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The Republic of Buryatia (Russian:Респу́блика Буря́тия) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) which, according to the IMF, was an emerging economy in 2011. [1]
Buryatia has a well-developed transport infrastructure of federal importance and boasts an impressive natural resources base. The republic has well-established international and inter-regional relations, high potential for tourism development, and stable political and economic conditions. Historically, the Republic of Buryatia has demonstrated higher growth rate compared to Russia's average. The city of Ulan-Ude is the administrative, economic and cultural center of the republic.
Until the end of the seventeenth century the Buriats were mainly nomadic cattle breeders. Hunting continued to play a significant role in their economy. In the taiga they hunted large wild animals such as elks or bears. In the steppe it was foxes, wolves, or Siberian marmots. They hunted some animals for meat, some for fur, and others for both meat and fur. They especially valued beaver and otter fur, with which they paid tribute (Russian : ясак, romanized: yasak) to the czar. [2]
After the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, the process of integration of Zabaykalye and Far East into the structure of Russia was very intensive.
During the Soviet period, developed agriculture was created in the republic. Large enterprises nearly in 60 branches of economy were built including aircraft industry, machine-building, energy power, coal and ore-mining, timber-processing and other kinds of industry connected to all economic regions of the USSR. The major part of factories on the territory of Buryatia belonged to military-industrial complex that caused the certain isolation of Buryatia. Foreign citizens were forbidden from entering Buryatia until the 1980s. [3]
Market reforms in the 1990s privatized much of Russian industry and agriculture, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors.
GDP pro person nominal in 2018 was 3,650 USD and PPP in 2009 was 11,148 USD. [4] [5]
According to the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Buryatia, the economic figures in 2011 were as follows: [6]
The Baikal region which is a bridge between Europe and Asia is located favorably for the development of Trans-Eurasian transport and logistics.
The Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the entirety of Buryatia, connecting the capital Ulan-Ude with Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Beijing. The railroad distance from the city of Ulan-Ude to Moscow is 5519 km, and to the Pacific Ocean is 3500 km. In the northern part of Buryatia there is a part of Baikal–Amur Mainline, which is 547 km long. Buryatia has a relatively good traffic net, and is connected by the Baikal International Airport.
Lack of investment in the integrated transport and logistics system has become a major obstacle to the economic growth in the region and its strategic development. According to Bulatov, R.V, [7] the development of the transport infrastructure should be managed through transport and logistics centers, which are the centers of the economic growth in the region. He confirms the position that the integration of the regional transport system into the international transport system will form the Asian macrologistical platform and will provide an opportunity to transform the Republic of Buryatia into an international transport hub. Particular attention has been drawn to the development of the new international transport corridor, Mongolian Vector, aimed at servicing transit cargo flows. Currently, the cooperation within the framework of the railway transit traffic between Russia, Mongolia and China is aimed at creating an investment project to set up the transport and logistics company, ANMET.
The Republic of Buryatia is located in the center of the Asian continent and serves as a transportation and communication bridge between Russia, Mongolia, China, and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region. The Republic plays an important role of Russia's "transport gate" to the Asia-Pacific region.
Main export articles are round wood, hewn wood, non-bleached paperboard, helicopters, spare parts and accessories, food- and agricultural products.
In 2011, foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Buryatia was US$903.3 million. That year, Buryat businesses had foreign trade transactions with partners from 42 countries.
Agro-industrial complex provides up to 10% of the gross regional product. Agriculture is one of the main and socially significant sectors of the local economy. 95% of the districts are agrarian, and the economy of 67% of districts is agrarian. A major part of the agricultural sector is livestock breeding, with cattle-breeding accounting for almost three-quarters of agricultural production.
Processing industry of the Republic of Buryatia is represented by meat, dairy, fruit and vegetable, animal feeding and milling industries. Food processing industry accounts for 17% of the total output of all industrial production of the republic.
In 2011, the volume of agricultural production was planned to reach 3 billion rubles, with 36,4% labor productivity and 5% profit level. The Baikal region's low pollution level is an important competitive argument on the Chinese market.
In the post-Soviet era, there has been a decrease in domestic production of agricultural products in the republic and an increase of the share of imported goods in it, which in its turn, poses the threat to ensuring of the region's food security. The macroeconomic risks comprise the loss of competitiveness of regional products in the global food market, as well as the high interest rates of bank loans. The technological risks in the area of production are associated with the low level of the technical and technological manufacturing facilities of production. The significant role in ensuring food security of the country and its regions belongs to the foreign trade factors, including the strengthening of the imported products volumes under Russia's WTO accession.
Convenient geographical and geopolitical location, unique nature, rich history and culture make Buryatia attractive for travelers from all over Russia and abroad. [8]
Buryatia's natural resources, national parks and the Lake Baikal are the foundation for tourism development in the Republic. Beaches suitable for recreation purposes occupy about 60% of the coast of the Lake Baikal; scenic mountain ranges offer many sites for mountain tourism, mountaineering and skiing. Lakes and rivers are suitable for developing water tourism, whereas over 300 mineral and thermal water springs and 47 medicinal mud deposits with difference in chemical and balneological properties provide conditions for health recreation.
