Duke of Norfolk is a title in the peerage of England,and is the premier non-royal peerage. The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex,although the title refers to the county of Norfolk. The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard,18th Duke of Norfolk. The dukes have historically been Catholic,a state of affairs known as recusancy in England.
Marquess of Salisbury is a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1789 for the 7th Earl of Salisbury. Most of the holders of the title have been prominent in British political life over the last two centuries,particularly the 3rd Marquess,who served three times as Prime Minister in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Peerage Act 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that permits female hereditary peers and all Scottish hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords and allows newly inherited hereditary peerages to be disclaimed.
The Peerage of the United Kingdom is one of the five Peerages in the United Kingdom. It comprises most peerages created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the Acts of Union in 1801,when it replaced the Peerage of Great Britain. New peers continued to be created in the Peerage of Ireland until 1898
Alexander Daniel Alan Macmillan,2nd Earl of Stockton,styled as Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden between 1984 and 1986,is a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom. He is the eldest son of the Conservative politician Maurice Macmillan and grandson of prime minister Harold Macmillan,1st Earl of Stockton.
The House of Lords Act 1999 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the House of Lords,one of the chambers of Parliament. The Act was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999. For centuries,the House of Lords had included several hundred members who inherited their seats;the Act removed such a right. However,as part of a compromise,the Act allowed ninety-two hereditary peers to remain in the House. Another ten were created life peers to enable them to remain in the House.
Earl of Onslow,of Onslow in the County of Shropshire and of Clandon Park in the County of Surrey is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1801 for George Onslow,4th Baron Onslow.
Earl of Effingham,in the County of Surrey,is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom,created in 1837 for Kenneth Howard,11th Baron Howard of Effingham,named after the village of Effingham,Surrey,where heads of the family owned the manor.
Baron Windlesham,of Windlesham in Surrey,is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1937 for the Conservative politician Sir George Hennessy,1st Baronet. He had already been created a Baronet,of Winchester in the County of Southampton,in 1927. His eldest son,the second Baron,was a Brigadier in the Grenadier Guards. The latter's son,the third Baron,succeeded in 1962;a Conservative politician,he notably served as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords in 1974. In 1999 he was created a life peer as Baron Hennessy,of Windlesham in the County of Surrey,so that he could continue to sit in the House of Lords after the passing of the House of Lords Act 1999,which removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the upper chamber of parliament. As of 2015 the titles are held by his son,the fourth Baron.
The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of August 2023,there are 805 hereditary peers:30 dukes,34 marquesses,189 earls,110 viscounts,and 442 barons.
The history of the British peerage,a system of nobility found in the United Kingdom,stretches over the last thousand years. The current form of the British peerage has been a process of development. While the ranks of baron and earl predate the British peerage itself,the ranks of duke and marquess were introduced to England in the 14th century. The rank of viscount came later,in the mid-15th century. Peers were summoned to Parliament,forming the House of Lords.
In the United Kingdom,life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited,in contrast to hereditary peers. Life peers are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister. With the exception of the Dukedom of Edinburgh awarded for life to Prince Edward in 2023,all life peerages conferred since 2009 have been created under the Life Peerages Act 1958 with the rank of baron and entitle their holders to sit and vote in the House of Lords,presuming they meet qualifications such as age and citizenship. The legitimate children of a life peer appointed under the Life Peerages Act 1958 are entitled to style themselves with the prefix "The Honourable",although they cannot inherit the peerage itself. Prior to 2009,life peers of baronial rank could also be so created under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 for senior judges.
Robert Alexander Lindsay,29th Earl of Crawford,12th Earl of Balcarres,Baron Balniel,,known by courtesy as Lord Balniel between 1940 and 1975,was a Scottish hereditary peer and Conservative politician who was a member of Parliament from 1955 to 1974. Lord Crawford and Balcarres was chief of Clan Lindsay and also acted,from 1975 to 2019,as Premier Earl of Scotland.
William Howard,3rd Baron Howard of Effingham was an English nobleman,the eldest son of Charles Howard,1st Earl of Nottingham and Catherine Carey,Lady of the chamber to Queen Elizabeth who died 25 Feb 1603 at Arundel House,Strand,Middlesex,ENG.
George William Beaumont Howard,13th Earl of Carlisle,styled Viscount Morpeth from 1963 to 1994,is a British nobleman,politician,and hereditary peer.
By-elections to the House of Lords occur when vacancies arise among seats assigned to hereditary peers due to death,resignation,or disqualification. Candidates for these by-elections are limited to holders of hereditary peerages,and their electorates are made up of sitting Lords;in most cases the electorate are those sitting hereditary peers of the same party affiliation as the departed peer.
Elections of the excepted hereditary peers were held in October and November 1999,before the House of Lords Act 1999 excluded most hereditary peers from the membership of the House of Lords allowing Earl Marshal,Lord Great Chamberlain and 90 others to remain in the House. Before the passing of the 1999 Act,the Lords approved a Standing Order stating that those 90 would consist of:
Mark Edward Cubitt,5th Baron Ashcombe,is a British hereditary peer and Conservative politician. In an October 2022 by-election,he was elected to replace The Earl of Home in the House of Lords following Home's death in August. He is a second cousin of Queen Camilla.
David Mowbray Algernon Howard,7th Earl of Effingham was a British naval officer and peer,a member of the House of Lords from 1996 until 1999. A Deputy Lieutenant of Essex,he was president of the Royal British Legion.
