| Epicephala relictella | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Genus: | Epicephala |
| Species: | E. relictella |
| Binomial name | |
| Epicephala relictella Kuznetzov, 1979 | |
Epicephala relictella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the Russian Far East, [1] China (Tianjin, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Gansu) and Korea. [2]
The wingspan is 9–13 mm. The head is white and tufted. The tegula and forewing are greyish brown with white stripes and a large black spot near the apex. The dorsal margin is white tinged with ocherous yellow, longitudinally forming a broad band. The abdomen is greying brown on the dorsal surface except for the first two segments which are grey.
The egg is oval and has a diameter of about 0.15–0.20 mm. The surface is smooth and shiny. At first, it is yellowish white and nearly transparent, then becoming straw yellow before hatching.
Young instar larvae are very similar to that of Conopomorpha flueggella . Mature larvae are 5–6.5 mm. The head capsule is brownish yellow and the median two-thirds of each segment on the thorax and abdomen is dark red while the anterior and posterior ends are white. The thoracic segments are slightly blue and there are blue spots on the abdominal segments. There are sparse white setae on the body.
The pupa is 4–5.5 mm and fusiform. It is greenish yellow in the early pupal stage, changing gradually to dark brown.
The cocoon is 6–8 mm, white, flat elliptic, with some white grains attached on the surface.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on the seeds of Flueggea suffruticosa .
There is one generation per year in Tianjin, China. The larval stage is completed within one fruit. When completing larval development, the mature larvae quit the fruits and pupate on the leaves, and overwinter under leaf litter or stones. Adults appear from June to July. They can emerge during the whole day, but the peak occurs in the morning. The moths are most active at night, drinking nectar and ovipositing. During the daytime they rest on leaves or branches. Adult longevity is three to ten days, but adults generally live for five to seven days. Adults hardly come to light.
The black-tailed skimmer is a dragonfly belonging to the family Libellulidae.
The cabbage moth is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plant species. The common name, cabbage moth, is a misnomer as the species feeds on many fruits, vegetables, and crops in the genus Brassica. Other notable host plants include tobacco, sunflower, and tomato, making this pest species particularly economically damaging.
Acherontia styx, the lesser death's head hawkmoth or bee robber, is a sphingid moth found in Asia, one of the three species of death's-head hawkmoth. It is very fond of honey, and bee keepers have reported finding dead moths in their hives as a result of bee stings. They can mimic the scent of bees so that they can enter a hive unharmed to get honey. Their tongue, which is stout and very strong, enables them to pierce the wax cells of the beehive and suck the honey out. They are also known to be a pest of yuzu in South Korea, using their tongue to pierce and damage the fruit.
Daphnis nerii, the oleander hawk-moth or army green moth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
Parornix anglicella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae found in Asia and Europe. It was described in 1850, by the English entomologist Henry Tibbats Stainton, from a specimen from Lewisham, Kent.
Pergesa is a monotypic moth genus in the family Sphingidae first described by Francis Walker in 1856. Its only species, Pergesa acteus, the green pergesa hawkmoth, was described by Pieter Cramer in 1779.
Chrysoesthia sexguttella, the orache leafminer moth, is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in all of Europe, east to southern Siberia, as well as the north-eastern parts of North America, where it might be an introduced species.
Stigmella fulva is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the North Island around Mount Taranaki, in the South Island and at Stewart Island. The species' eggs are laid singly but a considerable number may be deposited on the upper surface of one leaf. The incubation period can last from a week to a month depending on climatic conditions. The larvae mine the leaves of their host plants which are all in the genus Olearia. Larvae have been recorded in all months except January, February and June. The cocoon is brown and spun amongst the leaf litter under its host plant. The pupal period has been shown to range from 21 days to 79 days, again depending on climatic conditions. Adults have been observed on the wing January until March and August to December. They are active in the sun about their larval food plant.
Phyllonorycter ulmifoliella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in all of Europe, east to Russia and Japan.
Parornix scoticella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe.
Conopomorpha flueggella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tianjin, China.
Cosmopterix callichalca is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Argentina (Salta), Brazil and the United States
Cosmopterix clemensella is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.
Cosmopterix galapagosensis is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from the Galapagos Islands.
Cosmopterix gemmiferella is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from the United States and Canada (Ontario).
Cosmopterix nishidai is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Costa Rica.
Pebobs ipomoeae is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Florida.
Ichneutica nullifera is a moth of the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand and can be found in the Tongariro National Park, along the Wellington coast and throughout the South Island. The adults are large and the forewing of adults can vary in colour from pale fawn to dark grey. The larvae are coloured a bright yellow-brown with a paler underside. The larval host species are in the genus Aciphylla and as a result the adult moths are often found in habitat dominated by species in this genus. Adults are on the wing from November to early April and are sometimes attracted to light.
Hierodoris atychioides is a moth of the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. The female holotype specimen held at the Natural History Museum, London. This species is endemic to New Zealand, and can be found in the North, South and Stewart Islands. The larvae form webs of silk attached to frass and leaves on their hosts in which they shelter, often in the company of other larvae in their species. Their feeding habits have not been observed in detail but Hoare hypothesises the larvae may feed on dead or dying leaves. The larvae feed on a wide range of trees and shrubs, including Dacrydium cupressinum, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Libocedrus bidwillii, Cupressus macrocarpa, Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea ericoides, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, Abies, Picea, Pinus and Thuja species. Although they are regarded as a pest of exotic forests in New Zealand, the economic damage the larvae cause is minimal and they tend to be controlled only by their natural enemies. Larval enemies include the parasitic flies Trigonospila brevifacies and Pales funesta as well as parasitic wasps including Xanthopimpla rhopaloceros. The adult moths are day flying and are most common during the months of December and January. This species is variable in appearance as larvae, pupa and as adults, and it has been hypothesised that it is in the process of speciation.
Charixena iridoxa, also known as the Astelia zig-zag moth, is a moth of the family Plutellidae. It was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1916. This species is endemic to New Zealand and has been observed in the North, South and Stewart Islands. The life cycle of this moth is at least two years in length with the larvae inhabiting the bulb of its host plants and mining the underside of its leaves. These mines have a distinctive zig-zag appearance and can be easily recognised when looked for on the host plants. The larvae pupate in a cocoon attached to the leaf and this stage takes place between February and August. The adult moths emerge in the early spring and are fast, day flying moths. Their larval hosts are plants in the genus Astelia and include Astelia fragrans and Astelia nervosa.
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