A Special Economic Zone of tourist-recreational type “Baikal harbour” has been established on the coast of the Lake Baikal. The zone incorporates main tourist resources: spurs of Golondinsky mountain ranges, Ulan-Burgas and Primorsky Range, desert valleys, lush pine forests, lakes and mountain rivers, mineral water springs and muds, historical and cultural monuments.
Buryatia is home to two of Russia's national parks. Zabaykalsky National Park covers the middle of the eastern shore of Lake Baikal, with developed ecotourism routes and facilities. To the southwest of the lake, in the Irkut River Valley, is Tunkinsky National Park, drawing tourists with the dramatic scenery of the Sayan Mountains to its west, and the lower Khamar-Daban mountains to the east.
Major mining complexes include the Ozyerny mining complex, with extraction capacity of 1 million tons of ore per year.
In 2011, Siberian coal power company started developing the Nikolsky coal deposit. The "Atomredmetzoloto" JSC is working on the Chiagda uranium deposit and Ermakovsky beryllium deposits. In the south of the republic, in Zakamensk district, there is potential to master deposits of tungsten and molybdenum.
Work has been done to prepare deposits of pure quartz and greenstones, Orekitkansk molybdenum deposit in Bauntovsky district, Zharchihinsk molybdenum deposit in Tarbagataysky district, Nazarovsk gold sulfite deposit in Eravninsky district, Oshurkovsky deposit of apatite for the development.
Natural resources of Buryatia are unique both by the scale of reserves, and by their diversity. The republic boasts over 700 explored mineral deposits, including 247 deposits of gold, 7 deposits of wolfram, 13 deposits of uranium, four of base metals including two of molybdenum and two of beryllium, one of tin and one of aluminum. The land of Buryatia accumulates 90% of Russia's reserves of nephrite, 48% of zinc, 24% of lead, 32% of molybdenum, 20% of wolfram, 15% of chrysotile asbestos, 13% of apatite, 11% beryllium.
Buryatia's water resources are among the largest in Russia. The territory of Buryatia incorporates a large part of aquatorium of the unique Lake Baikal that accumulates fifth of the world's fresh water reserves. The Lake Baikal and the Baikal nature reserve have a special status of UNESCO natural heritage site. In addition, Buryatia land is rich in mineral water resources: almost every district has mineral springs with various medicinal properties.
There are about 9000 small and large rivers that belong to the Baikal Lake water area and to the drainage basin of Siberia's largest rivers of - the Yenissey and the Lena. The basin of Baikal Lake also includes the largest river of Buryatia, the Selenga and such peculiar rivers as the Barguzin, the Upper Angara, the Snezhnaya (Snowy), the Turka, the Chikoy, the Khilok and others.
Buryatia is located on the borderline of two different regions: East-Siberian mountainous taiga (4/5 of the territory) and Central-Asian steppe. This is the reason for a great diversity and peculiar character of trees and plants on its territory. Northern slopes of mountain ranges are covered with deciduous forests and thick moss, with cedars and silver firs in some places. Pines and thicket of bushes grow on the southern slopes of mountains. Steppes covered with feather grass rise up to 900-1000m high. The region of forests is above it with the upper line of 1500-1600m to 2000m high. Pines grow in Predbaykalye, on the slopes of Primorskoye and Baikalsky ranges. Deciduous forests grow mainly in the northern part of Zabaykalye. Cedar forests are concentrated in the highlands. Silver fir is not as widely spread as fir or birch trees.
Notable actors in the forestry industry are the Selenginsk paper pulp-cardboard combine, Baikal wood company, and a processing complex at Taksimo.
Media related to Бурятия at Wikimedia Commons
Russia is the largest country in the world, covering over 17,125,191 km2 (6,612,073 sq mi), and encompassing more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land area. Russia extends across eleven time zones, and has the most borders of any country in the world, with sixteen sovereign nations.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, historically known as the Great Siberian Route and often shortened to Transsib, is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over 9,289 kilometers, it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east.
The Buryats are a Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the other being the Yakuts. The majority of the Buryats today live in their titular homeland, the Republic of Buryatia, a federal subject of Russia which sprawls along the southern coast and partially straddles Lake Baikal. Smaller groups of Buryats also inhabit Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug and the Agin-Buryat Okrug which are to the west and east of Buryatia respectively as well as northeastern Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. They traditionally formed the major northern subgroup of the Mongols.
Ulan-Ude is the capital city of Buryatia, Russia, located about 100 kilometers (62 mi) southeast of Lake Baikal on the Uda River at its confluence with the Selenga. According to the 2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude; up from 404,426 recorded in the 2010 Census, making the city the third-largest in the Russian Far East by population.
The Selenga or Selenge is a major river in Mongolia and Buryatia, Russia. Originating from its headwater tributaries, the Ider and the Delger mörön, it flows for 992–1,024 kilometres (616–636 mi) before draining into Lake Baikal. The Selenga therefore makes up the most distant headwaters of the Yenisey-Angara river system.
