Gracillariidae

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Gracillariidae
Gracillaria.syringella.7325.jpg
Privet leaf miner, Gracillaria syringella (Fabricius, 1794)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Superfamily: Gracillarioidea
Family: Gracillariidae
Stainton, 1854
Subfamilies

 Genera - see "Subfamilies and genera"

Diversity [1]
About 101 genera and 1,866 species
Phyllocnistis magnoliella in magnolia leaf. Phyllocnistis magnoliella caterpillar. leaf mine.jpg
Phyllocnistis magnoliella in magnolia leaf.

Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella.

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

There are 98 described genera of Gracillariidae (see below). A complete checklist is available of all currently recognised species. [2] There are many undescribed species in the tropics but there is also an online catalogue of Afrotropical described species ; the South African fauna is quite well known. Although Japanese and Russian authors have recognised additional subfamilies, [2] there are three currently recognised subfamilies, Phyllocnistinae of which is likely to be basal. In this subfamily, the primitive genus Prophyllocnistis from Chile feeds on the plant genus Drimys (Winteraceae), and has leaf mines structurally similar in structure to fossils (see "Fossils"). [3] While there have been some recent DNA sequence-based studies of Palaearctic species [4] [5] there is need for a satisfactory modern global phylogenetic framework for the subfamilies of Gracillariidae. Some genera are very large, e.g. Acrocercops, Caloptilia, Cameraria, Epicephala and Phyllonorycter.

Distribution

Gracillariidae occur in all terrestrial regions of the World except Antarctica.

Identification

These generally small (wingspan 5–20 mm) moths are leaf miners as caterpillars, [6] which can provide a useful means of identification, especially if the hostplant is known. The subfamilies differ by the adult moth resting posture (Davis and Robinson, 1999). Most Gracillariinae rest with the front of the body steeply raised; Lithocolletinae and Phyllocnistinae rest with the body parallel to the surface; in Lithocolletinae often with the head lowered.

Life history

The first to fifth-instar larvae are flattened and possess specialised mouthparts adapted for feeding on sap. Older-instar larvae are cylindrical and have normal chewing mouthparts for feeding on plant tissue within the leaf mines, and have a fully functional silk-producing organ, the "spinneret". Some genera have an intermediate stage in this remarkable hypermetamorphosis (Davis and Robinson, 1999).

Larval hostplants

Many host plants are known, generally dicotyledonous trees or shrubs. [7] Patterns of hostplant shifting have been inferred for many United Kingdom species in the genus Phyllonorycter and its sister genus Cameraria. [5] A recent DNA sequencing study mainly of Palaearctic species has shown that the burst of evolutionary adaptive radiation occurred long after that of the larval hostplants, rather than demonstrating a tight coevolutionary process. [4]

Fossils

The family is an old one, with fossil Phyllocnistinae mines known from 97-million-year-old rocks in Kansas and Nebraska. [8] There are other fossil mines known from rocks of Eocene and Miocene age. [2] There are also two adult moths known from Lithuanian or Baltic amber of Eocene age: Gracillariites lithuanicus Kozlov, 1987 and G. mixtus Kozlov, 1987. [2]

Subfamilies and genera

Phylogeny of Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae
from Li et al. 2022
Horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) tree damage in Parma, Italy 10 Pest damage - horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) in Parma, Italy.jpg
Horse-chestnut leaf miner ( Cameraria ohridella ) tree damage in Parma, Italy

Gracillariidae phylogeny has been revised in 2017 and is now containing eight subfamilies: [9]

Unplaced species

Related Research Articles

Neolithocolletis pentadesma is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Indonesia (Java), Malaysia, the Philippines (Luzon) and the Seychelles.

<i>Phyllonorycter lucidicostella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter lucidicostella, lesser maple leaf blotch miner, is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Québec in Canada and Alabama, Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine, Michigan, New York, Vermont and North Carolina in the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter obscuricostella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter obscuricostella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine and New York in the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter argentinotella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter argentinotella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Québec in Canada and Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Connecticut and Massachusetts in the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter tritaenianella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter tritaenianella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Québec in Canada and Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts in the United States.

Cameraria affinis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Quebec, Canada, and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter mariaeella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter mariaeella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Phyllonorycter tiliacella</i> Species of moth

Phyllonorycter tiliacella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Canada and the United States.

<i>Cameraria saccharella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria saccharella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Maine, New York, Connecticut and Vermont in the United States.

<i>Cameraria cincinnatiella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria cincinnatiella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario and Quebec in Canada, and the United States.

<i>Cameraria conglomeratella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria conglomeratella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Illinois, Kentucky, Texas, California, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio and Virginia in the United States.

<i>Cameraria platanoidiella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria platanoidiella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Connecticut, New York and Ohio in the United States.

<i>Cameraria guttifinitella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria guttifinitella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is widespread in North America.

<i>Cameraria aesculisella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria aesculisella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from the United States.

<i>Cameraria hamameliella</i> Species of moth

Cameraria hamameliella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Ontario, Québec, and Nova Scotia in Canada and throughout the eastern United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lithocolletinae</span> Subfamily of moths

Lithocolletinae is a subfamily of insects in the moth family Gracillariidae. It is distributed worldwide, with most species in temperate regions.

Phyllonorycter trochetellus is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is found in Mauritius.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gracillariinae</span> Subfamily of moths

Gracillariinae are a subfamily of moths which was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton in 1854.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phyllocnistinae</span> Subfamily of moths

Phyllocnistinae is a subfamily of insects in the moth family Gracillariidae.

References

  1. ↑ "Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness - Lepidoptera" (PDF). mapress.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Prins, Willy De; Prins, Jurate De (1998-01-01). World Catalogue of Insects. Vol. 6. ISBN   978-87-88757-64-4. Archived from the original on 2023-09-30. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  3. ↑ Donald R. Davis (1 May 1994). "New leaf-mining moths from Chile, with remarks on the history and composition of Phyllocnistinae (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)". Tropical Lepidoptera. 5 (1): 65–75. hdl:10088/20928. ISSN   1048-8138. Wikidata   Q110143832.
  4. 1 2 Lopez-Vaamonde C; Wikström N; Labandeira C; Godfray HC; Simon J. Goodman; James M Cook (1 July 2006). "Fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf-mining moths radiated millions of years after their host plants". Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 19 (4): 1314–1326. doi:10.1111/J.1420-9101.2005.01070.X. ISSN   1010-061X. PMID   16780532. Wikidata   Q42036997.
  5. 1 2 Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde; H. Charles J. Godfray; James M. Cook (2003). "EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF HOST-PLANT USE IN A GENUS OF LEAF-MINING MOTHS". Evolution . 57 (8): 1804–1821. doi:10.1554/02-470. ISSN   0014-3820. Wikidata   Q57381916.
  6. ↑ "Gracillariidae". Archived from the original on 2007-03-24. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  7. ↑ "HOSTS - the Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum".[ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ C C Labandeira; D L Dilcher; D R Davis; D L Wagner (6 December 1994). "Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 91 (25): 12278–82. Bibcode:1994PNAS...9112278L. doi:10.1073/PNAS.91.25.12278. ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   45420 . PMID   11607501. Wikidata   Q24564423.
  9. ↑ Kawahara, A. Y.; Plotkin, D.; Ohshima, I.; Lopez-Vaamonde, C.; Houlihan, P. R.; Breinholt, J. W.; Davis, D. R.; Kumata, T.; Sohn, J.-C.; De Prins, J.; Mitter, C. (2017). "A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution". Systematic Entomology. 42: 60–81. doi: 10.1111/syen.12210 .
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