as well as the chairperson of the eKhenana Commune. He was a leader of eKhenana's food sovereignty project which sought to make the commune more self-sustaining and independent. He was assassinated on 8 August 2022.

References

  1. ↑ eKhenana bloodbath – state has a duty to protect human rights defenders, Nomfundo Xolo, 24 November 2022
  2. ↑ eKhenana bloodbath – state has a duty to protect human rights defenders, Nomfundo Xolo, 24 November 2022
  3. ↑ The climate future is here, and it looks like this proud commune in South Africa, Helen Aadnesgaard, African Arguments, 22 August 2023
  4. ↑ The Abahlali baseMjondolo experience exposes South Africa’s shrinking democratic space, Thato Masiangoako, Daily Maverick, 18 October 2022
  5. ↑ The Business of Killing: Assassinations in South Africa, Rumbi Matamba, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, April 2023, Geneva
  6. ↑ Trouble in the promised land Archived 2022-09-09 at the Wayback Machine , Chris Makhaye, New Frame, 8 November 2021
  7. ↑ ‘We are only good for votes’ say Cato Crest families, Nomfundo Xolo, TimesLive, 06 November 2018
  8. ↑ A place of hope in a time of spiralling crisis Archived 2022-08-22 at the Wayback Machine , Nigel C Gibson, New Frame, 10 January 2022
  9. ↑ A worried mother wanted to build a communal garden in Durban, she was murdered for it, Jordan Buser, Daily Maverick, 1 June 2022
  10. ↑ Cato Manor: cruel past, pivotal future, Iain Edwards, Review of South African Political Economy, 24 February 2007
  11. ↑ Shack dwellers under fire as lawyers accuse cities of abuse during lockdown, Des Erasmus, Daily Maverick, 27 April 2020
  12. ↑ Durban shack dwellers illegally evicted Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine , Alice Draper, Graham Philpott, David Ntseng and Mark Butler, New Frame, 23 June 2020
  13. ↑ 'Unlawful' home demolitions frustrate SA's objective to curb Covid-19 spread - rights institute , Jeanette Chabalala, News24, 2 July 2020
  14. ↑ The human cost of political violence, Imraan Buccus, News24, 19 March 2022
  15. ↑ A place of hope in a time of spiralling crisis Archived 2022-08-22 at the Wayback Machine , Nigel C Gibson, New Frame, 10 January 2022
  16. ↑ Community at the heart of hunger struggle in SA, Anna Majavu and Nomfundo Xolo, New Frame, 19 August 2021
  17. ↑ Abahlali raises concerns about murder of members, leaders, Thami Magubane, IOL, 9 May 2022
  18. ↑ eKhenana residents are tilling for freedom, Nomfundo Xolo, New Frame, 13 August 2020
  19. ↑ Protect freedom of speech if you want to protect your other freedoms , Anton Harber, News24, 27 April 2022
  20. ↑ Memorial service for Nokuthula Mabasa, murdered Shack Dwellers’ Movement activist, Lethu Nxumalo, IOL, 12 May 2022
  21. ↑ Abahlali baseMjondolo and the fight of the organized poor against a hostile justice system, Tanupriya Singh, People's Dispatch, 6 February 2023
  22. ↑ KZN flooding: ‘The poorest of the poor’ feeling the brunt of the disaster, Marizka Coetzer, Citizen, 13 April 2022
  23. ↑ Death, and survival, haunt KZN flood-stricken shack dwellers, Chris Makhaye, Eyewitness News, 21 April 2022
  24. ↑ KZN floods: Affected shack dwellers ‘don’t have clothes, blankets or even food’ – Abahlali baseMjondolo, Zukiswa Pikoli, Daily Maverick, 14 April 2022
  25. ↑ BARE LIFE: Life of the Urban Poor During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa, Stefan Ogedengbe, University of Bergen, Fall 2021
  26. ↑ Political Wars in KwaZulu Natal, Ryan Brunette, CityPress, 19 December 2021