Buryatia, officially the Republic of Buryatia, is a republic of Russia located in the Russian Far East. Formerly part of the Siberian Federal District, it has been administered as part of the Far Eastern Federal District since 2018. It borders Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world to the north, Zabaykalsky Krai to the east, Tuva to the west and Mongolia to the south. Its capital is the city of Ulan-Ude. It has an area of 351,300 square kilometers (135,600 sq mi) with a population of 978,588. It is home to the indigenous Buryats.
Kyakhta is a town and the administrative center of Kyakhtinsky District in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Kyakhta River near the Mongolia–Russia border. The town stands directly opposite the Mongolian border town of Altanbulag. Population: 20,041 (2010 Census); 18,391 (2002 Census); 18,307 (1989 Soviet census). From 1727 it was the border crossing for the Kyakhta trade between Russia and China.
Severobaikalsk is a town in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the northern end of Lake Baikal at the mouth of the Tyya River, 440 kilometers (270 mi) northwest of Ulan-Ude and 490 kilometers (300 mi) northeast of Irkutsk. Population: 24,233 (2021 Census);
Lake Gusinoye is the name of a body of fresh water in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia.
Buryat State University is an institution of higher education in Siberia and the Russian Far East, located in the city of Ulan-Ude, Buryat Republic, Russia. Courses are taught in Russian and Buryat. It was established in 1932 as the Buryat State Teachers' Training College, and became a university in 1995. It is a member of the University of the Arctic.
The East Siberian Railway is a railway in Russia, which runs across Irkutsk Oblast, Chita Oblast, Buryatia, and Yakutia. The railway administration is located in Irkutsk. The East Siberian Railway borders with the Krasnoyarsk Railway, Trans-Baikal Railway, and Baikal Amur Mainline. To the south, the East Siberian Railway runs close to the Russo-Mongolian border. As of 2008, the total working length of the East Siberian Railway was 3,848.1 km (2,391.1 mi); number of employees – 46,233 ; net weight hauled – 76 million tonnes ; long-distance passenger traffic – 3.6 million people ; suburban traffic – 29 million people. Annual cargo turnover is 278 million tonnes.
Novoselenginsk is a rural locality in Selenginsky District of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the Selenge River south of Lake Baikal. Formerly called simply Selenginsk, it was one of the most important towns in Siberia before 1800.
Tourism in Mongolia was extremely limited by the Socialist Government, but has been expanding following the 1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia in the wake of the collapse of the USSR and the Revolutions of 1989. Mongolia is a unique and relatively unexplored travel destination that offers a great combination of scenic natural features, a wide variety of untouched landscapes, nomadic life style and culture. Travel organizations in Mongolia date back to half a century ago, but the private sector-based tourism is barely twenty years old. Now Mongolia boasts 403 travel companies, 320 hotels, 647 resorts and tourist camps, all employing the graduates from over 56 educational establishments. Mongolia takes an active part in United Nations World Tourism Organization, of which it is a member party.
Arshan is a small resort village in the Tunkinsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federation. It is known for its mineral waters, spa, and the Khoymorski Datsan Boddhidharma Tibetan Buddhist temple. The name comes from the Buryat word for "spring."
Zakamensk is a city of a regional significance in Russia, administration center of Zakamensky District of the Republic of Buryatia. Since 2015 the city has an honorary international title "The city of Labor Valor and Glory"
The Tunka or Tunkinsky National Park is a national park located in south central Siberia. It covers a mountainous region centered on the Irkut River valley that continues from the rift valley of Lake Baikal southwest to the border of Mongolia. To the north and west of the valley is the eastern edge of the Sayan Mountains. To the east are the lower Khamar-Daban mountains. About 1,183,662 hectares in size, the park occupies the entirety of the Tunkinsky District of the Republic of Buryatia.
The Transbaikal conifer forests ecoregion covers a 1,000 km by 1,000 km region of mountainous southern taiga stretching east and south from the shores of Lake Baikal in the Southern Siberia region of Russia, and including part of northern Mongolia. Historically, the area has been called "Dauria", or Transbaikal. It is in the Palearctic realm, and mostly in the boreal forests/taiga biome with a subarctic, humid climate. It covers 200,465 km2 (77,400 sq mi).
Dzherginsky Nature Reserve is a Russian 'zapovednik', located about 100 km east of the northern section of Lake Baikal. It covers the source and upper reaches of the Barguzin River, the second largest tributary to Lake Baikal, and is at the junction of three mountain ranges - the Barguzin Range to the west of the reserve, the Ikat Range and the Southern Muya Range. The reserve's mountainous territory is dominated by larch forests. It is situated in the Kurumkansky District of Buryatia. The nearest city, Ulan-Ude, is 560 km to the south. The reserve was formally established in 1992 to protect the biodiversity of the upper Barguzin valley, and to study natural processes of the area. It covers an area of 238,088 hectares (919.26 sq mi).
The South Siberian Mountains are one of the largest mountain systems of the Russian Federation. The total area of the system of mountain ranges is more than 1.5 million km². The South Siberian Mountains are located in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts of Russia, as well as partly in Mongolia. The territory of the mountain system is one of the Great Russian Regions.
The Buryat-Mongolian People's Party was a nationalist political party in the Russian republic of Buryatia, active from 1990 to 2001.