  27. ↑ KZN shack dwellers’ movement win partial victory in high court , Katleho Sekhotho, Eyewitness News, 28 December 2018
  28. ↑ Abahlali activist is killed at home in eKhenana Archived 2022-10-03 at the Wayback Machine , Nomfundo Xolo, New Frame, 6 May 2022
  29. ↑ Murder charges dropped against activists after six months in prison, Nokulunga Majola, News24, 29 September 2021
  30. ↑ Trouble in the promised land Archived 2022-09-09 at the Wayback Machine , Chris Makhaye, NewFrame, 8 November 2021
  31. ↑ Activists to sue NPA over “false” arrest and imprisonment, Nokulunga Majola, GroundUp, 5 October 2021
  32. ↑ Overwhelming support for activists released on bail, Nomfundo Xolo, New Frame, 4 June 2021
  33. ↑ Abahlali demands probe into Cato Manor police after new arrests, Nokulunga Majola, Groundup, 13 October 2021
  34. ↑ Murder charges dropped against activists after six months in prison, Nokulunga Majola, News24, 29 September 2021
  35. ↑ Trouble in the promised land Archived 2022-09-09 at the Wayback Machine , Chris Makhaye, NewFrame, 8 November 2021
  36. ↑ Lindokuhle Mnguni 'enriched all of our lives', says land activist group of murdered commune leader, TimesLive, 22 August 2022
  37. ↑ Under siege: Abahlali baseMjondolo says the ANC sees it as the ‘enemy of the state’, Chris Makhaye, Daily Maverick, 14 March 2022
  38. ↑ State Is Putting Us At Peril Say Activists, Naledi Sikhakhane, Mail and Guardian, 19 June 2022
  39. ↑ Prominent land activist Ayanda Ngila gunned down in KZN — Abahlali points finger at ANC, Chris Makhaye, Daily Maverick, 8 March 2022
  40. ↑ "The murder of Abahlali's Ayanda Ngila is an injury to us all". Daily Maverick. 15 March 2022.
  41. ↑ "Killing of land rights defender Ayanda Ngila and targeting of Abahlali baseMjondolo". 25 March 2022.
  42. ↑ Murder of Abahlali baseMjondolo leader, Ayanda Ngila, condemned, Willem Phungula, DailyNews, 10 March 2022
  43. ↑ ‘Our hearts are heavy’: Another KZN activist gunned down inside his home , Lisalee Solomons, News24, 20 August 2022
  44. ↑ The Business of Killing: Assassinations in South Africa, Rumbi Matamba, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, April 2023, Geneva
  45. ↑ Abahlali baseMjondolo and the fight of the organized poor against a hostile justice system, Tanupriya Singh, People's Dispatch, 6 February 2023
  46. ↑ Abahlali baseMjondolo member's murder was 'deliberate', Radio 702, 17 May 2022
  47. ↑ The South African Human Rights Commission condemns the brutal killing of Lindokuhle Mnguni, a leader within the Abahlali baseMjondolo Movement , South African Human Rights Commission, 22 August 2022
  48. ↑ Civil Society organisations condemn the South African government for allowing the targeting of Abahlali baseMjondolo human rights defenders. [ permanent dead link ], SERI, 9 September 2022
  49. ↑ UN member states call for the protection of SA’s human rights defenders and whistle-blowers, Simphiwe Sidu and Bongani Ngwenya, Daily Maverick, 21 November 2022
  50. ↑ A year after the assassination of its leaders, South Africa’s Abahlali baseMjondolo continues to advance, Pavan Kulkarni, People's Dispatch, 24 August 2023
  51. ↑ A year after the assassination of its leaders, South Africa’s Abahlali baseMjondolo continues to advance, Pavan Kulkarni, People's Dispatch, 24 August 2023
  52. ↑ Standing up to power — Six reasons to celebrate human rights defenders, Dzikamai Bere, Daily Maverick, 15 December 2022
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.